United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

UNESCO is a specialised agency of the United Nations created to con­tribute to world peace by promoting international collaboration in educa­tion, science, and culture. The activities of UNESCO are mainly facilitative; the organisation attempts to assist, support, and complement national efforts of member states in the elimination of illiteracy and the extension of free education and seeks to encourage free exchange of ideas and knowledge among peoples and nations of the world by providing clearing­house and exchange services. The permanent headquarters of UNESCO are in Paris.

World Health Organisation (WHO).WHO is a specialised agency of the United Nations established to pro­mote international co-operation for improved health conditions. The objec­tive of this organisation is the attainment by all people of the highest possi­ble level of health which is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The administrative headquarters of WHO are in Geneva.

International Maritime Organisation (IMO).IMO is a United Nations specialised agency created to provide machin­ery for co-operation in establishing technical regulations and practices in in­ternational shipping, to encourage the adoption of the highest possible stan­dards for maritime safety and for navigation, and to discourage discriminatory and restrictive practices in international trade and unfair practices by shipping concerns. The headquarters of IMO are in London.

International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).ICAO is an intergovernmental specialised agency associated with the United Nations and dedicated to developing safe and efficient international air transport for peaceful purposes and ensuring a reasonable opportunity for every state to operate international airlines. Permanent headquarters of ICAO were established in Montreal.

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). NATO is a security organisation comprised of member states from Western and Central Europe and North America. From the beginning, NATO's primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the western Allies' military response in case the Soviet Union invaded Western Europe in an ef­fort to extend communism there. After the end of the Cold War the NATO adhered more strongly to its original purpose of maintaining international stability in Europe. NATO headquarters are in Brussels.

Organisation of American States (OAS). OAS was formed to promote economic, military, and cultural co­operation among the independent states of the Western Hemisphere. Its main goals are to prevent any outside state's intervention in the Western Hemisphere and to maintain peace between the various states within the hemisphere. OAS is based in Washington, D.C.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN). ASEAN was established to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development and to promote peace and security in the Southeast Asia region. The end of the Cold War allowed the ASEAN nations to exer­cise greater political latitude in the region. As they began to implement new policies, member nations saw their influence and economies grow. A per­manent secretariat resides in Jakarta, Indonesia.

South Pacific Forum. South Pacific Forum was created to provide a forum for heads of gov­ernment to discuss common issues and problems facing independent and self-governing states of the South Pacific. The Forum is headquartered in Suva, Fiji.

Упражнение 10. Закройте учебник. Опишите письменно на русском языке функции международных организаций, приведенных в упражнении 9.

Упражнение 11, Выступите в качестве представителя одной из между­народных организаций из упражнения 9. Подготовьте трехминутное выступле­ние на английском языке, направленное на установление более тесных контак­тов с Россией. Попросите вашего коллегу выступить в качестве вашего переводчика (работа в парах).

Упражнение 12. Переведите письменно на английский язык следующие предложения. Обсудите различные варианты перевода.

1. Президент подчеркнул необходимость вступления его страны в ме­ждународную систему безопасности, поскольку в настоящее время ни одна страна не сможет обеспечить безопасность в одиночку.

2. Подход к мирному урегулированию международного кризиса дол­жен продемонстрировать противостоящим сторонам бесперспек­тивность «тотальной победы» над соперником и его ликвидации как государства.

3. Глава государства подчеркнул, что для любого разумного политика ясно - ответ на новые угрозы, с которыми человечество будет иметь дело в XXI в., военный союз с ограниченным численным со­ставом дать не может.

4. Дипломатическая деятельность государств неразрывно связана с существованием международно-правовых отношений и способст­вует выработке норм международного права.

5. Мир, в котором мы живем, с его постоянно возрастающей взаимо­зависимостью, все сильнее подвергается влиянию процессов, про­текающих в сфере международной жизни.

6. Министры иностранных дел двух государств встретились как рав­ные партнеры, чтобы обсудить вопросы, представляющие взаимный интерес, способность работать совместно и противостоять общему риску и угрозе своей безопасности.

7. Такие государства, как США, Китай и Россия, считающиеся клю­чевым геополитическим треугольником, должны образовывать «дугу стабильности» для противостояния «оси зла».

8. Дипломатия включает в себя официальную деятельность глав госу­дарств, правительств и специальных органов внешних сношений по осуществлению переговоров, дипломатической переписки, органи­зации встреч глав государств, международных форумов, предста­вительства государства в международных структурах.

9. Президент предпочитает следовать принципу политического рав­новесия: продемонстрировав важность западного направления, он взял курс на сближение с Востоком.

10. В истории не раз возникали ситуации, когда взаимоисключающие идеологические догмы начинали оказывать определяющее воздей­ствие на функционирование системы международных отношений.

11. Состоявшаяся встреча министров иностранных дел азиатских госу­дарств стала важным шагом на пути подготовки встречи на высшем уровне.

12. Взаимодействие различных региональных систем безопасности от­крывает путь к мирному сотрудничеству ведущих государств мира.

Упражнение 13. Переведите устно на русский язык следующие пред­ложения, обращая внимание на употребление форм причастия.

1. Moscow participated in NATO discussions of various topics, includingnon-proliferation, crisis management, missile defence and counterterror-ism.

2. Having openedthe door to opportunity, competition, and mobility, modernity also introduced job insecurity, unemployment, uncertainty and personal responsibility to the societies where all these phenomena had been extinct for generations.

3. From answers to such questions it may be possible to adduce the direc­tions being_takenby Russia's ruling elite.

4. A suddenly risendemocracy movement came to a tragic end after gov­ernment forces mounted a deadly assault on demonstrators.

5. The President omitted many other smaller matters, many of them hav­ing beenalready mentionedin his previous messages. deemed it appropriate to leave the conference.

6. When the hostages were freed in one morning, at the cost of only two American soldiers wounded,the whole country felt a thrill of pride.

7. The NATO summit in London convened to declare an end to the Cold War and to offer a new relationship to the Soviet Union was opened by the British Prime Minister.

8. Underdeveloped countries created their own version of the global econ­omy consistingof a widespread traffic in narcotics, diamonds, weapons and human beings - all ran by global criminal or terrorist organisations.

9. The agreement signedat an extraordinary meeting of NATO leaders, marked another major step in its policy towards Russia.

10. The relationship within the intelligence services between a Higher Po­lice committedto managing the country by means of social engineer­ing, on one hand, and those labelled the "securitate", who rely on brute force and power, on the other hand, must be better understood.

11. Beingrealists, we must remember that relations between Russia and the North Atlantic alliance have been historically far from straightfor­ward.

12. Today for United States the Second World War is a fadingmemory, re­placedin the popular mind by the Gulf War, a war lastingless than two months.

13. The President's luck, runninglow during the international crisis, re­turned in Force two years later.

14. The American officials remained focusedon events in Europe and on the value of this country as leader of the region.

Упражнение 14. Преобразуйте письменно следующие предложения, употребляя причастия. Переведите устно на русский язык исходные и транс­формированные предложения.

1. Two former foes who are overcoming decades of division and uncer­tainty, are now joined as partners.

2. When all the urgent problems were settled, the extraordinary meeting was over.

3. US Secretary of State said that while two countries were reducing their nuclear arsenals drastically, they were maintaining a hedge against fu­ture dangers.

4. The official who is speaking now is not a student in politics.

5. The President visited the secret military base, there he said that he relied heavily on the army.

6. The dictatorship crashed as soon as the regime's coercive determination failed it.

7. The new arrangement between two countries replaces a previous accord, which was negotiated ten years ago.

8. In this brief article the author argues that rapprochement on the basis of old ideological principles that are now applied globally has many nega­tive consequences.

9. As the member nations wanted to sign collective defence pact, they scrupulously discussed its provisions.

10. Politicians should always be persistent while they are taking decisions concerning the nuclear arsenals.

11. After the meeting was convened, everybody stopped to feel uncertainty in the future.

12. International Ice Patrol was established in 1914 after the "Titanic" col­lided with an iceberg.

Упражнение 15. Переведите письменно на английский язык следующие предложения, используя необходимые формы причастия.

1. В последние годы наблюдаются признаки перенапряженности, вы­разившиеся в постепенной утрате США неприступной позиции по многим ключевым вопросам.

2. Американские аналитики, подвергнув критике идею многополяр­ного мира, еще раз подчеркнули значимость военной мощи как важнейшего фактора международных отношений.

3. После того как премьер-министр провел совещание, он выступил с речью перед иностранными журналистами.

4. Уделив основное внимание бассейну Тихого океана, докладчик пе­решел к следующему вопросу.

5. Американский президент прибыл в Брюссель; его сопровождали многочисленные советники и аналитики.

6. Сохранение США лидирующей позиции во многом зависит от спо­собности руководства страны приспособиться к меняющимся усло­виям и новой расстановке сил в мире. 7. Встреча на высшем уровне продолжалась четыре часа: премьер-министр задавал многочисленные вопросы, на которые канцлер да­вал подробнейшие ответы.

8. Интеграционные процессы, развернувшиеся во второй половине XX в., представляют собой новое, специфическое и многомерное явление.

9. Существуют определенные условия; способствующие сближению на международной арене.

10. Принятие решений оценивается как фактор, негативно влияющий на процесс формулирования государственной внешней политики.

11. Обратив внимание на особенности принятия решений в период кризиса, представитель африканских государств перевел обсужде­ние в новую плоскость.

12. Поскольку повестка дня была исчерпана, делегаты приняли реше­ние перейти к торжественной части конференции.

Упражнение 16. Изучите следующие слова и словосочетания.

Aggression

I) агрессия, атака, нападение, наступление: to commit aggression against smb - осуществить агрессию против кого-либо, to repel / repulse aggression - отражать нападение, armed aggression - вооруженное напа­дение, outright aggression - открытое нападение, stark aggression - ре­шительное наступление. Syn: assault, attack, offensive. Ant: defence, re­pulsion, retreat, surrender, withdrawal; 2) агрессивность: to manifest aggression - демонстрировать неприязнь, to control / stifle aggression -подавлять агрессию, сопротивление, hidden / deep-rooted aggression -скрытая агрессивность, an act of aggression - вызывающий поступок

Defence

l) защита, оборона: to conduct/put up/organise a defence - оборо­нять, защищать, to overwhelm smb's defences - прорывать оборону, de­fence power - оборонная мощь, line of defence - линия обороны, inade­quate / weak defence - слабая защита, stubborn defence - упорная защита, man-to-man defence - индивидуальная защита, self-defence -самозащита, самооборона. Syn: protection, justification, vindication; 2)pi. укрепления, оборонительные сооружения: military defences - во­енные укрепления

Diplomacy

дипломатия: to rely on/resort to diplomacy - прибегать к диплома­тии, dollar diplomacy - долларовая дипломатия, nuclear diplomacy -ядерная дипломатия, megaphone diplomacy-дипломатия с использова­нием средств массовой информации вместо переговоров, quiet diplo­macy - скрытая дипломатия, shuttle diplomacy - челночная дипломатия

Expansion

увеличение, расширение; распространение, экспансия; рост, разви­тие: territorial / continental expansion - территориальная / континенталь­ная экспансия, economic expansion - экономический рост; eastward / westward expansion - расширение на восток / запад. Syn: stretching, ex­panse, dilatation

Security

1) безопасность: to ensure / provide security - обеспечивать безопас­ность, to strengthen / tighten security - укреплять безопасность, to com­promise/undermine security - угрожать безопасности, feeling/sense of security - чувство безопасности, security threat -угроза безопасности, security measures - меры безопасности. Syn: safety; 2) стабильность, прочность. Syn: stability, fixity; 3) защита, охрана. Syn: guard, protection, defence; 4) органы безопасности, правоохранительные органы: security service / police - служба безопасности, security man - сотрудник службы безопасности, security officer - офицер контрразведки; 5) pi. ценные бумаги

Weapon

оружие: to brandish weapon - размахивать оружием (угрожать кому-либо), to fire a weapon - стрелять из оружия, to handle a weapon - обра­щаться с оружием, to lay down one's weapons - сложить оружие, lethal weapon - смертоносное / смертельное оружие, concealed weapon - сек­ретное оружие, atomic / nuclear / thermonuclear weapon - атом­ное / ядерное / термоядерное оружие, heavy / light weapon - оружие тя­желого / легкого калибра, offensive weapon - наступательное оружие, weapon of mass destruction - оружие массового уничтожения, conven­tional weapons - обычные (неядерные) виды оружия, semiautomatic weapons - полуавтоматическое оружие, semiautomatic weapons - полу­автоматическое оружие. Syn: arms, implement of war, firearm

Упражнение 17. Переведите на слух в быстром темпе следующие сло­восочетания.

Stark aggression - continental expansion - heavy weapon - угроза безопасности - смертоносное оружие - военные укрепления - weapon of mass destruction - долларовая дипломатия - to put up a defence - сло­жить оружие - отражать нападение - to overwhelm smb's defences -экономический рост - самооборона - ядерная дипломатия - to control aggression - укреплять безопасность - inadequate defence - линия обо­роны - термоядерное оружие - офицер контрразведки - conventional weapons - shuttle diplomacy - индивидуальная защита - to ensure secu­rity - to brandish weapon - угрожать безопасности - упорная защита - to handle a weapon - eastward expansion - дипломатия с использованием средств массовой информации вместо переговоров - секретное оружие - to undermine security - man-to-man defence - демонстрировать непри­язнь - security measures - inadequate defence - outright aggression - стре­лять из оружия - наступательное оружие - ценные бумаги - расшире­ние на восток - to resort to diplomacy - правоохранительные органы.

Упражнение 19. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текстов данного урока.

1. Can you prove that NATO welcomed Russia as a participant?

2. Why was the idea of Russia sitting at NATO councils unthinkable in the past?

3. What is implied under the expression "a hedge against the future?"

4. What kind of new world order is emerging now?

5. What major international organisation can you name? What are their re­sponsibilities?

SUPPLEMENT

Article 1

Obama's earnest army

RALEIGH. From The Economist print edition

Barack Obama's get-out-the-vote machine is bigger, faster and smarter

ALL kinds of fun can be had at the North Carolina State Fair. You can watch pig races, chomp steak-on-a-stick and marvel at Sampson the Giant Horse. Both kinds of politics are also on offer. The Republican booth, with an elephant sign hanging from the ceiling and attractive female volunteers, is even more crowded than the cake-baking contest next door. Scott Daughtry, a retired park ranger in overalls and a straw hat, asks for a bumper-sticker for his pickup. He's backing John McCain because the Arizona senator "thinks murdering little babies is not a good idea".

The Republican vote-mobilising machine is still pretty good at the things it has always done well. Its operators know all the traditional ways to reach conservative voters. Give them a state fair packed with white southerners, gun-owners and married couples with children, and they do an expert job of putting leaflets into sympathetic hands.

By contrast, the Democrats at the fair seem out of their comfort zone. They have hardly any stickers to hand out, having read and taken literally an obscure rule barring the practice. Their booth attracts few punters. A PowerPoint presentation about the exorbitant price of milk plays on a loop to no one in particular. It is usually busier, insists an Obama volunteer.

At first glance, this scene bodes ill for Democrats. But step back and the picture changes. How on earth can the race in North Carolina be competitive? The state has not voted for a Democratic president since Jimmy Carter in 1976—and he was a Southern Baptist, a military veteran and the governor of the next-door state of Georgia. Yet Barack Obama, a black liberal from Chicago, is slightly ahead in the polls. And if he can win North Carolina, he is on course for a landslide.

The polls are close, not just in North Carolina but in a dozen other states. Yet they underestimate Mr Obama's strength, for his get-out-the-vote operation is far superior. He may be outgunned at the North Carolina state fair, but this is a piace Republicans normally take for granted. Mr Obama is pushing deep into red America, forcing his rival to spend time and money defending his base when he badly needs to pour both into traditional swing states like Ohio and Florida.

Mr Obama can do this because he has oodles of money. He raised a record-smash ing $150m last month. That is nearly twice what Mr McCain can spend on his whole campaign, though the Republican Party is chipping in to help him. Mr Obama also enjoys a larger pool of passionate fans from which to recruit volunteers. A Washington Post poll this week found that 64% of Mr Obama's supporters were "very enthusiastic", while only 40% of Mr McCain's were. And the Obama campaign is using technology much more creatively to rally its supporters.

In North Carolina Mr Obama has a whopping 45 field offices. Mr McCain claims 40, but these are simply local Republican Party offices, which have to handle local and congressional races as well. Mr Obama's offices are his own. Each one is typically led by a paid staffer, but nearly all the work is done by the 17,000 volunteers Mr Obama has recruited in the state. (The Republicans won't say how many volunteers they have.)

Some of Mr Obama's volunteers sign up the old-fashioned way, in person. Others volunteer online. In their local corner of the Obama website, they can meet other Obamaphiles and arrange to knock on specific doors in their neighbourhood. They can download information about who lives in each house, which party they belong to and what they told the last phone canvasser. They can update this information each time they meet a voter. They can also spend hours on the website chatting with like-minded people, watching the candidate's speeches and uploading their own Barack-related videos.

The McCain campaign has nothing like this. It does use e-mail (a technology the candy-munching young techies on the Obama campaign consider "traditional"), but it has barely begun to grasp the possibilities of online social networking. "The internet is something we're playing catch-up on," admits Brent Woodcox, a spokesman for the North Carolina Republican Party.

For all its pretensions to be about "you", the Obama campaign is strictly hierarchical and impressively disciplined. Most staffers cannot speak to journalists or even show them around without approval fromhead office in Chicago. Volunteers manning the phones are given a detailed script. In North Carolina they tell undecided voters two things about Mr McCain: that he "has proposed tax breaks for companies that ship jobs overseas" and that he wants to give "tax breaks of $4 billion per year for oil companies". Both claims are misleading. The first refers to an old rule that American multinationals need not pay taxes on profits earned abroad until they repatriate them. The second refers to Mr McCain's plan to cut corporate taxes in general.

Mr Obama's eager foot-soldiers put in very long hours. Boo Walukas, for example, says she works 40 hours a week as a nurse and another 40 knocking on doors. With a "Boobama" badge on her nurse's uniform, she drives around Cary, the suburb where she lives, urging Democrats to vote early. North Carolina is one of 34 states that allow people to do so: around a third of Americans will have voted before election day. "If you vote early, folks like me will stop knocking on your door," says Ronnie ("Ronniebama") Chapman, another volunteer.

In other states the story is similar. In Virginia Mr Obama has 70 offices to Mr McCain's 21. In populous and safely-blue California, hordes of arty types with time on their hands are calling waverers in Nevada, New Mexico and Colorado, or driving across state lines to knock on doors. In Texas, which is a lost cause, Obama supporters are being urged to telephone or even travel to Ohio, which is not. Nationwide, Mr Obama is spending four times more than Mr McCain on TV spots. Online, he has more than 100 times as many ads.

One hesitates to write off Mr McCain, who has escaped four times from disintegrating fighter planes. But he has his work cut out. At the state fair, as Mr Daughtry, the former park ranger, takes his McCain bumper-sticker, he mutters: "We're not doing too well, are we?" A volunteer replies, hopefully: "Don't believe the polls!"

Article 2