INCREASED DEMAND FOR MASTER’S DEGREES

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1

Вариант 1

Задание 1. Времена глагола в действительном залоге. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму. Переведите предложения.

1) Every day he (attend) lectures on mathematics.

2) They (get) good results, which helped them in their work.

3) Next year he (graduate) from the university and (leave) Saint-Petersburg for his native town.

4) Interplanetary travel (become) a reality in our epoch.

5) The increase of the amount of air supplied to the cylinder (permit) burning more fuel and obtaining more power from a given size of cylinder.

Задание 2. Страдательный залог. Переведите предложения, учитывая, что глагол-сказуемое стоит в пассивном залоге.

1) The attraction between molecules is being neglected.

2) Simple technique is called elution analysis.

3) The findings of these workers were substantiated by our experiments.

4) The reaction was known long ago.

5) The product has been proved to affect the overall yield.

6) All these observations were made in solution, but a number of compounds were also examined in the solid state.

Задание 3. Модальные глаголы. Найдите и подчеркните в каждом предложении модальный глагол. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы.

1) They were allowed to provide us with all the necessary data.

2) The engineer will be able to discuss this problem with you next week.

3) In order to raise the productivity of labour we are to replace old machines with new ones.

4) It should be noted that the superheaters occupy a major part at the total volume of the installation.

5) Electricity can be used to make magnets.

6) A power plant has to be built on this river.

Задание 4. Глаголы to be и to have. Переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции и перевод глаголов to be и to have.

1) These engineers are looking for new methods of cooling materials.

2) The aim of many early experimenters was the production of light items small enough to be used in the house.

3) Series of lectures on new types of energy have been delivered at our research centre this year.

4) An extensive program of theoretical research and experimentation has been carried out before the first departments of the mill were built.

5) One of the most important problems the engineers have to study is the efficient and controlled transfer of fluids from one point to another.

Задание 5. Многофункциональные слова one, that, those, it. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода многофункциональных слов one, that, those, it.

1) At the seminar he solved his problem and the one of his friend.

2) One must develop this method.

3) We used materials that contained lead.

4) Molecules moving from hot regions to cool carry more energy than those moving in the reverse direction.

5) It is necessary to decompose these substances.

6) The law makes it easy to understand the relation of two values.

Задание 6. Неличные формы глагола: причастие Participle I и Participle II, герундий и инфинитив. Найдите и подчеркните в каждом предложении неличную форму глагола. Переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции и соответствующий перевод причастий, герундия и инфиитива.

1) The supplies of chemicals to our industry affected by demands from other industries have increased.

2) The laboratory examined internal surfaces using some new methods.

3) This investigation is being continued in our laboratory.

4) A little soda is added to increase causticity of the solution.

5) To lower the temperature of the cooling water by artificial means would require additional energy.

6) It's impossible to prove it without experimenting.

7) Using more equipment and more complex cycles gives better theoretical efficiencies.

Задание 7. Определите часть речи подчеркнутых слов. Помните, что одинаково написанные слова могут принадлежать к разным частям речи. Объясните, как вы определили, к какой части речи относится выделенное слово.

1) They achieved very good results.

2) It results in poor quality of paper.

3) The leaves, needles, small branches, and roots are generally left in the forest to replenish the soil.

4) When you’re working offline, you’ll see a message in the lower left part of the screen.

5) A modified fabric did not sustain combustion in the open air.

6) The consulate does not open until nine o'clock.

Задание 8. Переведите однокоренные слова, учитывая значения суффиксов, префиксов и другие признаки частей речи.

1) experiment – experimental – experimentally – experimentator – experimentation

2) count – counter – countless – countable – uncountable – uncounted – miscount

3) economy – economic – economics – economical – economically – economist – uneconomic

4) to measure – measured – measureless – measurement – measurable

Задание 9. Прочитайте текст и выполните письменный перевод 1, 4, 6 абзацев.

IN THE UK

1. Student and employer demand for advanced education and certification within professional fields of study has sparked much of the growth in master’s degree enrollments. These increases in demand have been spurred by broader global shifts toward a technology-driven, information-centered economy in which the need for highly trained, “expert” professionals in management, finance, information technology has skyrocketed. In business, computer and information science, education, engineering, health professions, library science, and public administration – accounted for slightly more than two-thirds of all master’s degrees annually conferred.

2. In business, education, engineering, and nursing, the master’s is almost always required for advancement into more financially lucrative speciality and leadership positions.

MASTER’S DEGREES IN THE USA

3. The master’s degree is designed to provide additional education or training in the student’s specialized branch of knowledge, well beyond the level of baccalaureate study. Master’s degrees are offered in many different fields, and there are two main types of programs: academic and professional.

4. Academic Master’s: The master of arts (M.A.) and master of science (M.S.) degrees are usually awarded in the traditional arts, sciences, and humanities disciplines. The M.S. is also awarded in technical fields such as engineering and agriculture. Original research, research methodology, and field investigation are emphasized. These programs usually require the completion of between 30 and 60 credit hours and could reasonably be completed in one or two academic years of full-time study. They may lead directly to the doctoral level.

5. Many master’s programs offer a thesis and a non-thesis option. The degree is the same in both cases, but the academic requirements are slightly different. Students in non-thesis programs usually take more coursework in place of researching and writing a thesis, and they take a written comprehensive examination after all coursework is completed. Students in degree programs that include a thesis component generally take a comprehensive examination that is an oral exam covering both coursework and their thesis.

6. Professional Master’s: These degree programs are designed to lead the student from the first degree to a particular profession. Professional master’s degrees are most often “terminal” master’s programs, meaning that they do not lead to doctoral programs. Such master’s degrees are often designated by specific descriptive titles, such as master of business administration (M.B.A.), master of social work (M.S.W.), master of education (M.Ed.), or master of fine arts (M.F.A.). Other subjects of professional master’s programs include journalism, international relations, architecture, and urban planning. Professional master’s degrees are oriented more toward direct application of knowledge than toward original research. They are more structured than academic degree programs, and often require that every student take a similar or identical program of study that lasts from one to three years, depending on the institution and the field of study.

7. Professional degree programs usually require completion of between 36 and 48 units (one to two years of full-time study), and usually do not offer a thesis option. They do not always require that the bachelor’s degree be in a specific field, but they may recommend a certain amount of prior study or coursework in the subject area.

Задание 10. Подберите к английским словам и выражениям их русские эквиваленты.

to publish	защищать диссертацию
sphere	опубликовать
research	область
to include	быть награжденным
importance	включать
to develop	(научное) исследование
to collaborate	важность
enterprise	кафедра
scientific adviser	встречать(ся)
scientific degree	исследовательская группа
to be awarded	данные (информация)
department	разрабатывать
to encounter	сотрудничать
branch	участвовать
research team	ученая степень
data	научный руководитель
to participate	предприятие
to prove a thesis (dissertation)	отрасль

Задание 11. Подберите к словам из первой группы слова с синонимичным значением из второй.

device	quickly
research	publications
technology	instrument
branch	technique
obtain	to finish
importance	to be busy with
collaborator	field
team	to get
scientific adviser	significance
to enable	to come across
thesis	information
journal	to gather
to prove a thesis	coworker
to collect	group
data	supervisor
to encounter	to defend a dissertation
to be engaged in	scientific magazine
to be through with	dissertation
scientific papers	to allow
rapidly	investigation

Задание 12. Подберите к словам из первой группы слова с антонимичным значением из второй.

theory	simple
to obtain	low
rapidly	practice
experimentator	to give
to finish	to disable
to increase	active
new	slowly
experienced	theoretician
unknown	narrow
wide	famous
passive	to start
to enable	to decrease
high	old
complicated	inexperienced

Задание 13. Соедините термин с его определением.

1.	Analytical research	a.	This type of research can be used to identify and classify the elements or characteristics of the subject, e.g. number of days lost because of industrial action
2.	Descriptive research	b.	This type of research often extends the descriptive approach to suggest or explain why or how something is happening, e.g. underlying causes of industrial action
3.	Experiment	c.	This type of research is undertaken when few or no previous studies exist
4.	Exploratory research	d.	The aim of this type of research is to speculate intelligently on future possibilities, based on close analysis of available evidence of cause and effect
5.	Hypothesis	e.	A formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why smth happens or exists
6.	Observation	f.	The act of watch smth carefully for a period of time, esp. to learn smth
7.	Predictive research	g.	A scientific test that is done in order to study what happens and to gain new knowledge
8.	Theory	h.	The process of using information or finding the answer to the problem

Вариант 2

1) Yesterday they (not work) in the laboratory as there was no electricity.

2) When they (heat) water to 100 degrees it (begin) to boil.

3) They (use) this new device in their work soon.

4) The future of astronautics (be) a logical continuation of what has already been achieved.

5) Nuclear power stations on floating platforms (produce) not only great amounts of fresh water from the sea, but (help) on weather control.

1) The positive particle in the nucleus of the atom was given the name of "proton".

2) Until 1960 this reaction was unknown.

3) These factors are unaffected by temperature changes.

4) This procedure was dropped having given low yields of end products.

5) The data obtained cannot be regarded as evidence of the postulated reaction.

6) This theory is born out by the facts.

1) We are able to obtain various fuels from the crude oil.

2) Before the designer begins his work he is to know the specifications of the future device.

3) A power plant cycle has to convert a portion of the stored energy of a fuel into work.

4) The student had to be sent to the hospital as he was badly hurt.

5) All concerned authorities must act accordingly.

6) After the convection the heated or cooled fluid may flow to some other region.

Задание 4. Глаголы to be и to have. Переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции и перевод глаголов to be и to have.

1) The fundamentals of electricity are the fundamentals of electronics, both are branches of physics.

2) Among the advantages of this type of generators is the fact that it does not have to be synchronized.

3) The main aim of these changes is to reduce the amount of paper used.

4) In some mills refrigerating systems had to be installed.

5) Twelve United Nations information centres have developed their own Web sites.

1) This component is similar to that one.

2) Fahrenheit's construction is the one often used for the household thermometres.

3) It is now generally recognized: one of the most important problems of modern natural sciences is that of photosynthesis.

4) The results are in good agreement with those calculated from the mobility data of Green.

5) It is copper which is the most widely used conductor.

6) Success could make it easier to obtain support from development partners.

1) The results obtained by our laboratory are much better.

2) The processes being investigated give a yield in the range of 85 to 95 %.

3) This view is supported by many of the trends reported below.

4) To overcome pollution problems is the main goal of the industry.

5) Methods for measurement and analysis of this vibration are too numerous to discuss here.

6) The modern tendency is to locate the plant where the raw material is.

7) Learning a foreign language helps us to know better our native one.

1) They start a new experiment.

2) This is the start of the reaction.

3) Natural fibres swell in water and cement together as they dry.

4) The soil was very dry.

5) The coal consumption amounts to 500 pounds per capita.

6) The amount of new timber grown was more than the amount of timber harvested by 33 % in 1991.

1) to use – the use – useful – useless – misuse – user – used – unused – unusable – to reuse – reusable

2) a limit – to limit – limitation – limited – unlimited – limitless – limitable – limiting

3) a change – to change – changeable – unchangeable – interchange – interchangeable – interchangeability

4) to add – addition – additional – additionally – additive (тех.)

Задание 9. Прочитайте текст и выполните письменный перевод 2, 4, 5 7 абзацев.

ACADEMIC DEGREES

1. An academic degree is a title awarded by a college or university for successfully completing a course of study or for a particular attainment. Academic degrees have been in use for about 800 years; the first one recorded was the Doctor of Civil Law conferred by the University of Bologna (Italy) in the middle of the 12th century. This was followed by the Doctor of Canon Law and Doctor of Divinity and, in the 13th century, by doctorates in medicine, grammar, logic and philosophy. The use of degrees spread from Bologna to other European universities. Originally, the doctor's (from Latin doctor, "teacher"; from docere, 'to teach") and master's degrees were used interchangeably, each indicating that the holders were qualified to teach, and the titles of Master, Doctor and Professor were synonymous. On the other hand, the bachelor's or baccalaureate degree (from Latin baccalaureus, a bachelor of arts) was used to indicate the entrance upon a course of study preparatory to the doctorate or mastership, and not achievement. Gradually, however, it came to mean successful completion of one level of study preparatory to a higher degree.

TYPES OF DEGREES

2. Four principal types of academic degrees are associate, bachelor, master and doctor, representing different levels of academic achievement. A few institutions confer additional types of degrees, representing other levels of achievement.

BACHELOR'S DEGREE

3. The bachelor's degree, usually representing completion of a four-year course of study on a collegiate level, is the oldest and the best-known academic degree, particularly under the designation of Bachelor of Arts. Some varieties of bachelor's, or baccalaureate, degree is currently offered by about 750 institutions, most of which offer a Bachelor of Science in Education. Other baccalaureate degrees offered by a large number of institutions are Bachelor of Education, Bachelor of Music, Bachelor of Business Administration, Bachelor of Divinity, and Bachelor of Home Economics. Most institutions offer more than one variety of Baccalaureates, but about one tenth report use of the Bachelor of Arts only, regardless - of the particular curriculum completed.

MASTER'S DEGREE

4. The earned master's degree in general represents one year of work beyond the baccalaureate, but in a few institutions or in a few fields it requires two years of graduate work. The most frequently awarded master's degrees are Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Education, Master of Business Administration, Master of Music and Master of Fine Arts. The Master of Philosophy degree is conferred to those who have completed all requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree except the doctoral dissertation.

DOCTOR'S DEGREE

5. The Doctor's Degree represents the most advanced earned degree. In the academic sense, a doctor is an individual in any faculty or branch of learning, who has attained to the highest degree conferred by a university. Doctor's degrees are of two distinct types - professional or practitioner's degrees, and research degrees.

6. The former represent advanced training for the practice of various professions, chiefly in medicine and law. The principal ones are Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Dental Science, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Doctor of Pharmacy and Doctor of Jurisprudence. These degrees carry on implication of advanced research.

7. Quite different in character are the research doctorates representing prolonged periods of advanced study, usually at least three years beyond the baccalaureate, accompanied by a dissertation designed to be a substantial contribution to the advancement of knowledge. The most important of these is the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), which no longer implies knowledge of philosophy, but which represents advanced research in any major field of knowledge. Second in importance and much more recent as a research degree is the Doctor of Education (Ed.D.). It was first awarded by Harvard in l920.

Задание 10. Подберите к английским словам и выражениям их русские эквиваленты.

to award	предполагать знание
an attainment	учебный план
holders	присуждать
successful completion	успешное завершение
an associate	профессиональная степень
designation	обозначение
a curriculum	степень практикующего специалиста
to represent	с учебной точки зрения
in the academic sense	присваивать/присуждать
a professional degree	на равных основаниях
a practitioner’s degree	направление обучения
a research degree	достижение
former	обладатель звания
to imply knowledge	определенный
to confer	ученая исследовательская степень
a branch of learning	упомянутый выше
distinct	младшая ученая степень
interchangeably	являться

Задание 11. Подберите к словам из первой группы слова с синонимичным значением из второй.

to complete	a sphere
to record	to report
to teach	awareness
preparatory	primary
academic achievement	to finish
a collegiate level	to educate
an institution	to get a grade
regardless	teaching
a graduate work	an alumni paper
a field	to mean
to earn a degree	an occupation
training	disregarding
a profession	a considerable input
a substancial contribution	a university grade
major	preliminary
knowledge	an educational establishment
to represent	scholastic accomplishment

Задание 12. Подберите к словам из первой группы слова с антонимичным значением из второй.

successfully	antonymous
synonymous	unfavourably
entrance	distant
higher	beginning
completion	lower
advanced	to abandon
principal	basic
to accompany	succeeding
recent	conclusion
additional	fundamental
preparatory	minor

Задание 13. Соедините термин с его определением.

1.	Analysis	a.	Evidence that is sufficient to show that smth. is a fact, etc
2.	Comprehensive	b.	A list of the items that have to be discussed at a meeting
3.	Minutes	c.	Careful or patient study of subject in order to discover or revise facts, theories, principles
4.	Paper	d.	The act of combining separate ideas, beliefs, styles; a mixture or combination of them
5.	Proof	e.	A long essay written on an academic subject
6.	Research	f.	The detailed study or examination of smth in order to understand more about it
7.	Sophisticated	g.	Absolutely necessary; relating to the essence of a thing
8.	Synthesis	h.	Complex, intricate

Вариант 3

1) He (pass) his exams well, and now he (rest).

2) Many students (graduate) from the university last year.

3) Recently scientists and engineers (find) an increasing number of ways in which electronic conduction can be guided and controlled for useful purposes.

4) The development of science and technology (open up) infinite possibilities for conquering the forces of nature.

5) The students (read up) for examinations.

1) Some pressing problems will be discussed at the symposium.

2) Any deduction is usually preceded by a number of experiments and observations.

3) These reactions can be classified into three groups.

4) The results were affected by the presence of impurities.

5) Experimental data were presented in some detail and discussed as thoroughly as possible.

6) We have been given little information on this subject.

1) You are allowed to use this computer for calculations which are necessary to you.

2) You will have to come here again.

3) Firms may prefer internationally agreed standards in meeting customer expectations.

4) More formal training modules for field-based staff are to be developed.

5) All the heat must be transferred through the heating surfaces to reach water.

6) On Monday he has to get up very early as his lectures begin at 8 o'clock.

Задание 4. Глаголы to be и to have. Переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции и перевод глаголов to be и to have.

1) If the source of cooling water is a lake or a river, there is no need for water conservation.

2) They must be controlled separately if the best results are to be obtained.

3) The waste paper received at the mill had to be sorted.

4) All these methods have their advantages and their drawbacks.

5) The system was not closed and further improvements had to be made.

1) To measure the temperature one uses the thermometer.

2) The problem was a very difficult one.

3) The sun's mass is 750 times that of all the planets together.

4) Carbon dioxide cannot support life; its properties are different from those of the oxygen which it contains.

5) It is our students that work at this power plant.

6) It is known that some hypotheses were put forward in the last decade.

1) New equipment required to achieve a 5 % increase in production included the following.

2) The results of this new test are described and discussed in the presented sections.

3) The purpose of the system is to maximize production.

4) One method to get better understanding is to combine theoretical knowledge with practical testing and mathematical models.

5) Newton made his most important discoveries before reaching the age of thirty.

6) We know of silver and copper being good conductors of electricity.

7) The firm has succeeded in combining both good strength characteristics and low energy costs into the same process.

1) This leads to a decrease in speed.

2) The population of the country did not decrease.

3) You should understand how the economy functions.

4) What is the function of this device?

5) These fibres function as support.

6) He works as he has to support his family.

1) apply – misapply – application – applicable – unapplied – misapplication

2) information – misinformation – inform – misinform – informed – informative

3) read – reader – reading – readable – unreadable - misread

4) vary – variation – various – variety – variable – invariable – invariably – invariability

Задание 9. Прочитайте текст и выполните письменный перевод 1, 4, 7 абзацев.

SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY

1. Today, more than ever, science is a vital source of educational, intellectual and cultural enrichment. When we talk of knowledge societies and knowledge economies, we are in practice pointing out that they are science-based. Science leads to technological advances and economic benefits that offer unique opportunities to meet basic human needs, reduce poverty, protect the environment and improve the quality of life.

2. The essential function of the basic sciences is to carry out a thorough inquiry, leading to new scientific knowledge that enhances our understanding of natural phenomena. Increasingly, however, the "disinterested" model of scientific endeavour does not correspond to a reality in which there are strong expectations that science should lead to technological advances and improve people's lives.

3. When talking about "challenges for science in the twenty-first century" one must recognize that, by its very nature, science is a cooperative endeavour and an activity without national borders. It has a remarkable capacity to mobilize intellectual effort on both theoretical and practical problems. By sharing scientific knowledge and joining together in making advances in science and technology, scientists are utilizing powerful means to promote international cooperation.

4. Scientific knowledge has led to remarkable innovations that have been of great benefit to humankind. Life expectancy has increased strikingly, and cures have been discovered for many diseases. Agricultural output has risen significantly in many parts of the world to meet growing population needs. Technological developments and the use of new energy sources have created the opportunity to free humankind from arduous labour. They have also enabled the generation of an expanding and complex range of industrial products and processes. Technologies based on new methods of communication, information handling and computation have brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges for the scientific endeavour as well as for society at large. Steadily improving scientific knowledge on the origin, functions and evolution of the universe and of life provides humankind with conceptual and practical approaches that profoundly influence its conduct and prospects.

5. At the same time, science itself is undergoing rapid change, with an "explosive" development of new fields, concepts, methodologies and potential applications. It is often difficult to see the long-term consequences of scientific advance and its applications, and this heightens our sense of vulnerability. But it has also raised important moral, social, legal and cultural challenges.

6. The convergence of the information and life sciences has led to considerable progress in genetics and biotechnology. Human life, even the concept of life itself, is now challenged by advances in the biosciences and by the development of biomedical and genetic techniques.

7. Today, whilst unprecedented advances in the sciences are foreseen, there is a need for a vigorous and informed democratic debate on the production and use of scientific knowledge. Greater interdisciplinary efforts, involving both natural and social sciences, are a prerequisite for dealing with ethical, social, cultural, environmental, gender, economic and health issues.

8. One of the operational issues to address as a priority is the involvement of industrialists in the common action supporting science for development. It is also essential to involve industry in their deliberations and debates, especially on development issues. The improvement of science-industry cooperation is not always easy but, if successful, it opens up important possibilities for all concerned.

9. The problems the human society is facing today are numerous and diverse. They can be solved with greater success and no doubt in a shorter time if we manage to unite our efforts and promote cooperation worldwide.

Задание 10. Подберите к английским словам и выражениям их русские эквиваленты.

knowledge societies	дискуссия
knowledge economу	общества знаний
thorough	прорыв
to utilize	применение
arduous labour	использовать
computation	экономика знаний
an application	научно-промышленное сотрудничество
considerable	добиться прогресса
cooperation	тщательный
to foresee	предвидеть
science-industry cooperation	вычисление
a deliberation	стремление
a sense of vulnerability	значительный
an explosive development	тяжелый труд
an endeavour	чувство уязвимости
to make advances	сотрудничество

Задание 11. Подберите к словам из первой группы слова с синонимичным значением из второй.

to manage	to enlarge
vital source	to educate
an activity	to be able to
an inquiry	global collaboration
to improve	gradually
strikingly	advancement
to meet needs	key origin
steadily	financial profits
advances	efforts
economic benefits	to satisfy
endeavours	favourable circumstances
a remarkable capacity	an action
to enhance	improvements
international cooperation	an impressive ability
to share knowledge	remarkably
enrichment	a search
opportunities	to upgrade

Задание 12. Подберите к словам из первой группы слова с антонимичным значением из второй.

theoretical	a tradition
to correspond	practical
output	minor
remarkable	short-term causes
a prospect	partially
long-term consequences	an option
essential	similar
profoundly	to differ
vigorous	input
diverse	an impossibility
a prerequisite	indifferent
an innovation	narrow
expanding	ordinary

Задание 13. Соедините термин с его определением.

1.	Chairman	a.	The person in charge, who decides when each person is allowed to speak
2.	Deductive research	b.	Someone who takes part in a conference
3.	Investigation	c.	Note, direction, etc. telling where certain information may be found
4.	Participant	d.	A careful study of something
5.	Qualitative research	e.	An answer to a problem
6.	Reference	f.	A type of study that is more subjective in nature and involves reflecting on the less tangible aspects of a research subject: values, attitudes, perceptions
7.	Solution	g.	A statement or theory (to be) put forward and supported by arguments, submitted (as part of the requirements) for a university degree
8.	Thesis	h.	A type of study that moves from general ideas to specific situations

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ

Приложение 1

Список латинских сокращений

a.c.	текущего года
А.D.	нашей эры
and hoc	к этому случаю
a.m.	до полудня
a priori	заранее
B.C.	до нашей эры
cf.	сравни
e.g.	например
et al	и другие
etc	и так далее
ib, ibid (ibidem)	там же, в том же месте
i.e. (id est)	то есть
in loc.cit.	в цитируемом месте
in situ	на месте
in tote	в целом
N.B.	примечание, отметка
per capita	на душу населения
p.m.	после полудня
u.i.	как указано ниже
ut sup (ut supra)	как указано выше
vice verca (v.v.)	наоборот

Приложение 2

Сочинительные союзы

and	и, а
as well as	также, как
both … and	и ... и; как ..., так и
not only but also	не только ..., но и ...
but	но, а
or	или, иначе
either … or	или ..., или; либо ..., либо
neither … nor	ни. .. ни

Подчинительные союзы

Времени

after	после того, как
as	в то время как; когда; по мере того, как
as long as	пока; до тех пор, пока
as soon as / no sooner	как только
before	прежде чем, перед тем, как
since	с тех пор как; после того как
till, until	до тех пор пока... (не)
while	в то время, как

Причины

as	так как
because	потому что; так как
since	так как; поскольку

Условия

if	если
provided	при условии, если
unless	если не

Образа действия

lest	чтобы не
in order that	для того, чтобы; чтобы
as	как
as if	как будто; как если бы
so … that	так (такой) ..., что
such … that	такой ..., что

Сравнения

as … as	такой же ..., как; так ..., как
not so … as	не так ..., как; не такой ..., как
than	чем

Следствия

so that

так, что

Уступительные

in spite of	несмотря на то, что
though (although)	хотя
since	поскольку

Библиографический список

Английский язык [Текст] / В. П. Фролова, Л. В. Кожанова, Е. А. Молодых, С. В. Павлова. – Воронеж : ВГУИТ, 2014. – 174.

Англо-русские обороты научной речи: Практикум [Текст] / А. П. Миньяр-Белоручева. – М.: «Изд. дом» Проспект – АП», 2004. – 120 с.

Learn to Read Science. Курс английского языка для аспирантов [Текст] / Н. И. Шахова. – 5-е изд., испр. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2004. – 360 с.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1

Вариант 1

1) Every day he (attend) lectures on mathematics.

2) They (get) good results, which helped them in their work.

3) Next year he (graduate) from the university and (leave) Saint-Petersburg for his native town.

4) Interplanetary travel (become) a reality in our epoch.

5) The increase of the amount of air supplied to the cylinder (permit) burning more fuel and obtaining more power from a given size of cylinder.

1) The attraction between molecules is being neglected.

2) Simple technique is called elution analysis.

3) The findings of these workers were substantiated by our experiments.

4) The reaction was known long ago.

5) The product has been proved to affect the overall yield.

6) All these observations were made in solution, but a number of compounds were also examined in the solid state.

1) They were allowed to provide us with all the necessary data.

2) The engineer will be able to discuss this problem with you next week.

3) In order to raise the productivity of labour we are to replace old machines with new ones.

4) It should be noted that the superheaters occupy a major part at the total volume of the installation.

5) Electricity can be used to make magnets.

6) A power plant has to be built on this river.

Задание 4. Глаголы to be и to have. Переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции и перевод глаголов to be и to have.

1) These engineers are looking for new methods of cooling materials.

2) The aim of many early experimenters was the production of light items small enough to be used in the house.

3) Series of lectures on new types of energy have been delivered at our research centre this year.

4) An extensive program of theoretical research and experimentation has been carried out before the first departments of the mill were built.

5) One of the most important problems the engineers have to study is the efficient and controlled transfer of fluids from one point to another.

1) At the seminar he solved his problem and the one of his friend.

2) One must develop this method.

3) We used materials that contained lead.

4) Molecules moving from hot regions to cool carry more energy than those moving in the reverse direction.

5) It is necessary to decompose these substances.

6) The law makes it easy to understand the relation of two values.

1) The supplies of chemicals to our industry affected by demands from other industries have increased.

2) The laboratory examined internal surfaces using some new methods.

3) This investigation is being continued in our laboratory.

4) A little soda is added to increase causticity of the solution.

5) To lower the temperature of the cooling water by artificial means would require additional energy.

6) It's impossible to prove it without experimenting.

7) Using more equipment and more complex cycles gives better theoretical efficiencies.

1) They achieved very good results.

2) It results in poor quality of paper.

3) The leaves, needles, small branches, and roots are generally left in the forest to replenish the soil.

4) When you’re working offline, you’ll see a message in the lower left part of the screen.

5) A modified fabric did not sustain combustion in the open air.

6) The consulate does not open until nine o'clock.

1) experiment – experimental – experimentally – experimentator – experimentation

2) count – counter – countless – countable – uncountable – uncounted – miscount

3) economy – economic – economics – economical – economically – economist – uneconomic

4) to measure – measured – measureless – measurement – measurable

Задание 9. Прочитайте текст и выполните письменный перевод 1, 4, 6 абзацев.

INCREASED DEMAND FOR MASTER’S DEGREES

IN THE UK

2. In business, education, engineering, and nursing, the master’s is almost always required for advancement into more financially lucrative speciality and leadership positions.

MASTER’S DEGREES IN THE USA

Задание 10. Подберите к английским словам и выражениям их русские эквиваленты.

to publish	защищать диссертацию
sphere	опубликовать
research	область
to include	быть награжденным
importance	включать
to develop	(научное) исследование
to collaborate	важность
enterprise	кафедра
scientific adviser	встречать(ся)
scientific degree	исследовательская группа
to be awarded	данные (информация)
department	разрабатывать
to encounter	сотрудничать
branch	участвовать
research team	ученая степень
data	научный руководитель
to participate	предприятие
to prove a thesis (dissertation)	отрасль