II-2.2 Эмфатический оборот с формальным подлежащим it

Для сильного эмфатического выделения любого члена предложения, кроме сказуемого, употребляется оборот it is (was) ... that (who, whom), причем выделяемый член предложения помещается в середине этого оборота и становится предикативом главного предложения, например, предложение:Popov invented the radio in 1895

можно передать следующими эмфатическими вариантами, которые при переводе передаются личными предложениями со словом именно:It was Popov who invented the radio in 1895. Именно Попов изобрел радио в 1895 г.

It was the radio that Popov invented in 1895. Именно радио изобрел Попов в 1895 г.

It was in 1895 that Popov invented the radio. Именно в 1895 г. Попов изобрел радио.

Таким же образом можно выделить и придаточное предложение; в переводе оно выделяется словом только, например, предложение:We could complete rehabilitation of our ruined cities after we had defeated fascist Germany. Мы смогли завершить восстановление наших разрушенных городов после того, как мы разгромили фашистскую Германию.

можно перестроить так:It was after we had defeated fascist Germany that we could complete rehabilitation of our ruined cities. Только после того, как мы разгромили фашистскую Германию, мы смогли завершить восстановление наших разрушенных городов.

II-2.3 Неопределенные подлежащие one, they

Когда высказывание касается людей вообще или группы людей, объединенных общим признаком, то в качестве подлежащего употребляются местоимения one или they.

При этом one указывает на то, что говорящее лицо включается в сферу действия высказывания, тогда как they имеет в виду людей вообще (исключая говорящего).

Перевод таких предложений производится с помощью неопределенно-личного или безличного оборота.

Примечание:

one must (one should) переводится нужно

one can переводится можно:One must be careful when

handling mustard gas. Нужно быть осторожным при обращении с горчичным газом.

One can easily decompose

mercuric oxide at high temperature. Можно легко разложить окись ртути при высокой температуре.

They say the weather will

be better to-morrow. Говорят, что погода будет завтра лучше.

Упражнения

1. Переведите следующие предложения:

А.

1. It has long been known that metals can pass from a metallic to an earthy form. 2. It was in 1896 that natural radioactivity was discovered. 3. It is difficult to liberate oxygen from a compound as most of its compounds are very stable. 4. In atomic studies it has become the practice to express energies in electron-volt units. 5. It is the sun that steadily sends out a great amount of radiant energy. 6. It is the steam turbine that has replaced the old reciprocating engine. 7. On a physical map one can see seas, rivers and mountains. 8. The engine stopped; it was badly damaged. 9. A few years ago they had an exhibition of the Indian art in Leningrad. 10. One can still see Magellan's ship in Spain exhibited ashore in memory of the first journey around the world. 11. The coming winter, they say, will be extremely cold. 12. One could hardly expect such a turn of circumstances.

B.

1. It was they, all the Soviet people who, by their toil and military skill, by their sweat and blood achieved the glorious victories which saved our country from enthrallment. 2. It was with the aim of promoting durable peace and general security in the world that the governments of the Russia and USA concluded the treaty. 3. One understands that the rearmament of Albania is inconsistent with European security. 4. One must not forget about the atrocities committed by the German fascists.

1. It was Lomonosov who first stated that heat phenomena is connected with the motion of molecules. 2. It is the Russian scientist Lenz who established the law of heating effect of the electric current. 3. It was Tsiolkovsky who first designed a wind-tunnel in Russia. 4. It should be noted that a nuclear power plant of 100,000 kilowatt capacity would consume daily about 200-250 grams of uranium. 5. It was formerly believed that all heavy objects fell faster than light objects. 6. One should be especially careful when working with gamma and beta rays. 7. The winter of 1999 was extremely cold, in fact it was the coldest winter for the previous 10 years. 8. The flax crop, they say, will be fine this year. 9. One can see a great number of beautiful new houses in Moscow. 10. If one wants a thing done, one should do it oneself.

II. Переведите текст, обратив внимание на безличные и неопределенно-личные предложения и способы их перевода

THE RUSTING OF METALS

It has long been known that metals can pass from a metallic to an earthy form. One must be careful not to expose unprotected iron to the open air, as under the influence of atmospheric conditions the outer layer of the iron quickly changes into a reddish crust called the rust. One can easily find that this new material is a different substance from iron. The rust is very brittle, it is much lighter, bulk for bulk, than iron and it is not attracted by a magnet.

It was early observed that, although the specific gravity of the earthy product was less than that of the metal, yet there was a much greater bulk of it, and that, in fact, the earthy material weighed more than the original specimen of the metal.

It was Lomonosov who first proved that the extra material came from the air. He placed some tin in a flask and sealed up the mouth of the vessel. The tin was heated and converted into the white powder. Upon weighing the apparatus it was found that no change in weight occurred. It turned out, however, that when the mouth of the flask was opened, a good deal of air rushed in and the total weight was then greater. A portion of the original air had joined itself with the tin to form the powder.

Eighteen years later the same experiment was made and the same conclusion drawn from it by Lavoisier. He named the gas taken from the air, oxygen.

It is possible to confirm these conclusions in various ways.

For example, when the air is pumped out of the flask before it is sealed, the metal can be heated in the vacuum indefinitely without rusting. Thus it can be seen that fundamentally rusting is the process in which metals oxidize and form compounds.

It has been estimated that more than 25 per cent of the annual production of iron in the USA is consumed in replacing other iron that has been rendered incerviceable by rusting.

It is necessary, therefore, to wage a constant battle against this chemical process and our immediate concern is how to take care of metallic devices and structures once they enter our possession.

We try to prevent or reduce rusting by various means, such as electroplating, painting or otherwise treating the metals that are susceptible to attack by the agencies of this harmful action.

Практикум

A

NONLOCALITY GETS MORE REAL. "Bell's Inequalities," the set of mathematical relations that would rule out the notion that distant quantum particles exert influences on each other at seemingly instantaneous rates, have now been violated over record large distances, with record high certainty, and with the elimination of an important loophole in three recent experiments, further solidifying the notion of "spooky action at a distance" in quantum

particles. At the Optical Society of America meeting in Baltimore earlier this month, Paul Kwiat of Los Alamos and his colleagues announced that they produced an ultrabright source of photon pairs for Bell's inequality experiments; they went on to verify the violation of Bell's inequalities to a record degree of certainty. Splitting a single photon of well-defined energy into a pair of photons with initially undefined energies, and sending each photon through a fiber-optic network to detectors 10 km apart, researchers in Switzerland showed that determining the energy for one photon by measuring it had instantaneously determined the energy of its neighbor 10 km away-a record set by the researchers last year but now demonstrated in an improved version of the original experiment. A University of Innsbruck group performed Bell measurements with detectors that randomly switched between settings rapidly enough to eliminate the "locality loophole," which posited that one detector might somehow send a signal to the other detector at light or sub-light speeds to affect its reading.