Exercise 1. Read and translate from English into Russian the following text

Worldwide Navigational Warning Service

The Worldwide Navigational Warning Service (WWNWS) established through joint efforts of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) is a coordinated global service for the promulgation of navigational warnings.

Navigational warnings are designed to give the mariner early information of important incidents which may constitute a danger to navigation. Many navigational warnings are of temporary nature, but others remain in force for several weeks and may be succeeded Notices to Mariners (NM).

Navigational warnings are of three types: NAVAREA warnings, Coastal warnings and Local warnings. The language in both NAVAREA and Coastal warnings is invariably English, although warnings may additionally be transmitted in one or more of the official languages of the United Nations.

NAVAREA warnings

For the purposes of the WWNWS the world is divided into 16 geographical sea areas termed NAVAREAS and identified by Roman numerals. The authority charged with collating and issuing long-range navigational warnings to cover the whole of an area is called the NAVAREA Coordinator. The type of information which might be contained in NAVAREA warnings includes failure of and changes to major navigational aids; newly discovered wrecks or natural hazards in or near main shipping lanes and areas where Search and Rescue (SAR), anti-pollution operations, cable-laying or other underwater activities are taking place.

NAVAREA warnings will normally be sufficient for a vessel passing through main shipping lanes clear of the coast.

Transmissions are arranged so as to fall within at least one normal radio watch period each day, and the information is repeated with varying frequency as time passes until either the danger has ceased or the information has been adequately promulgated elsewhere.

NAVAREA I (Long Range) Warnings

Contain information concerning principal shipping routes, which are necessary for the mariner to know before entering coastal waters, such as:

1) Failure of and changes to major navigational aids

2) Failure of and changes to long-range electronic position fixing systems (Global Positioning System (GPS)/LORAN-C)

3) Newly discovered wrecks or natural hazards

4) Areas where SAR or anti-pollution operations are taking place (for avoidance of such areas).

5) Seismic surveys and other underwater activities in certain areas

6) Positions of mobile drilling rigs and other oil/gas-related activities.

All NAVAREA I warnings are broadcast through SafetyNET and NAVTEX.

Coastal Warnings

Coastal warnings are issued for information, which is of importance only in a particular coastal region. They are not restricted to main shipping lanes. They are generally transmitted more frequently than NAVAREA warnings, and only to the sea region surrounding the hazard. They will often supplement the information contained in NAVAREA warnings. Coastal warnings of all parts of the world are broadcast from the country of origin. Coastal navigational warnings contain information relating to the principal aids to navigation and other important hydrographic matters such as:

(1) Casualties to major lights/fog signals, major floating lights and the more important buoys;

(2) Drifting mines and derelicts in congested waters when the information is recent and sufficiently accurate.

(3) Large unwieldy tows in congested waters;

(4) Dangerous wrecks and new or amended shoal depths;

(5) Establishment of salvage buoys in congested waters;

(6) Areas where SAR and anti-pollution operations are being carried out (for avoidance of such areas);

(7) Negative tidal surges;

(8) New positions of mobile drilling rigs;

(9) Cable operations or certain underwater activities

Coastal navigational warnings can only be expected to give information of importance to assist the Mariner about immediate dangers and major alterations to important navigational aids. The purpose is to assist Mariners in coastal navigation up to the entrance of ports. Masters are recommended to arrange, whenever possible, for the navigational warning broadcast to be monitored prior to sailing in case any dangers affecting their routes are notified.

Local Warnings

Local warnings supplement the Coastal warning service by giving detailed information on aspects, which the ocean-going ship normally does not require. They usually refer particularly to inshore waters and are often originated by coastguard, port or pilotage authorities. Local warnings issued in Port Navigational Warning Service will concern events inshore of the pilot station which do not affect coastal navigation off the port. Local warnings may be issued in the national warnings only.