Личные, притяжательные и возвратные местоимения

Личные	Притяжательные	Возвратные
именитель-ный падеж кто? что?	объектный падеж кого? кому?	зависимая форма чей?	независи-мая форма чей?
I – я you – ты he – он she – она it – оно we – мы you – вы they – они	me – меня, мне you – тебя, тебе him – его, ему her – ее, ей it – его, ему us – нас, нам you – вас, вам them – их, им	my your his her its our your their	мой твой его ее его, ее наш ваш их	mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs	myself– я сам yourself– ты сам himself– он сам herself– она сама itself– оно само ourselves– мы сами yourselves– вы сами themselves– они сами

− We work every day. – Мы работаем каждый день.

− They offered him a good job. – Они предложили ему хорошую работу.

− This is our office. = This office is ours. – Это наш офис.

− My salary is higher than yours (= than your salary). – Моя зарплата выше, чем твоя (= чем твоя зарплата).

− He made himself a cup of tea. – Он сделал себе чашку чая.

− She came up to introduce herself. – Она подошла, чтобы представиться.

− I prepared the report by myself (= on my own). – Я подготовил отчет самостоятельно.

Примечания:

ü При отсутствии возможности указать пол упомянутого ранее человека, употребляются личные местоимения they, themили словосочетания he or she, him or her(в официальной или письменной речи): If my colleague gets promotion, I will be happy for them (= him or her). – Если мой коллега получит повышение, я буду рад за него.

ü Возвратные местоимения не употребляются после глаголов: afford, apologise, behave, complain, concentrate, feel, hurry, meet, relax, sell, worryи др.: How do you feel? – Как ты себя чувствуешь? I am trying to concentrate. – Я пытаюсь сосредоточиться. She can’t afford to pay the tuition fees. – Она не может позволить себе заплатить за обучение.

Употребление местоимений IT и THERE

В качестве формального подлежащего

1. It употребляется для обозначения времени, расстояния и состояния погоды: It is the 1^st of March today. – Сегодня 1-е марта. How far is it to the airport? – Как далеко до аэропорта? It is raining. – Идет дождь.

2. It употребляется в телефонных разговорах и для обозначения пока неизвестного собеседнику человека: Hello. It is Mary Stuart speaking. Здравствуйте. Это говорит Мэри Стюарт.

3. It употребляется в неопределенно-личных предложениях: It is said … – Говорят …, It is known … – Известно …, It is expected … – Ожидается …, It was reported … – Сообщалось … .

4. It употребляется в предложениях, в которых логическое подлежащее, выраженное инфинитивом, герундием или придаточным предложением, стоит после сказуемого: It is difficult to translate this article. – Трудно перевести эту статью. It is no use asking him for help. – Бесполезно просить его о помощи. It seems that he knows English well. – Кажется, он хорошо знает английский язык.

5. There употребляется в предложениях, в которых говорится о существовании в определенном месте чего-то, еще неизвестного собеседнику: There is a letter on the table. – На столе письмо. There were many people at the presentation. – На презентации было много людей.

Указательные местоимения

Единственное число	Множественное число
this – это, эта, этот that – то, та, тот	these – эти those – те

Примечания:

ü Местоимения this,these указывают на предметы, находящиеся в непосредственной близости к собеседнику, в то время как that,those указывают на более отдаленные предметы: This young man is my brother. – Этот молодой человек мой брат. These results differ from the previous ones. – Эти результаты отличаются от предыдущих. Do you know that man over there? – Ты знаешь того мужчину? Where did you get those figures from? – Откуда вы взяли те цифры?

ü Местоимения this,these употребляются, если речь идет о событиях, которые происходят в данный момент или должны вскоре случиться, а that,those используются при упоминании уже закончившихся событий: I am busy at this moment. – Я занят в данный момент. Do these exercises three times a week. – Выполняйте эти упражнения три раза в неделю. Who said that? – Кто это сказал? In those days, students were disciplined for their absences. – В те дни студентов наказывали за отсутствие.

Неопределенные местоимения

MANY / MUCH / A LOT (OF)

−

МНОГО

– MANY ? с исчисляемыми

– MUCH ? с неисчисляемыми

+ A LOT OF с исчисл. и неисчисл.

Howmany people were there at the conference? – Сколько человек было на конференции?

− Many of our staff work overtime. – Многие из наших сотрудников работают сверхурочно.

− We haven’t made much progress. – Мы не добились больших успехов.

− Much depends on your reputation. – Многое зависит от твоей репутации.

− He spends a lot of time in his office. – Он проводит много времени в офисе.

Примечания:

ü Местоимения many и much употребляются в утвердительных предложениях в сочетании с наречиями so, too, very, how: You’ve made toomany mistakes. – Ты сделал слишком много ошибок. I regret wasting so much money. – Я сожалею, что потратил так много денег.

ü Muchиa lot (без предлога of) могут употребляться в роли наречия: Thank you very much. – Большое спасибо. We paid a lot for their services. – Мы заплатили много за их услуги.

(A) FEW / (A) LITTLE

МАЛО

FEW с исчисл.

LITTLE с неисчисл.

НЕМНОГО

A FEW с исчисл.

A LITTLE с неисчисл.

− Could you spare me a few minutes? – Не могли бы вы уделить мне несколько минут?

− I’ve got a little cash on me. – У меня с собой немного наличных.

− Few people want low-paid jobs. – Мало кто хочет иметь низкооплачива-емую работу.

− There is littlewe can do. – Мы мало что можем сделать.

Примечания:

ü Местоимения fewи little могут использоваться в сочетании с наречиями so, too, very, how: We have had very few orders from our customers and toolittle support from the bank. – У нас было слишком мало заказов от клиентов и слишком мало поддержки со стороны банка.

ü Little и a littleмогут употребляться в роли наречия: We did too little to improve the situation. – Мы сделали слишком мало, чтобы улучшить ситуацию. You will have to wait a little. – Вам придется немного подождать.

SOME / ANY / NO

Местоимение		Примеры	Производные
SOME какой-то, некоторые; немного, несколько	+	Some man is waiting for you. – Какой-то мужчина ждет вас. Some people are workaholics. – Некоторые люди трудоголики. We met some years later. – Мы встретились несколько лет спустя. Somebody is knocking at the door. – Кто-то стучит в дверь.	some-body– кто-то one – кто-то thing – что-то where – где-то
?	May I have some time? – Можно мне немного времени?(просьба) Would you like something to drink? – Не хотите ли что-нибудь выпить?(предложение)
ANY никакой; какой-нибудь; любой	–	We do not have any money left. – У нас не осталось (никаких) денег. I’m not expecting anyone. – Я никого не жду.	any-body – кто-то one – кто-то thing – что-то where – где-то
?	Do you have any ideas? – У вас есть какие-нибудь идеи? Is there anybody here? – Здесь есть кто-нибудь?
+	Choose any model. – Выберите любую модель. You can buy anything you want. – Ты можешь купить все, что хочешь.
NO никакой	–	We have no time to discuss it. – У нас нет времени, чтобы обсуждать это. No one was informed. – Никому не сообщили.	no-body– никто one – никто thing – ничто where – нигде

Примечания:

ü Местоимение any употребляется вместо some в предложениях, содержащих следующие слова с отрицательным значением:

− except– за исключением − hardly– едва − little – мало − never – никогда − without – без

− to deny– отрицать − to forbid – запрещать − to object – возражать − to prevent – препятствовать − to refuse – отказываться

He left without any money. – Он ушел без денег. She refused to sign any papers. – Она отказалась подписывать какие-либо документы.

ü В сочетании с предлогом of используются местоимения some, any, none, а не их производные: someof my colleagues – некоторые из моих коллег, anyof you – любой из вас, noneof the suppliers – никто из поставщиков.

ü Производные местоимения somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one сочетаются с глаголом в единственном числе, при этом заменяющие их местоимения – местоимения множественного числа – they, them, their, themselves: Someone has forgotten their briefcase, haven’t they? – Кто-то забыл свой чемодан, не так ли?

ВСЕ

EVERYBODY

EVERYTHING

WHOLE + исчисл. в ед.ч.

ALL +неисчисл. / исчисл. в мн.ч.

EVERYTHING / EVERYBODY / WHOLE / ALL

− Everybody (= Everyone) was surprised. – Все были удивлены.

− Everything possible has been done. – Всё возможное было сделано.

− News of the disaster shocked the whole world. – Новости о катастрофе шокировали весь мир.

− Notall money has been spent. – Не все деньги были потрачены.

− All decisions were made for me. – Все решения были приняты за меня.

Примечания:

ü В значении «единственное» употребляется только местоимение all(не everything): This is all that I wanted to say. – Это всё (единственное), что я хотел сказать.

ü Со словами morning, week, summer и другими обозначениями времени употребляется как the whole, так иall: I was busy the whole day (=all day). – Я был занят весь день.

ü Местоимения everybody, everyone сочетаются с глаголом в единственном числе, при этом заменяющие их местоимения – местоимения множественного числа – they, them, their, themselves: Everybody has already arrived, haven’t they? – Все уже приехали, не так ли?

Местоимение everythingсоотносится с местоимением it(its): Everything is good in its time. – Все хорошо в свое время.

OTHER + сущ. в мн.ч. (какие-то другие)

OTHERS нет сущ-го (какие-то другие)

THE OTHERS нет сущ-го (остальные)

THE OTHER + сущ. в мн.ч. (остальные)

THE OTHER + сущ. в ед.ч. (другой из двух)

ANOTHER + сущ. в ед.ч. (какой-то, еще один)

ДРУГОЙ

ANOTHER / (THE) OTHER / (THE) OTHERS

− She is looking for another job. – Она ищет другую работу.

− Can I have another cup of tea? – Можно мне еще одну чашку чая?

− You can park on the other side of the road. – Можно припарковаться на другой стороне дороги.

− Where are the otherstudents? – Где остальные студенты?

− I told the others not to wait for me. – Я сказал остальным не ждать меня.

− I don’t care what other people think. – Мне все равно, что думают другие люди.

− Some rules are more important than others. – Некоторые правила более важные, чем другие.

Примечания:

ü Местоимение another может употребляться в значении «еще» перед сочетанием «числительное + существительное во множественном числе»: Give me another two minutes. – Дай мне еще две минуты.

ü Местоимения otherиothers могут употребляться в сочетании с местоимениями some, any, no, many: Do you have any other questions? – У вас есть еще какие-нибудь вопросы? There is no other way out. – Нет другого выхода.

Относительные местоимения

who	относится к одушевленному существительному (который, кто)	People who / that control oil control the world. – Люди, которые контролируют нефть, контролируют мир.
whom	относится к одушевленному существительному (которого, которому)	The man (whom / who / that)you are looking for is not here. – Мужчины, которого вы ищете, здесь нет. This is the woman to whomI spoke yesterday. – Вот женщина, с которой я вчера говорил.
which	относится к неодушевленному существительному (который)	The folders which / that are on the table are ours. – Папки, которые лежат на столе, наши. These are the documents to which they refer. – Вот документы, на которые они ссылаются.
which	относится ко всему предшествующему предложению (что)	I said nothing, which made him furious. – Я ничего не сказал, что привело его в бешенство.
whose	относится к одушевленному или неодушевленному существительному (чей, которого)	You are the only person whose opinion I value. – Вы единственный человек, чье мнение я ценю. It’s a company whose logo features a lantern. – Это компания, логотип которой похож на фонарь.
what	не зависит от существительного (то что)	This is not what we expected. – Это не то, что мы ожидали.

Примечания:

ü Относительное местоимение that, which, whomиwho может опускаться, если оно не является подлежащим в придаточном предложении: Olivia is the girl (whom / who / that) I met at the conference. – Оливия – это та девушка, которую я встретил на конференции. He didn’t want to share the data (which / that) he had obtained. – Он не хотел делиться данными, которые он получил.

ü That может выступать в роли союза, соединяющего главное и придаточное предложение. В этом случае that относится не к существительному, а к глаголу-сказуемому в главном предложении и имеет значение «что»: Everybody knows that he is a great fan of tennis. – Все знают, что он большой поклонник тенниса. I’m sorry that I offended you. – Извини, что я тебя обидел.

I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. Good morning, Mr. Bradford. Is that (me / I / my) you are looking for?

2. Personal calls should be made in (you / your / yours) own time.

3. He is the boss, it’s up to (he / him / his) to take decisions.

4. Goods get into the hands of those who really want (them / theirs / their).

5. The secretary registered the letter and put (it / its / him) back into the envelope.

6. As long as you pay off the loan, the house will be (you / your / yours).

7. That discount store will lose (his / its / their) customers if it doesn't improve the service department.

8. Just between you and (me / I / my), I think Mr. Pitt is going to lose (he / him / his) job.

9. I had a meeting with (me / my / mine) subordinates to ensure they are reaching (theirs / them / their) goals.

10. Scarcity is the imbalance between (our / ours / us) desires and the means of satisfying (theirs / them / their).

1. If I were you, I would have done everything (me / – / myself) already.

2. Have you two met(yourself / – / yourselves) before? ~ Yes, we have.

3. Michael must believe in (him / hisself / himself), or he will never succeed.

4. Stay patient and the conflict may resolve (it / its / itself).

5. Modern teenagers sometimes have difficulty in expressing (them / theirs / themselves).

6. Ms. Veil doesn’t want any advisors. She can solve the problem (her / hers / herself).

7. He considers (him / his / himself) to be in command of the situation.

8. Doctors advise us to exercise regularly in order to keep (us / yourselves / ourselves) healthy.

9. Nowadays more and more people can afford (them / – / themselves) to travel abroad for their holidays.

10. You worry (yourself / – / yourselves) too much about the exams. Try to relax (yourself / – / yourselves) and enjoy (you / – / yourself) at the party.

1. (It / There) is half past eleven already.

2. Take a taxi. (It / There) is a long way to the station.

3. (It / There) was a look of strong disapproval on my superior’s face.

4. I’m very fond of my job, even though (it / there) means doing a lot of work.

5. (It / There) is impossible to read his handwriting.

6. (It / There) is much work still to be done.

7. The President thinks (it / there) is in his country’s best interests to increase taxes.

8. (It / There) were two defence witnesses but I wouldn’t trust either of them.

9. (It / There) is a new one-way traffic system in the city centre. (It / There) is very confusing.

10. Will (it / there) be any delays because of the strike? ~ Well, (it / there) would be a good idea to ring the airline and check.

1. Do you remember (that / this) presentation I made in September?

2. Some day you will be sorry for (this / that).

3. (Those / These) who try hard deserve to succeed.

4. I’m working as a tourist guide (this / that) summer.

5. (These / Those) language options are open to our students: English, German, and Italian.

6. Fortunately, (this / that) was not the only naive mistake that I made.

7. At (that / this) time, I dreamed of becoming a scientist.

8. He was one of (that / those) men who devoted all their lives to science.

9. (These / Those) days, most young people have access to the Internet via their mobile phone.

10. There are some historic buildings in Belarus, but they are not as fascinating as (these / those) in Europe.

II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. There was (many / much / a lot) of disagreement over the proposal.

2. His work is well-paid but doesn’t give him (many / much / a lot of) satisfaction.

3. Advances in technology have done (many / much / a lot) to change the way we live.

4. (Many / Much / A lot) social problems are caused by unemployment.

5. The salary is negotiable, so how (many / much / a lot) do you think I should ask for?

6. As she has very (few / a few / little / a little) colleagues she works mostly on her own.

7. I was (few / a few / little / a little) nervous before the job interview.

8. Only (few / a few / little / a little) politicians know when to leave the world of politics.

9. My deputy has so (few / a few / little / a little) initiative that he always waits to be told what to do.

10. It is an extremely poor country: it has (few / little) natural resources and (few / little) good agricultural land.

1. I am enclosing (some / any / no) information about our new range of products.

2. There is hardly (some / any / no) person who likes being criticised.

3. Would you like (some / any / no) milk in your coffee?

4. I have absolutely (some / any / no) idea what to do in this situation.

5. Frankly speaking, I don’t see (some / any / no) difference between the candidates.

6. I’ve run out of fax paper. Could you give me (some / any / no), please?

7. Unfortunately, we haven’t got (some / any / no) components in stock.

8. There are certain standards of behaviour that (some / any / no) civil servant must respect.

9. (Some / Any / No) analysts say that the crisis will continue for (some / any / no) time.

10. I think there is (some / any / no) point in wasting (some / any / no) more time on this issue.

1. I stayed in all evening waiting, but (somebody / anybody / nobody) came.

2. Do you have (something / anything / nothing) else to ask me while I’m here?

3. Can (somebody / anybody / nobody) answer the phone?

4. There was hardly (somebody / anybody / nobody) in the office when I arrived.

5. (Someone / Anyone / No one) is as ambitious as those who want to be rich.

6. May I offer you (something / anything / nothing) to drink?

7. If you are not willing to help me, I will find (somebody / anybody / nobody) who will.

8. (Someone / Anyone / No one) who violates the law should be punished for their actions.

9. Where can I find a good job with plenty of money and no work? ~ (Somewhere / Anywhere / Nowhere).

10. (Somebody / Anybody / Nobody) has (something / anything / nothing) against your suggestion.

1. The Academy of Public Administration is provided with (all / whole) modern facilities.

2. We are doing (all / everything) possible to avoid war in the Crimea.

3. You’d better read through the (all / whole) contract before signing it.

4. Does (all / everybody) have a copy of the agenda?

5. (All / Everything) that he said was not to worry.

6. The flight and hotel are booked. (All / Everything) is organised.

7. They spent the (all / whole) day packing for their business trip.

8. As soon as (everybody / all) arrived, the chairman began the meeting.

9. The accountant keeps a record of (all / whole) financial transactions.

10. Each offer must be submitted together with (all / whole) the supporting documentation.

1. Mr. Richards is 57. It will be difficult for him to find (another / the other) job.

2. Do you have any (another / other) questions?

3. He was holding his mobile phone in one hand and the tablet in (the other / another).

4. In (another / the other) four years Nick will have qualified as a public administrator.

5. Some customers complained about the delay, while (other / others) were more tolerant.

6. Mr. Cox was ahead of all (the other / others) candidates for the CEO position.

7. How will the company finance its expansion in (other / others) markets?

8. The person who cannot command himself is not fit to command (other / others).

9. Thanks to the Internet we can communicate with people on (the other / other) side of the world.

10. Some of my assistants were preparing the report, while (the other / the others) were dealing with the mail.

1. We tried to find out (who / whom) was responsible for the damage.

2. EPAM is the only company for (which / that) I would like to work.

3. (Which / What) worries me most is how we are going to pay our debts.

4. The documents (what / that) I left on the table seem to have disappeared.

5. The secretary asked to (whom / who) the letter should be addressed.

6. Our partners ignored their obligations, (which / what) was thoughtless of them.

7. You are the last person (whom / whose) advice I will ask for.

8. My colleague asked me a question to (which / that) I had no reply.

9. Only a few of the people (who / which) applied for the job had the necessary qualifications.

10. It’s not enough to hear (that / what) employees say, you have to listen to (which / what) they are not saying.

III. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. I’m sorry, but the director is busy. Would you mind waiting for … ?

a. he c. him

b. himself d. his

2. We need employees who are willing to exercise … own initiative.

a. their c. theirs

b. them d. they

3. Don’t be so nosy! It’s none of … business.

a. you c. your

b. yours d. yourself

4. Mr. Lewis has only … to blame for the mistake he made.

a. him c. his

b. itself d. himself

5. Many questions were asked, but … no answers to them.

a. it was c. it were

b. there were d. there was

6. … theory is a simplification of actual relationships.

a. Some c. Few

b. Little d. Any

7. … likes to bear the responsibility for crucial decisions.

a. No one c. Anyone

b. Someone d. Everyone

8. Will you cancel … my engagements for the rest of the week, please?

a. whole c. some

b. all d. any

9. The council refused to give the entrepreneur … financial help.

a. little c. any

b. some d. no

10. In February consumer prices rose by … three per cent.

a. other c. another

b. the other d. others

11. According to the statistics, the layoffs affected … areas of the economy.

a. all c. whole

b. everything d. any

12. Everyone is to meet in the lobby at 9 a.m. to collect … conference registration forms.

a. his c. our

b. her d. their

13. So … are our objectives and … concludes my short talk.

a. that; this c. these; that

b. those; they d. this; it

14. … is just … days since our last gathering.

a. It; a little c. There; few

b. It; a few d. There; little

15. You shouldn’t expect … to do your work for … .

a. another; yours c. other; yourself

b. the others; your d. others; you

16. … was hardly … doubt that the problem could be solved at an early date.

a. It; any c. It; some

b. There; any d. There; some

17. Could you help me to sort out the letters? I cannot tell where … letters are and which are … .

a. my; your c. my; yours

b. mine; yours d. mine; your

18. He’s got … projects and desires, but hasn’t got … money and patience to realise them.

a. a lot of; much c. much; a lot of

b. many; many d. a lot of; a lot of

19. At the present time … people can afford … to travel abroad for their holidays.

a. less; them c. fewer; –

b. less; themselves d. fewer; their

20. … climbs the grammar tree distinctly knows where noun and verb and participle grow.

a. Who c. Those

b. What d. That

IV. Дополните диалог подходящими по смыслу местоимениями:

A manager is getting the results of the ‘upward feedback’, and is hearing what his staff think about him.

Manager:	So, (1. which / what) did my subordinates say? Were there any problem issues?
Consultant:	Well, we questioned all the people (2. who / which) work for you, and we revealed (3. some / any) aspects of your management style that seem not very good.
Manager:	Did they make (4. any / some) complaints? I’d like to start with (5. they / them) first.
Consultant:	As you wish. There are (6. a few / a little) workers who feel that you don’t listen very (7. many / much) and you always look very busy.
Manager:	I am. Were there (8. some / any) other criticisms?
Consultant:	Yes, but I would like to suggest (9. any / some) ways of dealing with this particular point before we carry on. I think (10. it / there) should be some fixed time when staff can come and talk to you about (11. their / theirs) problems. Besides, they noted that you don’t give them (12. much / many) responsibility, and that they don’t make (13. any / some) decisions (14. themselves / theirselves). Well, this is a common problem, and I think (15. its / it’s) something you should think about.
Manager:	I hope that’s all as I’m late for an important gathering.