Неличные формы глагола: обобщение
I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. It will take a lot of time for the two parties … to an agreement.
a. come c. to come
b. coming d. to be coming
2. Make a careful assessment of all pros and cons before … a decision.
a. to take c. having taken
b. taking d. taken
3. We have to figure out a better way … with our customers.
a. communicating c. communicated
b. to communicate d. communicate
4. Would you mind … through the details once more?
a. running c. run
b. to run d. being run
5. I heard him … something with the Chief Personnel Officer.
a. to discuss b. to discussing
b. discussed d. discussing
6. The letter … on Friday didn’t reach the addressee.
a. send c. to send
b. sent d. sending
7. Could you tell me what made you … your mind?
a. change c. to change
b. changed d. changing
8. Clark believes … a job with good prospects for promotion.
a. to offer c. to be offered
b. offering d. to be offering
9. He admitted … a serious mistake and did his best to correct it.
a. making c. having making
b. to make d. made
10. … all the data I was able to make a rational decision.
a. Having been analysed c. Being analysed
b. Analysed d. Having analysed
11. The President was … at the results of the economic reforms.
a. disappointing c. disappoint
b. being disappointed d. disappointed
12. He looked at the certificate of origin … where the goods were produced.
a. checked c. to check
b. having checked d. to checking
13. Our profits are up this year, so I expect … a pay rise.
a. to give c. being given
b. to be given d. giving
14. … through the process many times before, I know exactly which steps … .
a. Having gone; to take c. Going; to be taking
b. Gone; to be taken d. To have gone; taking
15. Generally … , it’s not wise … their terms on the spot.
a. speaking; to accept c. spoken; accepting
b. to speak; accepted d. speak; accept
16. Many people for the sake of … a living forget … .
a. earning; living c. being earned; to live
b. earning; to live d. being earned; living
17. An … project manager is good at … how long each activity will take.
a. experiencing; predicted c. experiencing; being predicted
b. experienced; predicting d. experienced; having predicted
18. Let me … by … how proud I am of your contribution to this company.
a. to start; saying c. starting; having said
b. started; say d. start; saying
19. When … from country to country on business or leisure, people have … one currency to another.
a. travelling; to convert c. travelled; converted
b. having travelled; to converting d. travel; converting
20. There are plenty of books that can … you how … an effective business plan.
a. to teach; to be writing c. teach; to write
b. be teaching; write d. teaching; to be written
II. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в соответствующей форме инфинитива, причастия или герундия:
1. It is necessary for the company (to make) some employees redundant.
2. This question is too difficult (to settle) without further consultations.
3. You’d better (to hurry) up or you’ll be late for the meeting.
4. There was nothing to do but (to wait).
5. They are said (to work) at the pilot project for two months.
6. We are looking forward (to see) you again and (to discuss) our plans.
7. He was made (to sign) a paper (to admit) his guilt.
8. People (to involve) in management spend a great deal of their time (to work).
9. It’s important (to create) a favourable impression when (to meet) clients.
10. They proposed (to minimise) the effect of redundancy by (to rely) on natural wastage.
11. I trained with a small firm, where I was able (to learn) the nitty-gritty of (to run) a small business.
12. We try (to stay) competitive by (to invest) heavily in advertising and promotion.
13. We regret (to inform) you that we are unable (to supply) the items you ordered, as we are completely out of stock.
14. I’m not sure I agree with all the obligations (to stipulate) in this contract. I’ll have to get a lawyer (to look) at it.
15. (To be) an energetic and competent manager, Mr. Collins initiated several new projects since (to join) the company.
16. Performance appraisals help (to assure) that (to promise) staff are not overlooked for promotion.
17. If you insist on (to thwart) my plan, I can go on (to work) at it without (to consult) you.
18. A clerk is an employee responsible for (to carry) out general office duties, (to fill)in forms and (to keep) records.
19. It’s for you (to decide) where (to work) after (to graduate)from the university.
20. A receptionist is a person (to employ) in an office (to receive) clients or guests, tell them how (to get) to the right office, answer the telephone, and arrange appointments.
III. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. Laws were made not to be broken, laws were made to stay within.
2. Interest rates have been raised in order to reduce inflationary pressures.
3. To give advice is easier than to follow it.
4. With prices rising very fast, there is no point in trying to save up.
5. Many of the documents mentioned above are now available on the Internet.
6. Nowadays people are struggling even more to make both ends meet.
7. It’s no use worrying about it. There’s nothing you can do.
8. I tried to tell you, but you were always too busy talking to listen.
9. To improve the situation, clearly defined rules need to be established.
10. Not knowing the language, I made myself understood by using gestures.
11. The suppliers made us wait for a couple of weeks.
12. There are three ways to get something done: do it yourself or hire someone.
13. A life spent making mistakes is more useful than a life spent doing nothing.
14. The primary purpose of the Academy of Public Administration is to educate current administrators and public officials.
15. Most elected officials want to be seen in a positive light for doing productive things.
16. Given limited resources, policymakers look for better ways to make use of available funds.
17. In order to deal with the problem of money laundering, a number of specialised governmental agencies were created.
18. Acquiring a good command of a foreign language is a must for the students of the Academy.
19. Entrepreneurship is considered to be a source of economic growth and competitiveness.
20. If you are about to resign, your first responsibility is to let your employer know that you are resigning.
IV. Ознакомьтесь с рекомендациями психологов о том, как лучше готовиться к экзаменам. Употребите глаголы в скобках в форме инфинитива, причастия или герундия:
(1) (Study) for an exam is different from (2) (try) (3) (remember) someone’s name. Here are some tips:
- Group information by dates, people, or places. It may help (4) (make) a chart.
- Color code. (5) (Use) colored pens helps many people (6) (retain) new information.
- Use different senses. Try (7) (learn) new information by (8) (read), (9) (write), (10) (speak), and (11) (listen). Some people need (12) (use) two or more senses.
- Get into the habit of (13) (repeat) things aloud.
- Remember (14) (review) frequently. It’s important (15) (go over) information again and again.
- It’s easy (16) (forget) what you don’t want (17) (remember).
- Study immediately before (18) (go) to sleep. In this case you’re likely (19) (memorize) a lot more.
- Never rely on someone else’s memory. Learn (20) (trust) your own.
Согласны ли вы со всеми предложенными рекомендациями? Дополните данный перечень своими собственными советами.
V. Закончите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на употребление неличных форм глагола:
1. I’ll never forget …
2. At the moment I’m considering …
3. We were unhappy with the service they had provided, so we refused …
4. When I was 16, I decided …
5. The company is taking on a lot of new staff and is planning …
6. I enjoy my work, but I wouldn’t mind …
7. The meeting had gone on for two hours already, so we stopped …
8. The conference organisers have invited me …
9. If I moved to another town, I would miss …
10. At present I can’t afford …
11. I am really looking forward to …
12. In a few years time, I hope …
13. I know for sure that we placed an order with them. I remember …
14. Our Sales Director went to Houston …
15. I’m a very organized person. I like …
16. Nelly was getting tired of her job so she decided …
17. I have quite a lot of responsibilities at work. In addition to …
18. We made record profits last year and this will enable us …
19. A lot of business people in our country object to …
20. The managers changed the layout of the department store …
VI. Пожалуйтесь своему собеседнику на рост стоимости жизни, например инфляцию, медицинское обслуживание, налогообложение, кредиты и т. п., используя приведенные ниже слова и словосочетания. Закончите беседу на положительной ноте.
| advise afford appreciate can’t help claim | deny dislike have difficulty hesitate hope | It’s no use regret tolerate understand would like |
Модальные глаголы
Модальные глаголы не обозначают действия или состояния, а лишь передают отношение говорящего к действию, выраженному инфинитивом, например, действие может рассматриваться как возможное, желательное, обязательное и т. п.
Модальные глаголы являются недостаточными, так как у них отсутствует ряд грамматических форм, присущих обычным глаголам:
- Только модальный глагол have toимеет форму настоящего, прошедшего и будущего времени (have / has to – had to – will have to). Формы настоящего и прошедшего времени есть у глаголов can, mayи be to(can – could, may – might, am / is / are to – was / were to). Остальные глаголы имеюттолько форму настоящего времени.
- Модальные глаголы не употребляются в формах Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous, а также в страдательном залоге. Они не имеют форм инфинитива, причастия и герундия.
- Модальные глаголы не изменяются по лицам и числам (за исключением модальных глаголов have to,be to).
- Вопросительную и отрицательную форму модальные глаголы образуют без помощи вспомогательных глаголов (кроме модального глагола have to). В вопросительных предложениях модальный глагол занимает место перед подлежащим. Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после модального глагола.
CAN
| Present | Past | Future |
| can am is able to are | could was able to were | will be able to |
| Значение | +– ? | Инфинитив | Примеры |
| способность, умение | + – ? | Simple | I can write shorthand. – Я умею стеногра-фировать. I will not be able to sign the documents until tomorrow. – Я не смогу подписать документы до завтрашнего дня. |
| просьба, разрешение (в неофиц. ситуации) | ? + | Simple | Can / Could I use your phone? ~ Sure, you can. – Я могу воспользоваться твоим телефоном? ~ Конечно, можешь. |
| запрет(нейтральный) | – | Simple | You cannot see him as he is in a meeting. – Вы не можете встретиться с ним, так как он на собрании. |
| предположение (could) | + | Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous | Don’t wait for him. He could be late. – Не жди его. Он, наверное, опоздает. They couldhave arrived already. – Возможно, они уже приехали. |
| сомнение, удивление | –? | Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous | She can’t be talking seriously! – Не может быть, чтобы она говорила серьезно! He could nothave forgotten about the meeting. – Не может быть, чтобы он забыл о встрече. Can they have been negotiating the contract for two hours? – Неужели они обсуждают контракт уже два часа? |
Примечания:
ü Способность выполнить какое-либо действие в прошлом выражается при помощи модального глагола could, его эквивалента was / were able to или выражения managed to. При этом глагол could обозначает возможность совершения действия вообще, обычно, постоянно (переводится «(не) умел»), а выражения was / were able to и managed to – возможность выполнить действие в определенной ситуации (переводятся «(не) смог», «(не) сумел»). Например:
After a few months on the training course, I couldspeakJapanese quite well. – После нескольких месяцев учебных курсов я мог говорить по японски довольно хорошо.
After six hours of negotiation, we finally were able to/ managed tomake some progress. – После шестичасовых переговоров мы смогли достичь успеха.
ü В сочетании с глаголами чувственного восприятия и умственной деятельности (see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand и др.) используетсяcan / could, а не эквивалент be able to. Например:
From my hotel room I could see the sea. – Из моего номера в гостинице я мог видеть море.
ü В отрицательных предложениях обычно употребляется форма could(could not). Например:
My secretary phoned the airline but could not getme on the flight. – Мой секретарь позвонил в авиакомпанию, но не смог забронировать билет на рейс.
MAY
| Present | Past | Future |
| may am is allowed to are | might was allowed to were | will be allowed to |
| Значение | +–? | Инфинитив | Примеры |
| разрешение (в офиц. ситуации) | ? + | Simple | May I come in? ~ Yes, you may. – Могу ли я войти? ~ Да, входите. |
| запрет(письменный) | – | Simple | Guests may not smoke in their rooms. – Гостям запрещено курить в комнатах. |
| предположение, неуверенность | + – | Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous | She may be busy. – Может быть, она занята. He may nothave arrived yet. – Возможно, он еще не приехал. |
| упрек (might) | + | Simple, Perfect | You mighthave told me about that accident! – Вы могли бы сказать мне об этом происшествии! |
MUST
| Present | Past | Future |
| must | had to | will have to |
| Значение | +– ? | Инфинитив | Примеры |
| приказ | + ? | Simple | Everybody must follow the rules. – Все должны следовать правилам. |
| запрет (категорический) | – | Simple | You must not smoke here. – Здесь запрещено курить. |
| личное убеждение, настоятельный совет | + – | Simple | I must consult the lawyer. – Я должен проконсультироваться с юристом. You must not be late. – Вам ни в коем случае нельзя опаздывать. |
| предположение, вероятность | + | Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous | You must be tired after a long flight. – Должно быть, вы устали после долгого перелета. They must have made the payment yesterday. – Вероятно, они произвели платеж вчера. |
HAVE TO
За модальным глаголом have всегда следует инфинитив смыслового глагола с частицей to. Отрицательная и вопросительная форма модального глагола have toв настоящем и прошедшем времени образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголовdo (does) и did.
| Present | Past | Future |
| have to / has to | had to | will have to |
| Значение | +– ? | Инфинитив | Примеры |
| необходимость в силу обстоятельств | + ? | Simple | She had to find a new job after she was dismissed. – Ей пришлось найти новую работу после того, как ее уволили. At what time didyou have toget up in the morning? – Во сколько вам пришлось встать утром? |
| отсутствие необходимости | – | Simple | If your income is very small you do not have to pay tax. – Если ваш доход очень маленький, вам не нужно платить налоги. |
BE TO
| Present | Past |
| am is to are | was to were |
| Значение | +– ? | Инфинитив | Примеры |
| необходимость по договоренности | + ? | Simple | The conference is to start at 10 a.m. – Конференция должна начаться в 10. |
| запланированное, но несостоявшееся действие | + | Perfect | I was to have phoned him but I forgot. – Я должен был позвонить ему, но забыл. |
| распоряжение, запрет | + – ? | Simple | You are to meet him at the airport. – Вы должны встретить его в аэропорту. You are not to use your mobile phone. – Вам запрещено пользоваться мобильным телефоном. |
| неизбежность | + – ? | Simple | He was not to win the election. – Ему не суждено было победить на выборах. |
SHOULD / OUGHT TO
Модальные глаголы shouldи ought to имеют только одну форму, являющуюся формой настоящего времени.
| Значение | +– ? | Инфинитив | Примеры |
| совет | + –? | Simple | You should keep your promise. – Тебе следует сдержать свое обещание. |
| упрек | + – | Perfect | They shouldhave calledthe police. – Им следовало вызвать полицию. |
| удивление | ? | Simple | Why should I trust him? – С какой стати я должен ему доверять? |
Примечания:
ü Модальный глагол ought to используется для выражения необходимости выполнить действие и отражает общепринятые суждения, моральный долг, обязательства. Например: We ought to protect the environment. – Мы должны охранять окружающую среду.
ü Эквивалентом should и ought toявляется модальный оборот had better (лучше), который выражает совет в конкретной ситуации и содержит предостережение о возможном неприятном последствии, если этому совету не последовать. Had better также употребляется в тех случаях, когда необходимо принять срочные меры. Например: Our licence expires next month. We had better get it renewed. – Срок действия нашей лицензии истекает в следующем месяце. Нам следует её продлить.
NEED
| Значение | +– ? | Инфинитив | Примеры |
| необходимость | ? | Simple | Need I fill in this form? – Нужно ли мне заполнять этот бланк? |
| отсутствие необходимости | – | Simple, Perfect | You need not thank me. – Не нужно меня благодарить. They need not have come so early. – Им не нужно было приходить так рано. |
Примечание:
ü Глагол need может употребляться в предложении либо в качестве модального, либо в качестве смыслового глагола. Модальный глаголneed имеет только форму настоящего времени и употребляется в сочетании с инфинитивом без частицы to. Смысловой глаголneed сочетается с существительным, местоимением или инфинитивом с частицей to. Его отрицательная и вопросительная формы образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола do, does или did. Сравните:
You needn’t hurry. – Вам не нужно торопиться. (модальный глагол)
You do not need to hurry. – Вам не нужно торопиться. (смысловой глагол)
SHALL
| Значение | +– ? | Инфинитив | Примеры |
| ожидание указаний | ? | Simple | What shall we do in this situation? – Что нам делать в этой ситуации? Shall I give you a lift into town? – Мне подвезти тебя до города? |
| долженствование (в договорах, контрактах) | + | Simple | Declarations shall be submitted by 1 March. – Декларации должны быть поданы до 1 марта. |
WILL
| Present / Future | Past |
| will | would |
| Значение | +– ? | Инфинитив | Примеры |
| просьба, предложение | ? | Simple | Will you sign here, please? – Распишитесь здесь, пожалуйста. |
| повторяющееся действие в прошлом (would) | + | Simple | He would spend hours studying the documents. – Он бывало часами изучал документы. |
| отказ | – | Simple | I won’t come back here again. – Я ни за что не вернусь сюда снова. He would not listen to me. – Он не захотел меня слушать. |
Примечание:
ü Модальный глагол would употребляется для выражения вежливой просьбы или приглашения к действию наравне с will, при этом would придает высказыванию особо вежливый оттенок. Обратите внимание, что в данном значении will и would сочетаются только с местоимением you. Например: Will you call back later, please? – Позвоните позже, пожалуйста. Would you sit down? – Не хотите ли присесть?
I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. (Can / May) I have a look at your passport, sir?
2. It (cannot / may not) be 7 o’clock already!
3. (Could / May) you do me a favour? ~ Of course, I (may / can).
4. We (can / may) win the election, but I don’t think there’s much chance.
5. She spoke in a very low voice, but I (might / could) understand what she said.
6. The universities (were allowed / were able) to raise the tuition fees.
7. Don’t be angry with her. She (might / can) have done it by mistake.
8. I (was not able / could not) open the drawer in my desk as it was stuck.
9. Analysts say that interest rates (may / can) rise before the end of the year.
10. Mr. Crossby hinted that he (may / might) resign in a couple of months.
11. Hopefully we (will be able / will be allowed) to resolve this issue in the upcoming week.
12. (May / Can) I leave office one hour ahead of schedule today? ~ Yes, you (may / can).
13. Small retailers (are not able / cannot) to cut their prices as much as their large-scale competitors.
14. Confidential documents (may not / cannot) be photocopied without prior approval.
15. Mr. Bradberry is busy today, but he (will be able / will be allowed) to see you on Friday.
16. I thought I was going to miss the plane but I (could / managed to) get to the airport on time.
17. By examining the balance sheet we (were able to / could) find out that the company was not doing as well as they claimed.
18. They didn’t meet yesterday, so they could not (make / have made) the decision then.
19. The computer system has just crashed. I think we might (lose / have lost) a lot of data.
20. (Can / May) that woman be Mrs. Lauren? She can’t (change / have changed) like that.
II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. You (should / are) always wear your name tag when you’re at work.
2. Risk and return (may / must) always be viewed together.
3. You (had better / must) not sign the document until you have read it through.
4. I think you (should / must) have apologized for what you said.
5. We (are to / have to) receive a pay rise in line with inflation in May.
6. No one is answering the phone. They (could / must) have gone out.
7. You (must / should) never badmouth your previous employers.
8. If you were injured at work, you (are to / have to) inform your employer.
9. You (must / may) provide proper identification in order to cash a cheque.
10. This information (should / must) have been given to the tax authorities long ago.
11. I needn’t (be / have been) so loyal to them. I was disappointed after all!
12. When the fire alarm sounds, you (must / should) act immediately to ensure your safety.
13. During an interview, you (may / must) be asked to describe how you dealt with a difficult situation.
14. It’s absolutely necessary, we (should / must) consult more closely with the unions.
15. I (needn’t / didn’t have to) go to work on Monday as it was my day off.
16. Subordinates (must / should) obey their superiors and inform them of non-executed orders.
17. In a democracy, public leaders and civil servants (have / must) be accountable to the people they serve.
18. You (should / need) take into consideration the fact that this model is the latest word in electronic industry.
19. I (am / must) do my best to fulfil my responsibilities to my employer, my community and society.
20. There (should / had better) be a more frequent rotation of employees, especially at the top of the hierarchy.
III. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. … you explain the gap in your employment history, please?
a. Can c. May
b. Will d. Shall
2. Traveller’s cheques … be exchanged at most banksfor a small charge.
a. must c. may
b. should d. can
3. An effective manager … keep the staff motivated, especially when things look black.
a. may c. needs
b. must d. has to
4. Almost any part of a contract … become a point of negotiation.
a. can c. must
b. may d. should
5. I can work from home so I … to go to the office very often.
a. needn’t c. oughtn’t
b. mustn’t d. don’t have
6. If you … to succeed you must be realistic and assess both your strengths and weaknesses.
a. are c. need
b. have d. ought
7. Those who … manage their time efficiently always have high stress levels.
a. may not c. must not
b. cannot d. need not
8. The supplier … deliver the goods on or by the date specified in the contract.
a. is c. must
b. has to d. should
9. When the delegation arrived I was the only employee in the office, so I … show the visitors around.
a. had to c. must
b. should d. might
10. I … have phoned the sales engineer at 11 sharp but it totally slipped my mind.
a. could c. should
b. might d. was to
11. … we move on to the next point on the agenda now?
a. Will c. Can
b. Shall d. Would
12. He sold his shares at their peak, so he … have madea lot of money.
a. can c. should
b. may d. must
13. We … wear a uniform at work because the company wants all staffers to be dressed the same.
a. have to c. may
b. must d. should
14. The boss has left instructions that he … be disturbed.
a. oughtn’t c. may not
b. is not to d. couldn’t
15. The certificate of registration … be valid for the current calendar year.
a. would c. shall
b. need d. has to
16. Our previous chairman … always begin the annual general meeting with a joke.
a. could c. would
b. should d. will
17. I am going to a job interview tomorrow. I … prepare all the necessary documents right now.
a. had better c. may
b. ought d. have
18. The President of the country … to be the commander-in-chief of the army.
a. ought c. must
b. is d. has
19. He tried to persuade me, but I … listen to him.
a. oughtn’t c. couldn’t
b. shouldn’t d. wouldn’t
20. For safety reasons, unauthorized personnel … be allowed access to the construction site.
a. cannot c. should not
b. must not d. needn’t
IV. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами:
1. … I phone for a taxi for you? (предложение)
2. You … have warned me beforehand what to expect of him! (упрек)
3. … you help me with these figures, please? (вежливая просьба)
4. … he be still working out the business plan? (удивление)
5. My assistant … book my flights. He says it isn’t in his job description. (отказ)
6. As the payment wasn’t made in due time, they … to cancel the agreement. (необходимость в силу обстоятельств)
7. When you retire early, you … receive a compensating payment from your employer. (предположение, неуверенность)
8. Today we … to interview all applicants for this position. (необходимость по договоренности)
9. Any decisions … be consistent with the company’s overall policy. (долженствование)
10. A firm is said to be insolvent when it … fulfil its commitments. (отсутствие способности)
11. If you don’t sign the new contract, we will … to move you to another post. (необходимость в силу обстоятельств)
12. The company … be forced to make a number of employees redundant in the coming months. (предположение, неуверенность)
13. Managers …strive for two-way communication with their subordinates. (совет)
14. Before Mr. Wellington, our bookkeeper, became a CPA, he … to meet a number of requirements. (необходимость в силу обстоятельств)
15. Mr. Brook … to preside over the shareholders’ meeting yesterday. (запланированное действие)
16. How did they manage to do well last month? – They … have increased productivity. (предположение, вероятность)
17. I … go to the bank yesterday as I had enough money on me. (отсутствие необходимости)
18. By using the multimedia projector the speaker … to communicate the information quite clearly. (возможность в определенной ситуации)
19. If a country has a floating currency, importers … keep changing the prices of their goods. (предположение, неуверенность)
20. The associate director … to have conducted the negotiations with the sales agents but he didn’t. (запланированное, но несостоявшееся действие)
V. Переведите на русский язык высказывания известных людей. Обратите внимание на употребление модальных глаголов:
1. No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. Eleanor Roosevelt
2. If you tell the truth, you don’t have to remember anything. Mark Twain
3. It is never too late to be who you might have been. George Eliot
4. If you can find a path with no obstacles, it probably doesn’t lead anywhere. Frank Clark
5. A man must be master of his hours and days, not their servant. William Frederick Book
6. Life is like riding a bicycle – in order to keep your balance, you must keep moving. Albert Einstein
7. There is no man living that cannot do more than he thinks he can. Henry Ford
8. When you get to the top of a mountain, you should keep climbing. Zen saying
9. To be successful, you have to have your heart in your business, and your business in your heart. Thomas Watson
10. If one cannot invent a really convincing lie, it is often better to stick to the truth. Angela Thirkell
11. I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work. Thomas A. Edison
12. If you don’t know where you’re going, you might never get there. Yogi Berra
13. Wise men speak because they have something to say; fools because they have to say something. Plato
14. If you don’t like something change it; if you can’t change it, change the way you think about it. Mary Engelbreit
15. Here is my principle: Taxes shall be levied according to ability to pay. That is the only American principle. Franklin D. Roosevelt
16. I have never met a man so ignorant that I couldn’t learn something from him. Galileo Galilei
17. A pessimist can see the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist can see the opportunity in every difficulty. Winston Churchill
18. Gossip needn’t be false to be evil – there’s a lot of truth that shouldn’t be passed around. Frank Clark
19. You must learn from the mistakes of others. You can’t possibly live long enough to make them all yourself. Samuel Levenson
20. It’s a teacher who can open the door, but it’s a pupil who must enter it. Confucius
VI. Представьте, что ваш друг собирается устроиться на работу в вашей компании. Расскажите ему, что принято и что запрещено в вашем коллективе, дайте несколько советов о том, как лучше выглядеть, как вести себя на собеседовании и т.д.
Структура предложения