When and where did the history of Internet begin?

a) The history of Internet began in the United States in 1959.

b) The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969.

c) The history of Internet began in the United Kingdom in 1969.

Why was the Internet designed?

a) It was a military experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war.

b) It was designed to get some information.

c) It was designed to send the information.

What is modem?

a) Modem is a special device allowing your computer to send the information through the telephone line.

b) Modem is a global computer network.

c) Modem is the most popular Internet service.

What is the most popular Internet service today?

a) Nowadays the most popular Internet service is phone call.

b) Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail.

c) Nowadays the most popular Internet service is international call.

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LESSON 15

Ex.1:Read and translate the text into Russian:

THE TOWNS OF GREAT BRITAIN

The centre of everything in Great Britain is the city of London. It is situated at the centre of a vast national and international network of communication. London consists of four main districts, which differ from each other. These are the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End.

London's industries are extremely varied. Among them an extensive system of docks and port industries, electrical engineering, the motor car industry and others.

The other towns, situated to the north of the Thames are Oxford and Cambridge.

Oxford was first mentioned in recorded history in the tenth century and later became an important trade centre in medieval times, then it developed into leading educational centre.

Cambridge is also best known for its ancient university. Its industries are mostly concerned with electronics which has an international reputation.

Bristol dominates South-west England, both as the region's largest seaport and as its largest city. It is a major centre of metallurgy, aircraft and chemical industries.

Of the towns situated in the south of England the largest ones are Southampton, Portsmouth and Brighton.

Southampton is primarily a seaport, the most important on the south coast.

Brighton is one of the most popular seaside resorts of Britain. It has mild climate, warm sea and wonderful beaches.

Manchester is a city of ancient origin. By the 17th century it was great commercial city, a centre of textile industry. Now engineering along with clothing manufacture are most important industries there.

Sheffield, situated in South Yorkshire, produces almost two-thirds of the country's alloy steel, it is famous for its-tools and cutlery. Other industries include paper making machinery and food processing.

In North Yorkshire the largest town is York. Its leading industries are engineering and manufacture of confectionery. York attracts many tourists because of its famous medieval city walls.

QUESTIONS:

1. Are London industries varied?
2. Oxford is an important trade centre, isn't it?
3. What can you tell about Bristol?
4. Where is Sheffield situated?
5. What other cities of Great Britain do you know?

VOCABULARY:

extensive - обширный
recorded history - письменная история
resort - курорт
alloy steel - нержавеющая сталь

LESSON 16

Ex.1:Read and translate the text into Russian:

GREAT BRITAIN

There are two large islands and several smaller ones, which lie in the north-west coast of Europe. Collectively they are known as the British Isles. The largest island is called Great Britain. The smaller one is called Ireland. Great Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel. The country is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Great Britain is separated from Belgium and Holland by the North Sea, and from Ireland – by the Irish Sea.

There are two states in the British Isles. One of them governs of the most of the island of Ireland. This state is usually called the Republic of Ireland. The other state has authority over the rest of the territory.

The official name of this country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is usually known by a shorter name – «The United Kingdom». The total area of Great Britain is 244,000 square km.

They say that the British love of the compromise is the result of the country’s physical geography. This may or may not be true, but it certainly true that the land and climate in Great Britain have a notable lack of extremes. The mountains in the country are not very high. It doesn’t usually get very cold in the winter or very hot in the summer. It has no active volcanoes, and an earth tremos which does no more than rattle teacups in a few houses which is reported in the national news media. The insular geographical position of Great Britain promoted the development of shipbuilding, different training contacts with other countries.

QUESTIONS:

1. Where is Great Britain situated?

2. What is total area of Great Britain?

3. What is the official name of this country?

4. Is Great Britain a mountainous country?

5. What’s the result of the country’s physical geography?

VOCABULARY:

British Isles – Британские острова

the govern – управлять

to rattle – болтать

volcano – вулкан

earth tremos – землетресение

to be separated – быть отделенным

insular – островной

LESSON 17

Ex.1:Read and translate the text into Russian:

ATOMIC ENERGY

In 1896 Ernest Rutherford began investigations of radioactivity at Cambridge. Four years later he continued them in Canada. He studied the radiations from the element thorium and showed that atoms were splitting up. This was a great shock to the chemists of the time as the atoms had always been regarded as the smallest indivisible units.

Further research showed that the atom was made up of smaller particles and that its structure was very complex: it resembled the solar system with a central nucleus and a number of electrons, very much smaller than the nucleus and revolving around it. Rutherford’s results made a great impression on the scientific world because the splitting of the atom opened to man a new and enormous source of energy. The most important results have been obtained by splitting the atjm of uranium.

World War I interrupted much of the scientific work in England. In 1918 the work on radioactivity was resumed with additional workers from England, the United States and the soviet Russia. Rutherford died in 1937, but the work which he began was continued by many well-known scientists.

LESSON 18

Ex.1:Read and translate the text into Russian:

ADVANCING TECHNOLOGY

As the age of technology advances around us we are getting more and more accustomed to seeing an increasing number of robots taking over household chores such as vacuuming, cutting the grass, cleaning the pool or even creating gourmet meals!1 However one mostly overlooked field is robotic pets, which intend to simulate real pets without all the hassle of looking after them. A couple examples of robotic pets are the Sony AIBO2, a robotic dog and the Ugobe Pleo3, a week old Camarasaurus Dinosaur.

The article “Robo-Pets as good as the real thing” by Iain Thomson talks about research that has been done on how robotic pets compare to real pets in daily life. The research shows that the elderly and children alike respond especially well to these robotic companions. Elderly residents at care homes were given AIBO’s for six weeks and in the end reported that they were feeling less depressed and more active than they had been without the robots.4 Children also had similar comments about the AIBO stating that it ‘could be a good companion’.

The AIBO is mainly targeted at children because it is little more than a novelty. It may be interesting but it has no practical use. Although research has shown that elderly people find the companionship rehabilitating, the high cost of these units puts it out of most of their reach. One big advantage of units like the AIBO is that they can teach children the basics about pet care and help their parents determine if the kids are old enough to have the responsibility of caring for an actual living pet. Another use of the robotic pets such as the AIBO is to simply be a pet that doesn’t really require the same level of commitment as owning a real pet. This might be especially good for people who don’t spend a lot of time at home and don’t have resources to care for the animal during the day.

However just like how everything useful has a disadvantage, the Sony AIBO also poses a problem to children. Since it does not impose any of the negative aspects of owning a pet, children may not fully understand the whole concept of caring for an animal. Instead they might be easily bored and essentially neglect the animal because of the amount of work and effort that it requires.

As the field of robotics advances, there is no doubt that more advanced robotic animals will be developed and sold to the masses. People might be able to own the animal of their dreams without having to deal with the hassles that go along with it. For example a Penn State Alumni might be able to own his own robotic lion! As with all new technologies however the price will definitely be a burden to most, but to those that are able to afford it, the sector is still at its infancy!

The main issue with the widespread use of robots is that people will start to depend on them too much, and will miss out on the humanity aspect of life. One of the greatest challenges that life presents us is probably parenthood, and relying on a robot to show us if our child is ready for a real animal is just not going to be a good and informed decision. There are many uses for robotics in a consumer point of view, but I don’t think that robotic pets are a good replacement for a real live companion.

UNIT 3 “FAMOUSE PEOPLE OF GREAT BRITAIN”

LESSON 19

Ex.1:Read and translate the text into Russian:

CHARLES DARWIN (1809—1882)

A hundred years ago people believed that plants and animals had always been as they are now. They thought that all the different sorts of living things, including men and women, were put in this world by some mysterious power a few thousand years ago.

It was Charles Darwin, born at Shrewsbury on the 12th of February, 1809, who showed that this was just a legend. As a boy Darwin loved to walk in the countryside, collecting insects, flowers and minerals. He liked to watch his elder brother making chemical experiments. These hobbies interested him imuch more than Greek and Latin, which were his main subjects at school.

His father, a doctor, sent Charles to Edinburgh University to study medicine. But Charles did not like this. He spent a lot of time with a zoologist friend, watching birds and other animals, and collecting insects in the countryside.Then his father sent him to Cambridge to be trained as a parson. But Darwin didn't want to be a doctor or a parson. He wanted to be a biologist.
In 1831 he set sail in the Beagle for South America to make maps of the coastline there. Darwin went in the ship to see the animals and plants of other lands. On his voyage round the world he looked carefully at thousands of living things in the sea and on land and came to very important conclusions.

This is what he came to believe. Once there were only simple jelly-like creatures living in the sea. Very slowly, taking hundreds millions of years, these have developed to produce all the different kinds of animals and plants we know today. But Darwin waited over twenty years before he let the world know his great ideas. During that time he was carefully collecting more information. It showed how right he was that all living things had developed from simpler creatures.
He wrote a famous book 'The Origin of Species'.People who knew nothing about living things tried to make fun of Darwin's ideas.The development of science has shown that Darwin's idea of evolution was correct.

LESSON 20

Ex.1:Read and translate the text into Russian:

ISAAC NEWTON (1)

Newton, one of the greatest scientists of all times was born in 1642 in the little village in Lincolnshire, England. His father was a farmer and died before Newton was born. His mother was a clever woman whom he always loved.

After school, Newton studied mathematics at Cambridge university and received his degree in 1665. Then the university was closed because of the danger of plague and Newton went home for eighteen months. It was most important period in his life when he made his three great discoveries — the discoveries of the differential calculuses, of the nature of white light, and of the law of gravitation.

These discoveries are still important for the modern science. Newton had always been interested in the problems of light. Many people saw colours of a rainbow but only Newton showed, by his experiments, that white light consists of these colours.

LESSON 21.

Ex.1:Read and translate the text into Russian:

ISAAC NEWTON (2)

It is interesting how he discovered the law of gravitation. Once, as he sat at the garden, his attention was drawn by the fall of an apple. Many people saw such a usual thing before. But it was Newton who asked himself a question: «Why does that apple fall perpendicularly to the ground? Why doesn’t it go sidewards or upwards?». The answer to this question was the theory of gravitation, discovered by Newton.

Newton died at the age of 84, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where his monument stands today.

QUESTIONS:

1. When and where was Newton born?

2. Where did he study?

3. What three major discoveries did Newton make?

4. When did Newton make these discoveries?

5. How did the idea which led to the discovery of the law of gravitation first come to him?

6. When did Newton die and where was he buried?

VOCABULARY:

degree — ученая степень

plague — чума

discovery — открытие