Simulating – a new way of creating materials
Mankind waited a long time for bronze. But when it arrived, it brought a revolution that changed civilization forever. Then came iron with its hard edge for swords and, later still, steel brought the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century the pace quickened; in less than a hundred years several entirely new classes of material appeared and quite new ones will certainly make an impression on the 21st century.
Until recently, scientists discovered most new materials by complete accident, or by trial and error. The latter strategy involves taking a few metals, mixing them together in certain ratios and watching what comes out. The process of studying a material’s behaviour under pressure, at high and low temperature, in and out of magnetic and electric fields and in countless other conditions can take years or decades.
But all this can soon change. Recent advances in mathematics and computing make it possible to simulate the properties of materials. This approach entirely changes the whole idea of materials testing. The simulations begin with the rules of quantum mechanics that govern matter on the atomic and subatomic level.
Huge increases in computing power made the simulations possible and recent developments of mathematical methods make complex calculations much easier. Thanks to new research techniques the number of calculations needed to solve large numbers of functions decreased.
Where the simulations work, they bring a great change to materials development. Thanks to this new simulation technology the 21st century will get new materials in great quantities.
III вариант
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица ед. числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком мн. числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Students do research at the institutes.
2. Cold means the absence of heat.
3. One of the Fermat’s outstanding contributions to mathematics is the founding
of the modern theory of numbers.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.
1. Scientists exhibited their research findings in the local museum.
2. Complex systems of radio transmission networks were set up throughout the
world.
3. Video-phones are quite possible in the not-so-distant future.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The bigger the mass, the bigger the weight of the body.
2. It is the most accurate instrument in our laboratory.
3. The pressure in the boiler is less than is necessary.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Some years ago, scientists found a way of splitting atoms artificially.
2. I knew nothing about your research work in chemistry.
3. Atoms are so small that it is almost unbelievable that anything could be
smaller.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.
1. Practically all the equipment on display serves to improve productivity.
2. Our dean delivered the lecture on new methods of technology last Friday.
3. We shall discuss the results of our experiments with our professor.
4. They will obtain these data in their next experiments.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные способы перевода оборота there + be.
1. There will be a new power station in our region.
2. There were many interesting articles on our speciality in that journal.
3. There are two kinds of work that scientists do: pure science and applied
science.
VII. а) Перепишите текст. Переведите его на русский язык.
б) Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1) What force holds all the atoms of a star together?
2) Who first studied gravitation?
3) Is there any difference between Newton’s law of gravitation and Einstein’s?
Gravitation
Gravitation is a very important force in the universe. Every object has a gravitational pull which is like magnetism. But, unlike magnetism, gravitation is not only found in iron and steel. It is in every object, large or small; but large objects, such as Earth, have a stronger pull than small ones.
Isaac Newton, the great scientist of the seventeenth century, first studied gravitation. When he was a boy, he often saw how apples fell to the ground. He wondered why they fell towards the earth and why they did not fly up into the sky.
According to the law which he later produced everything in the universe attracts everything else towards itself. The sun attracts the earth and the earth attracts the sun. Although the bigger object has the stronger attraction, all objects, in fact, have some attraction, but we do not notice the gravitational pull of a book because the pull of the earth is much greater.
Why does the earth always move around the sun, and not fly off into cold space? The sun’s gravitation gives the answer. The earth always tries to move away in a straight line, but the sun always pulls it back. So it continues on its journey round and round the sun.
The sun is one of the stars in the galaxy, in which there are about 100,000 million stars. It is not in the middle of the galaxy, but rather near one edge.
Gravitation is the force which holds all the atoms of a star together. It holds the sun together and it holds the atoms of the earth together. It holds us on the earth.
Einstein produced a new law of gravitation. Its main results are the same as the results of Newton’s law; but in very small and fine matters Einstein’s law gives different results. One of these is that gravitation bends light a little; but according to Newton’s law gravitation has very little effect on light. Einstein showed this fact by means of mathematics and not by experiment. Astronomers later proved by experiments that Einstein was right.
IV вариант
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица ед. числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком мн. числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The teacher hangs up tables and diagrams before a lecture.
2. During the course of study students carry out practical work in well-
equipped laboratories.
3. The sun’s heat reaches us across almost empty space in the form of rays.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.
1. The first television pictures, which appeared in 1939, were black-and-white.
2. The Russian scientist A.S. Popov worked much on the problem of radio
communication.
3. Electronic technology made it possible to set up automatic communication
systems.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The more experiments scientists make, the greater is their knowledge of the
structure of matter.
2. The dark side of Mercury is probably even colder than the farthest planet
Pluto.
3. The new hydroelectric station is much more powerful than the first
one.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Do you have any new magazines on cybernetics? – Yes, I have some.
2. The engineer touched upon some important problems at the scientific
conference.
3. I heard nothing about this discovery.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.
1. Some years ago scientists found a way of splitting atoms artificially.
2. Magnets have two poles, called the north and the south poles.
3. The current which comes to our houses, stores and offices and lights our
streets comes from generators.
4. Mathematics will have a wider application than it has now.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные способы перевода оборота there + be.
1. There are different kinds of batteries widely used in modern radio
engineering.
2. There were all the necessary instruments in their workshop.
3. There will be many problems in the process of constructing this machine.
VII. а) Перепишите текст. Переведите его на русский язык.
б) Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1) Who is the inventor of the radio?
2) What day is the birth of the radio?
3) What did Popov’s invention lay the foundation for?
Notes to the text:
1. to make a contribution – внести вклад
2. to win recognition – получить признание
3. considered Marconi to be – считал, что Маркони является…