Раздел 1. УПРАЖНЕНИЯ НА ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ ТРУДНОСТИ ПЕРЕВОДА АНГЛИЙСКОЙ НАУЧНОЙ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
(Псевдопростые слова)
1. A harmonic filter is no longer required.
2. We assign, tentatively, the structure to the free acid.
3. Once these two factors are known for a given network,Eq. 5, 6 and 7 apply.
4. The higher the purity of titanium, the easier it is to fabricate, but the lower is its strength.
5. Spurious outputs can be best avoided by choosing a ratio of at least 8 : I between the two input frequencies.
6. When the number is restricted, the response is no longer flat and the power or the bandwidth is reduced.
7. In order to determine whether a given compound is organic it is frequently sufficient merely to heat it.
8. Telstar by then was responding properly to all normal commands.
9. As a matter of fact the atoms have an irregular to-and-fro
motion similar to that of the electron.
10. The philosophy used in the design of the experiment is as
follows.
11. The most efficient way to use tapes is to transfer information to or from them in large blocks rather than by individual
words.
12. Mean values and deviation of the four parameters are given for various types of transistors in Table I.
13. The history of radar is a long one, for the underlying principle has been known to science for a long time.
14. The cost of the tetrode is at present several times that of the
equivalent triode.
15. The tuning sequence above takes less than 2 min for the
two higher-power transmitters.
16. Another similarity between the two amplifiers is that the same low-pass harmonic filter is used in the output feeder.
17. Some elements possess so few metallic qualities that it is uncertain whether they should be called metals or nonmetals.
18. As an alternative to the distributed amplifier a normal 2-stage tuned amplifier may be used.
19. The general problems of broadbanding are not peculiar to transistors and will not be discussed in great length.
20. A soft coal, however large the lumps, falls to pieces too readily in the fire and chokes it.
21. Either a wideband distributed amplifier or conventional tuned amplifier can be used.
22. The speed with which arithmetic operations are performed is affected by a number of factors.
23. In gaseous reactions the equilibrium position is largely
influenced by pressure.
24. A reasonably uniform electrical output is obtained regardless of the relative orientation to the sun.
25. The boiling point on the centigrade scale is 100° and that on the Farenheit is212°.
26. The amplified signals drive the two synchronous motors.
27. Of all the senses, vision is the only one that can make us directly conscious of things at great distances.
28. Above onegigacycle sky noise due to air, water vapor and rain increases as frequency increases.
29. An electroscope can be used to tell if a body is charged positively or negatively.
30. Radio relay systems are subject to severe selective fading due to multipath effects.
31. The evaporation increases with the temperature, other things being equal.
32. In this way each of the waveform gates is switched on in turn for one line period.
33. A mechanical method was substituted for an electric one.
34. This rate, formerly in general use, is now reserved for manual calls.
35. The question arises whether rocks are all natural combinations of mineral matter.
36. Given ferrite-core material, very good transformers can be made.
37. However simple the basic principle of the approach may seem, in many situations such an approach is not used.
38. In the preceding discussion the availability of wideband transformers was assumed.
39. The use of metals is affected by the available ore resources, the cost of extraction and refining, and the way in which they can be employed to practical advantage.
40. Low anode capacitance is of course essential.
41. The prime purpose of giving the computer a daily health check is preventive rather than corrective.
42. The lower the thrust the longer the smoothing time can be.
43. Contact for 2 hours was necessary for the 102,5dilution to effect significant receptor modification.
44. The average repeater spacing is therefore 16.2 nautical miles (30 kilometres).
45. The question now arises as to how the behaviour of metals is affected by the changes in temperature.
46. The calculation of the correlation of the noise coefficients is now a great deal more involved.
47. The plasticity of steel, whether at room temperature or at elevated temperatures, allows it to be worked either hot or cold.
48. Both a random error channel and a channel with burst errors are considered.
49. The region surrounding a magnet, in which appreciable magnetic forces exist is known as the magnetic field.
50. Figure 10 illustrates how this self-checking is accomplished.
51. During the remainder of each line period the amplifier operates in a normal manner.
52. In this presentation one should follow a logical rather than a historical order, though referring to the historical aspects where they are of interest.
53. The plasma is generated in a glass tube by a continuous r. f. discharge at a frequency of 50 megahertz.
54. The charge of an atom is not affected by the number of neutrons present but depends on the balance between electrons and protons.
55. It remains to be established if the opening-angle distribution depends on the declination of the region.
56. Experience shows that work study does in fact provide one of the most valuable means of improving production efficiency.
57. With the exception of this cell, the data are well fitted to a Poisson distribution with a mean of 19.
58. The increasing demand for oil can only be met by the application of the most efficient methods for its extraction and subsequent treatment.
59. Separate groups of lines for the rotary equipment are no longer justified.
60. The qualitative examination of an organic compound is followed by a quantitative analysis.
61. Such impulse noise is experienced in a wide range of communications media.
62. The only thing the ions seem capable of doing is to form a hydrogen-bonded complex.
63. Fig. 14 shows the distribution of peak sensitivity against noise output.
64. In general, resistant cells were smaller, with less cytoplasm than sensitive HeLa cells. Occasionally, cells differing from the typical epithelial type were found.
65. Fig.2 indicates the rapid expansion of the global cable network for telephony during the past decade.
66. Many materials now commonly used were not even thought of thirty years ago.
67. To date, several experiments have been reported in which a variety of instruments have been used to search for point sources.
68. There is little doubt that all the azo compounds reported are the trans isomers, but their geometry has not been established independently.
69. Does it make any difference whether fluoride to prevent dental caries is added to the milk a family consumes, or to the fruit juice, rather than water?
70. The subscript MP denotes minimum phase in a broad sense; it does not mean that (25) obtains strictly because so far we have dealt only with C1.
71. Planetary theory was not developed to the same degree as that of the Moon.
72. To preserve the accuracy of the antenna, and to permit it to operate in all kinds of weather an air-inflated covering or radome was added.
73. The question arises whether there is any fundamental difference in the kinetics of reactions occuring in condensed media compared to the gaseous state.
74. The essence of the spin-spin processes is that a jump from resonance Vα —>Vβ can be made, the balance of energy being taken up by a large number of transitions.
75. The time necessary for the sun to move a complete circle around the galactic center is some 200 million years.
76. From what has been said so far, one might think that alternating current has little advantage over a direct current.
77. There are still practical problems in connection with the applications of these small circuits.
78. In many tables the factor of safety rather than the allowable stresses will be given, thus making it easier for the designer to make his own choice of material.
79. It will be seen later that, with sensible values for the operating parameters, this statement remains substantially true when large-signal effects are taken into account.
80. This trouble is got round by using as a capacitor a P-N junction biased in the reverse direction.
81. We shall now see if any explanation of the exceptions to the gas laws can be found.
82. Significant rises of serum potassium levels over control levels were seen in all cases of primary aldosteronism by the third day of spironolactone treatment.
83. When the peak and valley points are reached, (I1 —I2) no longer increases because of the tunnel diode characteristics, and an unstable condition occurs.
84. Sometimes a decision to compute is followed by a process of selecting the particular kind of computing machine best suited for the given problem.
85. This charge was apparently not precipitated by adjustments in circulatory dynamics, nor was it related to reticuloen-dothelial stimulation.
86. The same noise was applied over and over again to the transmission system under test.
87. Whatever the nature of the metal, the slower the rate of cooling the larger will be the size of the crystals.
88. A deformed metal is not stable, and after deformation it undergoes changes that are influenced by time and temperature which in turn affect the resistance to deformation.
89. The curvature of the anode-current grid-voltage characteristic of the valve gives rise to distortion.
90. The charge of an atom, however, is not affected by the number of neutrons present but depends on the balance between electrons and protons.
91. The design process can be speeded by starting with families of curves in all but the transistor quadrant.
92. The second quantitative relationship concerns the amount of endogenus pyrogen, which may be present in the donor's circulation, over and above that needed for the production of maximum fever.
93. All life ultimately depends on absorption of light, for it is the absorption of sunlight by the green leaves of plants which keeps the plant and animal world alive.
94. For automatic system to be successful it must tune a transmitter at least as accurately as can be done manually.
95. The maintenance of a temperature within a prescribed range under conditions of varying thermal loads can be termed temperature regulation. This does not necessarily mean maintenance of constant heat content.
96. However plentiful the ore may be the extraction of a metal will not be profitable unless it is sufficiently suitable for some purpose to be sold at a price that will pay for extraction.
97. The effects of high vacuum and van Allen belt radiation on organic materials commonly used in electronic equipment were of particular concern.
98. As rate control is sensitive to the rate of change of the temperature it recognizes at once the magnitude of the imposed thermal load. For this reason the rate control is sometimes known as «anticipatory» control.
99. It is not possible for the authors to make all the mathematics involved easy for those who have little training in that subject, since many of the arguments and processes are difficult and complex.
100. If a particular message is of great importance, the power may be easily increased at the expense of other links.
101. That the maximum febrile response in rabbits is limited by a definite hyperthermic «ceiling»is indicated by the comprehensive dose-response measurements recently reported by Keened, Silberman and Landy.
102. It is not possible to obtain as high thermal efficiencies when furnaces are fired with raw coal as with other means of firing, but these matters will not be dealt with here.
103. Also, the chassis of a number of units, which accounted ' for the major part of the remaining dissipation, were firmly attached to the waveguide structure.
104. Pharmacological tests have provided no basis as yet for the qualitative difference in these clinical actions. Most often, the same pattern of results is seen with the two drugs in the laboratory.
105. The weight of an atom depends almost antirely on the number of protons and neutrons it contains, since the electrons are so light that contribute but little to atomic weight.
106. Current regulations require the harmonic and spurious frequencies to be less than — 43 db for 1 kw transmitter.
107. Essentially the apparatus consisted of two capillary tubes of different diameters in communication with a wider tube throught which the liquid under investigation could be introduced.
108. In order to see the molecules separately we must necessarily use radiation with a wavelenght thousands of times shorter than that of visible light — or, in other words,we have to use radiation called X-rays.
109. Considerations regarding the full use of vertical interval test and reference signals are presented.
110. Serial homologous transplantation of the tumors to both conditioned and unconditioned animals was attempted in a number of cases. The latter was not successful, but transfer to other conditioned hosts was achieved.
111. The transmitter is a pulsed oscillator operating at either 85 kc or 135 kc, followed by a push-pull driver amplifier and a push-pull power amplifier.
112. Consequently, the proper bias conditions are no longer satisfied for some part of the ion emitter. As a result the system is forced into the Z-state and the collector current becomes small.
113. According to the quantum theory, radiative energy is always collected into certain discrete portions, known as «light-quanta» and to see an object it is necessary for at least one light-quantum to be reflected from its surface.
114. In normal operation, the oscillator is shut off until a 1-msec negative pulse is applied to the grid of V2A.
115. The problem of space-charge cancellation is not unique to the thermionic energy converter, but is common to high-current electron tube devices for rectification and switching purposes.
116. Various kinds of laboratory tests, such as resoldering, heat cycles, tensile strength, weighting, bending, and vibration, were carried out on test pieces made by the new jointing method.
117. Therefore, when calculating the minimum noise figure an additional requirement (e. g. bandwidth or stability) must be taken into account, so that the mathematical problem is that of a minimum under constraints.
118. In order for the practicing engineer to arrive at feedback control system design that best meets the requirements of particular application, it is desirable that a general design procedure should be available. Such a procedure has grown up in the last few years.
119. If a given frequency band is to be used for space and earth-based repeaters simultaneously, several possible intenference paths must be studied.
120. It may be noted, incidentally, that considerably more free sulfate (150 and 144 moles in the two experiments) appeared than can be accounted for by the hydrolysis of the carcinogen metabolites.
121. Earthed-grid triodes require more stages, but a high degree of linearity is more readily obtainable, provided that grid-current distortion can be kept low.
122. The eventual return of hypokalemia further suggests the continued excessive secretion of aldosterone, which presumably would not be the case in potassium depletion from other causes.
123. In view of the recent increase in reported cases of infectious hepatitis, and the demonstrated possible resemblance of this type of drug-induced hepatotoxicity to that disease, it seems logical to hypothesize that at least a portion of these reported cases are drug induced rather than of viral etiology.
124. Owing to the non-linearity of the grid characteristic of valves in the positive region, distortion is produced at the input of a power amplifier.
125. Various workers found similar tie-lines which persisted up to 20% of phosphoric oxide, but it was shown that such tie-lines were but one of a number of stages that the system went through before stable equilibrium was attained.
126. It follows from the foregoing considerations and in particular from Equation (10), whose detailed derivations can be found in the work of Ioffe and Herring, that the figure of merit as defined by Equation (9) can be redefined in terms of semiconductor properties by the expression below.
127. Penfield and Rafuse have analyzed many multipliers under the assumption that a nominally driven abruptjunction diode is used.
128. This concentration was detectable in most instances as early as 4 days after embolization. The occurrence of this clear-cut pattern early in the course of the desease is most fortunate since it allows therapy to be started without delay, thus preventing further potentially fatal embolic episodes.
129. In spite of the well-known correlations between sweat rate and internal body temperature, which Benzinger confirms, it
seems very unlikely from the above evidence, that hypothalamic temperature is the only regulator of sweat rate.
130. In this circuit, the feedback paths are undesirable byproducts of the reflex method of obtaining the local oscillator signals for the converters.
131. Readings of about 50 test quanties on the line will be taken by the data logger and recorded every 20 minutes. Whenever test readings fall outside predetermined limits, the data logger will scan and record readings every 2 minutes until the values fall back into line.
132. On the whole, high-volatile coals, when stored for normal periods, do not suffer greatly, so far as the coking properties are concerned, whereas low voltage coals frequently give trouble through heating and deterioration during storage.
133. In this type of circuit, a low impedance path must be provided between cathode and earth at the second harmonic frequency if the efficiency is to be kept high.
134. The usual procedure when operating the machine is to select the next channel after each convolution of the tape to provide one long programme. Alternatively, any channel may be selected at any time if there are separate items of interest or one channel can be repeated continuously.
135. The unique property of DMBA in damaging adrenal is due to the fact that it alone among the hydrocarbons tested possesses the necessary geometry vis-a-vis the inner adrenal cortex. Thesteric factor assumes primary importance in DMBA-induced adrenal damage.
136. The output of the receiver in each channel is sent to a p.r.f. multiplier that multiplies the p.r.f. by a factor of either 3 or 8 (fig- 2).
137. Hart and Heroux observed that mice exposed to cold increased their oxygen consumption by sevenfold without appreciable change in the blood acid level, whereas running mice with a threefold to fivefold increase in oxygen consumption had pronounced elevations in lactate.
138. In what follows, the biochemical alterations are a used as a basis for discussion of possible mechanisms involved in 4 separate processes: (a) cessation of production of infective virus, (b) inhibition of mitosis, (c) production of cell damage, and (d) viral interference.
139. The required tolerances in alfa, beta, gamma, and delta for the measurement of height, speed and direction are tabulated in figure 3 together with a fourth row showing the tolerances which will satisfy all requirements together.
140. Table 2 lists yields for several radiations. In this table g (H) denotes the sum of the radical-type reducing species whether it is the hydrogen atom, the solvated electron or some as yet unknown entity. Vields are slightly different in heavy water and depend somewhat on pH.
141. The blood was obtained from the marginal ear vein. Rabbits which failed to develop a leucopenia of less than 1000 cells per mm3 were given a second and occasionally a third injection of nitrogen mustard (3 to 7 mg) and were following in the same manner.
142. However, this must be achieved by straight-forward design rather than by resorting to «trick» circuits which make repeater performance unduly sensitive to component characteristics.
143. The formation of the indole is often accompanied by the production of much tar, but in other cases it takes place remarkably easily. Thus the phenylhydrazone of cyclohexanone gives an almost quantitative yield of tetrahydrocarbazole when boiled for a few seconds with glacial acetic acid.
144. The random distribution of large numbers of ferritin molecules throughout the basement membrane and the absence of visible channels or pathways suggests that the increased permeability of this layer in the neprotic animal is due to a fine, generalized defect.
145. Operation with a multiplication ratio of 4 times is similar to that for 8 times except that S1 connects VB to the third divider output instead of the fourth.
146. To some it appears that even the announcement of Oersted's discovery need not necessarily have led directly to the development of the electromagnet and electromagnetic telegraphy, for the contributions of Schweigger, Ampere, Arago, Sturgwon. Henry and Morse seemed essential additional contributions.
147. As a basis for our experiments, we have tentatively taken the view that agitations and depressions result from abnormalities in motivational and reward processes, agitation from pathological overactivity of reward processes, and depression from underactivity.
148. For loads such as a magnetron, for example, the behavior of the pulser with a linear load is not necessarily a good criterion.
149. The question may still be raised, however, as to why leu-copenic animals, which have less transferable pyrogen in their sera during endotoxin fever than normal animals, exhibit undi-minished febrile responses to the endotoxin. How is such apyto-gen-fever dissociation accounted for, if the pyrogen is responsible for the fever?
150. As to a possible relationship between inhibition of protein synthesis and cessation of virus production, the following can be said. The continued presence after the 6th hour of large amounts of antigen in cells does not neessarily mean that the supply was sufficient to permit further virus production.
151. These factors together with hardware considerations and problems of coordination with other radio services, led to operation in the 3200—4200 mc and 5925—6425 mc common-carrier band.
152. The discovery that steady potential shifts are subject to conditioning as well as the report by Rusinov that localized slow potential variations are seen in the visual area when a defense reflex is elicited by a light stimulus lend further support to the notion that standing potentials are somehow involved in establishment of new functional linkages.
153. In view of evidence indicating an adverse role of adrener-gic vasoconstriction in the development of shock, it may reasonably be postulated that the deterious effects of endotoxin are due not to a direct tissue toxicity per se, but rather are scondary to an increased responsiveness to adrenergic stimuli.
154. If the saving in operating costs is to be fully realised, a high standard of reliability is necessary.
155. The striking relationship between the time at which DNA and protein synthesis becomes completely inhibited, and the onset of marked cell damage, strongly suggests that the degeneration and ultimate death of cells may well be due to the profound metabolic derangements which develop in virus-infected cells.
156. Whereas in earlier experiments homograft rejection was frequently mistaken for tumor-specific resistance, recent experiments which were performed on inbred mice, under conditions excluding, as far as possible, genetic differences between host and tumor, may point to the existence of a true tumor-specific resistance.
157. Our discussions to this point have been confined to a rather restricted class of functions, namely, those described by linear differential equations. However important such functions may be, a computer system incapable of handling nonlinear functions is severely restricted in the range of applications.
158. Fairly intensive alloy studies are under way on all four refractory metals, and a considerably large number of promising alloys have already evolved. While few of these have as yet achieved commercial status, many have advanced to at least the point of pilot production or advanced laboratory scale-up.
159. On the other hand, neither myelography, nor even surgery can adequately differentiate normal disks from degenerated disks in patients who complain of back and leg pain. Myclography adds little or no information to plain lumbosacral x-rays so far as degenerative disk disease is concerned.
160. Nature of Transferable Pyrogen. In order to determine whether the pyrogen transferred ill the above experiments consisted primarily of the originally injected endotoxin or of newly formed endogenous pyrogen, its fever-producing effect was compared in normal and endotoxin-tolerant recipients.
161. As far as the measurement of range-rate is concerned, the total fluctuation at 400 mc/s will be small compared with the required tolerance of 1 m/sec.
162. To investigate whether inagglutinability of virustreated erythrocytes was due to the modification of receptors with consequent lach of adsorption of hemagglutinin or due to failure of red cells with attached virus to form characteristic agglutination patterns, experiments were done to determine if test virus hemagglutinin adsorbed to the theated cells.
163. The results obtained with the urea clearance test are presented in the last line of Table IV. The poisoned mice retain about three times as much urea as normal mice, thereby indicating a suppressed kidney function. Retention of 76.3 per cent neglects the nitrogen that accumulates above control values in the blood and intenstines.
164. As far as the major planets are concerned. Mercury is the only one with bound rotation. I agree with the reduced figure of
137,000 miles for the orbital radius of a stationary satellite given ,y your correspondent. This, however, is still as high as 88 times he radius of the planet, and my conclusion that it would be too far
out to be of practical value for communication purposes still holds.
165. Although the values for total lipid are of limited accuracy, they nevertheless tend to indicate that esterified cholesterol and phospholipid probably are the only lipids present in significant concentration among the low density products. A small amount of lipid unaccounted for in the low density products from the human serum may represent released triglyceride.
166. Our age is often called the age of specialization. It might be more aptly called the age of ultra-specialization, for it is no longer sufficient for the scientist to specialize in one science, such as geology, metallurgy, chemistry, and so on. Even within this limited sphere of technical knowledge he must choose a narrow path if he is to reach its limit.
167. Additional studies on the sites of RNA synthesis in NDV-infected cells were carried out with tritiated cytidine. The experimental procedures used were identical with those just described, with one exception: following fixation, cells were digested with DNAase, 30° g per ml of PBS, for 1 hour at 37° C. The cells were then refixed in acetic alcohol, dried, and processed for autoradio-graphs.
168. As in any endocrine disease, the diagnosis should be confirmed by proof that the gland is secreting aldosterone in excess. For this purpose the best method to date consists of measuring secretory rates by estimating dilution of radioactive aldosterone in body fluids. However, the method is not readily available. In contrast, urinary excretion of aldosterone and its metabolites may be determined by a number of practical techniques.
169. Although humoral hemostatic defects may appear from time to time after acute hemolytic reactions involving canine anti-A, it is apparent that the physiologically most significant and consistent abnormality is that due to thrombocytopenia. Such a reaction, occurring at the time of experimental surgery can lead to a marked increase in blood loss, and at times, loss of animals.
170. Another striking and rather frequent exception from the criteria characterizing cancers is represented by basalcell carcinomas of the skin, which may develop following an occupational or environmental exposure to sunlight, coal tar, and arsenicals. Basal-cell cancers of the skin do not produce metastases and thereby lack one of the most important properties of malignant growths.
171. Our experience suggests that the presence of a bruit is strong evidence of a partially open but stenosed internal carotid artery; and subsequent arteriograms usually support this opinion. The absence of a bruit, despite transient episodes or a persistent neurologic defect, suggests most frequently a complete occlusion. Again, this has been supported by arteriography.
172. Evidence of the altered responsiveness persisted throughout a period in which spontaneous paroxysmal activity was abolished and self-re-excitation, to judge by the unit record, was absent. By excluding reverberating impulses as the basis for the long lasting change in cellular behavior the isolation experiment made it necessary to search for structural alterations.
173. These findings indicate that glucose is incorporated into glycogen as an intact unit - i.e., with little or no cleavage of the carbon chain. This view on the mechanism of the conversion of glucose to liver glycogen is fully borne out by our demonstration of Identical recoveries of C14 in glycogen when liver slices were incubated with glucose-1-C14, -6-C14, and -E-C14.
174. In the present article we report the results obtained by using ferritinas a tracer to investigate glome-rular permeability in rats with proteinuria induced by PA treatment. The findings confirm the conclusions drawn and support the assumptions formulated in our previous paper. In addition, they provide new information about certain morphological and physiological aspects of the nephrotic syndrome.
175. Proceeding on the premise that the opalescence produced in serum by streptococcal extracts migth be due to low density lipids or lipid-protein complexes liberated from their normal associations with serum lipoproteins, an experiment was undertaken to determine whether such products could be separated from extract-treated sera by ultracentrifugal flotation at normal serum density.
176. These facets of the vasomotor transfer of heat have been
recognized for many years and thermal conductivity measurements have been used mainly as indices of blood flow rather than absolute measurement of blood flow. For example, Hertzman et al making estimates of both local tissue perfusion and thermal conductance found these two correlated well with each other but not in a one-to-one ratio.
177. A large computer can easily keep thirty or forty programmers busy. Most of the senior programmers should be mathematical graduates, at any rate when the work is scientific rather then commercial. Some of them should be specialists in the branch of mathematics known as numerical analysis, while others should, if possible, have had previous experience in the particular field of science and technology from which the problems arise.
178. The transistors and diode specified are about the least expensive types on the market. Virtually any generalpurpose transistors and diodes should work as well, if they are more readily available. C10 and C11, as mentioned, extend the upper frequency limit and maintain amplitude at this limit. Their values may have to be altered somewhat for different transistors, even of the type
ecommended.
179. In a supplementary test in which a sample of the same serum was incubated with the extract in a final dilution of 1: 10 instead of 1: 100, the divergence at pH 6.0 was even more pronounced. Cholesterol release in this case was essentially complete (33.1 mg per cent) after 1 hour of incubation, whereas, the opalescence produced amounted to only 0.30 optical density units, as compared to 0.5 for the corresponding mixture with the more dilute extract.
180. The guidance employed during the early powered flight of a space vehicle is referred to as injection, boost or ascent guidance. The techniques are almost the same as those used in the guidance of ballistic missiles and they are not described in this paper. Instead, the correction of space trajectories by small impulse-type manoeuvres is discussed, since injection guidance alone
would not usually be sufficiently accurate for advanced space
nissions.
181. Why are human beings born in a state so immature that it takes 8 to 10 months before the human infant can even crawl, and another 4 to 6 months before he can walk and talk? That a good many years will elapse before the human child will cease to depend upon others for his very survival constitutes yet another evidence of the fact that man is born and remains more immature for a longer period than any other animal.
182. Audio current through the coil varies the magnetic flux in the gap and causes the disk to vibrate and produce sound. The operating principle is much the same as that of the magnetic headphone, although the physical construction is somewhat different. The variable-reluctance headphone gets its name from the changes in reluctance of the magnetic path as the metal disk vibrates. Only one manufacturer currently produces a headset of this type.
183. The objective of the studies which are the subject of this report was to determine whether young mice of inbred strains predisposed to a high incidence of spontaneous leukemia characteristically manifested an immunologie defect in their RES which conferred upon them, concomitantly, a unique susceptibility to experimental infection, or whether mice destined to manifest leukemia were characterized by an initial hyperactivity of the RES which correlated with the occurrence of leukemia in later life.
184. The operation of much of the TIROS I instrumentation is subject to ground control. Thus, a means is available to determine from the ground the total instrumentation energy requirements in a given orbit. During orbits in which ground illumination is unsatisfactory for taking television pictures or the satellite is out of communication range of the two ground stations, little or no equipment was programmed and the major power drain was the continuous load.
185. Transducers commonly in use today utilize magnetostriction, or piezoelectricity. The former causes a slight variation in the length of a metal rod due to an alternating magnetic field in the direction of the axis of the rod. The latter is liberally pressure electricity which utilizes the property of a crystal to generate a voltage when mechanical force is applied, and conversely produces a mechanical force by expanding or contracting when a voltage is applied.
186. In any case, the presently unknown materials constitute only a small portion of the urinary metabolites of N-2-fluoreny-lacetamide, although the elucidation of their nature and structure is a problem of fundamental interest. In addition, some of the unknown compounds could be derived from the breakdown of carcinogen-protein complexes so that a knowledge of their composition may yield some important clue as to the nature of the carcinogen protein interaction.
187. The process of arriving at the correct frequency is not completely random, since the magnitudes of the capacitor discharges become progressively smaller as the correct oscillator frequency is approached. The speed of correction depends on the rate at which the switch operates.
Once the system has arrived at the correct frequency, the AFC loop can be opened or the r—f signal can be removed without changing the oscillator frequency.
188. In Table II are recorded, together with the observations on coplement titers and antigen clearance, the incidence of the two major lesions found in hypersensitivity of the serum sickness type. Since in the present experiment observations were made only at 8,12 and 16 hours after injection of immune precipitates, the prompt reduction in hemolytic complement titers following BGG precipitates was not encountered and no difference in the complement titers was observed in the two groups of animals.
189. To build the transmitter, first collect three pieces of cardboard tubing each about 12 inches long. The two larger pieces should be about 1 '/2 inches, respectively, in diameter so that the smaller one will telescope snugly into the larger one. The third piece of tubing should be about 5/8 inch in diameter so it can accommodate a flashlight bulb. The diameters of the two larger tubes are not too important althougt the largest should be big enough to talk into comfortably.
190. Transferable pyrogen was readily detected in the serum of leucopenic rabbits with endotoxin fever, provided a sufficient volume of serum was used in the passive transfer test. The febrile responses of normal recipients to intravenous injections of 25 ml aliquots are shown in Fig. 1. It will be noted that the resulting fever curves exhibit the relatively short latent period, the peak within 60 minutes, and the rapid defervescence characteristic of the febrile reaction to both leucocytic and serum endogenous pyrogen.
191. The LD50 for mice of a series of endotoxin preparations containing different amounts of bound lipid appear in Table I. These findings, which present a more extensive series of data than we have reported previously, make it evident that lipid content does not bear any relationship to toxicity, as measured by lethality for mice. All preparations were potent and the distribution of LD50 values was about what would be expected in the same number of replicante determinations on the preparation with an average LD50 of 0.25 mg.
192. Reincubation with fresh enzyme resulted in the liberation of only small additional amounts of ether-extractable mate-rial. It is possible that the products formed inhibited the sulfa-tase. This point requires further investigation.
193. In any event the experiment of Chow serves to demonstrate that the material basis of the engram or durable memory trace is not likely to be revealed by the techniques of electrophysi-ology. No one will be surprised by this conclusion. The neural history of past events survives such cerebral holocausts as major convulsions, electroshock, trauma and concussion and deep anesthesia — all things which should interfere with anything dependent upon continuous electrical activity. For this reason most workers have tended to think more in terms of morphological or chemical alterations.
194. Homolytic reactions due to canine anti-E incompatibility have, in general, been somewhat milder than those due to anti-A in the limited number of instances observed. Low levels ofhe-moglobinemia have been encountered, and the bulk of the incompatible cells have been destroyed promptly.
195. In vitro applied endotoxin had no effect on glycocorti-coid output. A highly purified lipopolysaccharide derived from E coil was added to the medium in which normal glands were incubated mid the quantity of corticoid secreted was the same as that found under control conditions. This finding may be interpreted in two ways. Either the large entodotoxin molecule is unable to reach critical sites within the adrenal gland except, perhaps, in vivo via the blood stream, or else endotoxins alter adrenal function indirectly and, hence, fail to influence directly glandular activity in vitro.
196. Electron microscopical studies have shown that the massive proteinuria of the «pure» or «uncomplicated» nephrotic syndrome is regularly associated with glomerular changes which affect the visceral epithelium and characteristically consist of a reduction or disappearance of the epithelial foot processes and of the intervening slits. This association, described originally in nephrotic children, has been, repeatedly confirmed in humans as well as in aminonucleoside nephrotic rats.
197. When you switch on an electric light you send a continuous flow of electricity through the wire to the bulb which remains lit until you switch it off. Suppose I could see the light and you wished to signal to me a particular number; you could do this by switching the light on and off. You might flash the light on and off as many times as necessary so that when I received the signal I could count the number of flashes. Therefore, to speed up the operations we should try to devise a system of abbreviation, or a code. This is precisely what the computer designers have succeeded in doing.
198. Nevertheless both these processes act through the same neural pathways available to physiological stimulations. In the economy of nature it seems possible that the alterations in physiology, structure and chemistry seen in these simplified models differ from those in behavioral learning in degree but not necessarily in kind. At least they provide something to look at and to work with. Ultimately they will need to be related to the parametric aspects of behavior disclosed by experimental psychology.
199. The design of a pulser for short pulse durations with substantially rectangular pulse shape requires the use of high-frequency circuit techniques since frequencies as high as 6° to 100 Mc/sec contribute to the pulse shape and the effects of stray capacitances and inductances become serious.
200. For pulses which are definitely not rectangular, the effective or equivalent pulse duration is either the time measured at some fraction of the maximum pulse amplitude that is significant to the particular application, or the time corresponding to a rectangular equivalent of the pulse in question.