Лексическая тема: «Crimes. Types of crimes»
Грамматическая тема: Способы выражения нереальности в английском языке. Употребление форм сослагательного наклонения в придаточных предложениях условия, в дополнительных придаточных предложениях (конструкция I wish).
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THE SUBJECT OF CRIME
I. If a person does something illegal, then he commits a crime. E.g. At some time in their lives people are driving above the speed limit, or are parking illegally, which are not serious crimes but minor offences. Theft, robbery, burglary, shoplifting, murder, rape etc. are serious offences and if a person is convicted of such crimes punishment will be very serious (e.g. many years in prison etc.).
II. When someone commits a crime the police must investigate it. When they find the person responsible for the crime, they arrest and question him. If the police are sure the person has committed the crime, the person is charged with the crime. The person must then do to court for trial. The defendant (accused) must try to prove that he is innocent (not guilty).
III. In order to inflict penalty on a man or a woman for the committed crime, he or she must reach the age stated by the law, at which the criminal responsibility for a concrete action sets in. For, if something is not prohibited by the law, it is allowed. Racial, sexual, educational, religious and other differences are not brought out by the law in order to inflict penalty.
The only exception is an official who must be punished for disciplinary offence as an official. Criminal responsibility in this country sets in form the age of 14 by law. Consequently, criminal responsibility sets in not only for adults (persons having come of age), but also for persons under age (13-18 y.o.) and for crimes committed by minors in civil – order usually persons under whose guardianship they are, take the responsibility.
Not depending on the age, a person must be responsible in order to be inflicted the penalty on, because an irresponsible person cannot be responsible for his actions. To sum up, a person can be punished, if he or she has been responsible and has reached the age stated by the law in the moment of committing the crime.
РАБОТА НАД ТЕКСТОМ
Упражнение 1.Прочтите текст, переведите его, пользуясь словарем. Подготовьте краткий пересказ, используя слова, приведенные ниже.
| criminal responsibility | криминальная ответственность |
| action | действие |
| penalty | штраф, наказание |
| punished | наказан |
| offence | нарушение |
| adults | взрослые |
| guardianship | опекунство |
Упражнение 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. When does the person commit crime?
2. What are minor offences?
3. What are the serious offences?
4. What happens when the police are sure the person has committed the crime?
5. What does the defendant do?
6. What is the age of criminal responsibility?
7. When a person can be punished?
Упражнение 3. Кратко изложите в письменной форме на английском языке, что вы знаете о:
1. Криминальной ответственности
2. Действиях полиции в связи с задержанием преступника
3. Видах преступлений
Упражнение 4. Какие из следующих предложений не соответствуют содержанию текста?
1. If a person does something illegal, then he doesn’t commit a crime.
2. Theft, robbery, burglary, shoplifting, murder, rape etc. are serious offences and if a person is convicted of such crimes punishment will be very serious (e.g. many years in prison etc.).
3. When someone commits a crime the police must not investigate it.
4. The defendant (accused) must try to prove that he is innocent (not guilty).
5. In order to inflict penalty on a man or a woman for the committed crime, he or she must not reach the age stated by the law, at which the criminal responsibility for a concrete action sets in.
6. Racial, sexual, educational, religious and other differences are brought out by the law in order to inflict penalty.
7. An irresponsible person can be responsible for his actions.
8. To sum up, a person can be punished, if he or she has been responsible and has reached the age stated by the law in the moment of committing the crime.
Упражнение 5. Подберите подходящие по смыслу окончания к каждому предложению.
1. Theft, robbery, burglary, shoplifting, murder, rape etc. are serious offences
and if a person is convicted of such crimes ………..
2. If the police are sure the person has committed the crime…….
3. The defendant (accused) must try to prove ………..
4. For, if something is not prohibited by the …………
5. The only exception is an official who must be punished for disciplinary……
6. Consequently, criminal responsibility sets in not only for adults (persons having come of age), but also for persons under age (13-18 y.o.) and for crimes committed by minors in civil …………………………………………
7. Not depending on the age, a person must be responsible in order to be inflicted the penalty on, ……………………………………………………..
8. Not depending on the age, a person must be responsible in order to be
inflicted the penalty on, because …………………………………………….
9. To sum up, a person can be punished, if he or she has been responsible and
has reached the age stated by the law in the moment………………………
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TYPES OF CRIMES
Criminals often specialize in committing some particular crimes. A pickpocket most probably will never become a fraudster, burglar, murderer or terrorist. No doubt, there are exceptions, but the statistics show a permanent tendency – 86% of recidivists repeatedly return to court for having committed the same kind of crime.
Murderers could be divided into 2 large groups: assassins who make money by it and the murderers committing a murder out of different motives (avarice, hiding some other crime, taking a revenge, etc.) against law.
Murder is the most severe kind of crime, because another person’s life has been taken. Murder maniac is the most dangerous one in the society, because it is difficult to analyze what exactly causes him to commit a murder and who the victim will be.
Rappers are most often sexually narrow- minded or people with complexes who feel satisfaction in sexual violence.
The first step towards a criminal action most often is misappropriation of property- theft or hooliganism. There are children who have taken something in their childhood any permission. It is very important how parents, teachers or social workers react towards without it. These persons must deal with the situation correctly and qualitatively so that the child would not become a criminal in his further life. The following possible steps might be robberies of flats, car thefts, plunder etc.
РАБОТА НАД ТЕКСТОМ
Упражнение 1.Прочтите текст, переведите его, пользуясь словарем. Подготовьте краткий пересказ, используя слова, приведенные ниже.
| Pickpocket | Карманник |
| Recidivists | Рецидивист |
| Misappropriation | Присваивание |
| Property | Имущество |
| Theft | Воровство |
| Hooliganism | Хулиганство |
| Avarice | Корысть |
| Revenge | Месть |
| Satisfaction | Удовлетворение |
| Violence | Насилие |
Упражнение 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What do criminals often specialize in?
2. What is permanent tendency in statistics?
3. What are the groups murderers could be divided into?
4. What is the most severe crime?
5. What kind of murder is the most dangerous in the society?
6. What is the first step to criminal action?
7. What is the role of parents and school teachers?
Упражнение 3. Кратко изложите в письменной форме на английском языке, что вы знаете о:
1. Типах преступлений
2. О тенденции в рецидивах преступлений
3. О типах преступников
4. О типах убийц
5. О роли родителей и педагогов в предотвращении развития преступных наклонностей у детей
Упражнение 4. Какие из следующих предложений не соответствуют содержанию текста?
1. Criminals do not specialize in committing some particular crimes.
2. Murderers could be divided into 3 large groups: assassins who make money by it, the murderers committing a murder out of different motives (avarice, hiding some other crime, taking a revenge, etc.) against law and beggars.
3. Murder is the most severe kind of crime, because another person’s life has been taken.
4. Murder maniac is the most dangerous one in the society, because it is difficult to analyze what exactly causes him to commit a murder and who the victim will be.
5. Rappers are most often highly educated persons or people with no complexes who do not feel satisfaction in sexual violence.
6. The first step towards a criminal action most often is misappropriation of property- theft or hooliganism.
Упражнение 5. Подберите подходящие по смыслу окончания к каждому предложению.
1. Criminals often specialize in committing …………...
2. A pickpocket most probably will never become a fraudster …………
3. No doubt, there are exceptions, but ………………………… .
4. Murderers could be divided into 2 large groups: assassins …………
5. Murder maniac is the most dangerous one in the society, because it is difficult to analyze ……………………………. .
6. The first step towards a criminal action most often is misappropriation of property- theft or …………
7. There are children who ………………………………. .
8. It is very important how parents, teachers or social workers ……………
9. These persons must deal with the situation correctly and ……………..
10. The following possible steps might be …………………………………. .
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1.Выберите правильный вариант.
1. I wish it ……… (---,wouldn’t rain, didn’t rain, hadn’t rained) tomorrow so hard.
2. He wished he ……… (---, could have stopped, could stop) smoking.
3. Janet wished she ……… (---, paid, would pay, had paid) more attention to her mother when she was alive.
4. We wished we ……….. (---, knew, had known, would know) about the accident then.
5. I wish you …… (---, loved, would love, had loved) poetry as much as I do.
6. She wished she ……. ( ----, met, had met) him at the meeting.
7. At times he poor student wished he …… (---, took, would take, had taken up) another topic for his graduate work.
8. The kind girl wished there ……… (---, had been, would be, were) no homeless people in the world.
9. The sleepy boy wished he ……… (---, hadn’t played, didn’t play, wouldn’t play) computer games all night long.
10. I wish I …….. (---, visited, would visit, had visited) Scotland next summer.
Упражнение 2.Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя конструкцию I wish … .
Пример:
I don't know many people (and I'm lonely).
I wish I knew more people.
- I can't give up smoking (but I'd like to). I wish I …………………. .
- I don't have any cigarettes (and I need one). I wish ……………. .
- George isn't here (and I need him). I wish George ……………….. .
- It's cold (and I hate cold weather). I wish ……………………………. .
- I live in New York City (and I hate New York City). I ……………… .
- Tina can't come to the party (she's your best friend). I …………….. .
- I hate to work tomorrow (but I'd like to stay in bed). I ………………. .
- I don't know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down). I ……….. .
- I'm not lying on a beautiful sunny beach (and that's a shame). I …………….. .
Упражнение 3.Прочтите и переведите задание. Выполните упражнение.
There are three distinct types of I wish / if only sentences:
1 - REGRETS with the PAST PERFECT (the third conditional) e.g. I wish I hadn't got so angry.
2 - WANTING CHANGE FOR THE PRESENT OR FUTURE with the PAST SIMPLE e.g. I wish I had enough money to go to Mozambique this summer.
3 - COMPLAINTS with WOULD + INFINITIVE e.g. I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time.
Regrets
1.I wish I ___________________ drunk and kissed Samantha. (get NEGATIVE)
2.I wish it ___________________ so much. The garden's turned to mud. (rain NEGATIVE)
3.3 - COMPLAINTS with WOULD + INFINITIVE e.g. I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time
Wanting change
1. If only I ___________________ more time for my hobbies. (have)
2. I wish it ___________________ more often in Valencia. (rain)
3. If only I ___________________ there, I wouldn't have got a fine. (park NEGATIVE)
Complaints
1.I wish you ___________________ so much. You're a complete idiot when you're drunk. (drink NEGATIVE)
2.I wish it ___________________ more often in Valencia. (rain)
3.I wish Samantha ___________________ her hair more often. It looks so greasy all the time. (wash)
Mixed
1.I wish you ___________________ so horrible to your brother. He's a really nice bloke. (be NEGATIVE)
2.I wish the council ___________________ that beautiful old house. It was part of the town's heritage. (demolish NEGATIVE)
3.If only I ___________________ the money to go to Jon's wedding in The States. (have)
4.I wish I ___________________ her she'd put on weight. She hates me now. (tell NEGATIVE)
5.I wish you ___________________ to your mother like that. (speak NEGATIVE)
6.If only we ___________________ a Hewlett Packard printer. The cartridges are so expensive. (buy NEGATIVE)
Упражнение 4.Выберите правильный вариант. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. I don't have anything to smoke.
a. I wish I knew more people.
b. I wish I had more time.
c. I wish I had a cigarette.
d. I wish I knew something about cars.
e. I wish I understood it better.
2. Simon has gone on holiday and I really need to speak to him.
a. I wish I was twenty again.
b. I wish I was better-looking.
c. I wish they were smaller.
d. I wish he was here.
e. I wish I could as I love visiting Spain on holiday.
3. Girls don't like me because I'm ugly!
a. I wish I was twenty again.
b. I wish I was better-looking.
c. I wish I had a more powerful one.
d. I wish I had an interesting one.
e. I wish I could as I love visiting Spain on holiday.
4. I don't have much time.
a. I wish I knew more people.
b. I wish I had more time.
c. I wish I wasn't working.
d. I wish I knew something about cars.
e. I wish I understood it better.
5. My computer is old and slow.
a. I wish it were possible as it is a country I love
b. I wish I earned more money.
c. I wish I had a more powerful one.
d. I wish I lived in a hotter country.
e. I wish I finished earlier.
6. It's really cold here. The climate is awful.
a. I wish I knew more people.
b. I wish I had more time.
c. I wish I had a cigarette.
d. I wish I lived in a hotter country.
e. I wish I understood it better.
7. I'm lonely.
a. I wish I knew more people.
b. I wish I were a better cook.
c. I wish I wasn't working.
d. I wish I knew something about cars.
e. I wish I understood it better.
8. Mark and Sally are going to India but it's not possible for me to go with them.
a. I wish it were possible as it is a country I love.
b. I wish I had more food.
c. I wish I had a cigarette.
d. I wish I lived in a smaller country.
e. I wish I finished earlier.
9. I feel really old.
a. I wish I was twenty again.
b. I wish I earned more money.
c. I wish I had a more powerful one.
d. I wish I had an interesting one.
e. I wish I could as I love visiting Spain on holiday.
10. My job is really boring.
a. I wish it were possible as it is a country I love.
b. I wish I saved more money.
c. I wish I had a more powerful one.
d. I wish I had an interesting one.
e. I wish I finished earlier.
Упражнение 5. Дополните предложения, открывая скобки:
1. I didn’t learn to play any instrument when I was at school. I wish I (learn ) to play the guitar.
2. I’m over six feet. I wish I (grow) so tall.
3. He is such a bad driver. I wish he (be) given a driving licence.
4. I can’t cook. I wish I (can) prepare a family dinner for twelve people.
5. We get invited to parties all the time. We wish we (be) so popular.
6. I decided to study law. I wish I (become) a solicitor.
7. This car is fantastic. I wish I (have) a similar one.
8. This walkman was very cheap and it broke down at once. I wish I (buy) it.
Упражнение 6. Перефразируйте предложения по образцу, используя структуру I wish...:
Pattern: I'm sorry I haven't got a washing machine. – I wish I had a washing machine.
1. I'm sorry I don't live near my work.
2. I'm sorry our garden doesn't get any sun.
3. I'm sorry I called him a liar.
4. I'm sorry I don't know Finnish.
5. I'm sorry I didn't book a seat.
6. I'm sorry I haven't got a car.
7. I'm sorry I can't drive.
8. I'd like Tom to drive more slowly (but I haven't any great hopes of this).
9. I'd like you to keep quiet. (You're making so much noise that I can't think.)
10. I'm sorry that theatre tickets cost so much.
11. It's a pity that shops here shut on Saturday afternoon.
12. It's a pity he didn't work harder during the term.
13. It's a pity you are going tonight.
14. It's a pity I haven't got a work permit.
15. I would like it to stop raining (but I'm not very hopeful).
16. I'd like you to wait for me (even though you are ready to start now).
17. I'm sorry I didn’t bring a map.
18. I'm sorry I left my last job.
19. I'm sorry I didn’t stay in my last job.
20. I'd like him to cut his hair (but I don't suppose he will).
21. I'd like him to stop smoking in bed (but I haven't any great hopes).
22. I'm sorry he goes to bed so late.
23. I'm sorry I didn’t know you were coming.
24. I'm sorry you told Jack.
25. I'm sorry I didn’t ask the fishmonger to open these oysters.
26. I'm sorry you aren’t coming with us.
27. I'm sorry you aren’t going to a job where you could use your English.
28. It's a pity you didn’t ask him how to get there.
Glossary
| sex crimes rape sexual аbuse prostitution drug crimes possession cultivation manufacturing sale/distribution trafficking prescription export/import of illegal drugs transportation driving under the drug influence violent crimes murder manslaughter assault domestic violence white collar crimes fraud embezzlement tax evasion bankruptcy fraud credit cad fraud theft crimes grand theft auto motor vehicle theft burglary robbery federal crimes bank fraud wire fraud mail fraud kidnapping larceny | преступления на сексуальной почве изнасилование сексуальное насилие проституция преступления, связанные с наркотиками хранение культивация/выращивание производство продажа/распространение наркотрафик выдача рецепта на наркотические вещества экспорт/импорт наркотиков транспортировка вождение под действием наркотиков преступление против личности тяжкое убийство убийство по неосторожности оскорбление, угроза насилием бытовое преступление преступность в среде работников умственного труда мошенничество, афера присвоение имущества, растрата уклонение от налогов ложное банкротство мошенничество с кредитными картами похищение имущества кража автомобилей угон автомобиля насильственное вторжение ограбление федеральные преступления банковское мошенничество мошенничество в сфере информационных технологий почтовое мошенничество похищение людей хищение имущества |
UNIT 11.