VI. Read and translate the poem. Complete the sentences using the words below the poem.

What do we plant when we plant a tree?

We plant the ship which will cross the …,

We plant the mast to carry the …,

We plant the planks to withstand the gales.

What do we plant when we plant a tree?

We plant the … for you and me,

We plant the rafters, the doors and floors.

We plant the spire that out – towers the crag.

We plant the staff for our country’s ….,

We plant the shade from the hot … free,

We plant all these when we plant the tree.

VII. Write a composition “If I were the farmer (forester, president) of …”

VIII. Translate the text “How A Tree Grows” without dictionary.

“How a Tree Grows “

A tree in three directions: trunk and branches grow upward, roots grow downward, and all grow laterally, that is in diameter. As with all living things, trees are made up of cells, and growth occurs by means of cell division. Vertical growth is of little interest, because the most part of the wood in the tree trunk is formed by lateral growth. Growth in diameter, also called secondary growth, takes place in a very narrow zone between the wood of a tree trunk and the bark. This area, called cambium, is only a few cells thick, but it produces all the different types of cells in both the wood and the bark. The cambium itself consists of a layer only one cell thick, but as the cells divide and mature, there is a region on each side of the cambium which contains living cells in various stages of development.

When a wood cell is mature, it is technically dead, for it contains no nucleus or protoplasm. Thus , even the wood of a living tree is made up mainly of dead cells, although certain kinds of cells in the sapwood remain alive longer than others.

During a normal growing season, the cambium produces millions of cells, and a layer of new wood is formed. Since the cambium is a cover surrounding the tree trunk, the layer of wood produced each year is in the same form, and when the tree is only a year or two old, the layer of wood is a cone as high as the tree. During each successive growing season, another cone – shaped layer of wood is added around underneath. Thus, in order to find the age of a tree by the time- honored method of counting growth rings, one must cut the tree very near the ground or the first year or two is missed.

During each growing season, a layer of bark is also added, but it is added to the inside of the bark. It would seem, then, that since a tree enlarges in diameter each year, the outer layers of bark must stretch. But what actually happens is that the outer layers of bark become dry and, instead of stretching, they crack. This accounts for the scaly appearance of the bark of most trees.

On a cross- sectional surface we can see the growth rings. These are the concentric layers of wood added each season to the diameter of the trunk. The rings are usually quite distinct because in the temperature climates, the wood formed during the early part of the growing season is different from the wood formed later. The wood formed in the spring when growth is more rapid is called early wood or springwood, and is characterized by cells which are larger and thin – walled, making a rather porous layer of wood. Slower growth later in the growing season produces latewood or summerwood, which has smaller thick-walled cells, forming relatively more dense wood.

Besides, on the surface of hardwoods, fine lines can be seen radiating from the centre of the tree outward. These are wood rays made up of cells oriented horizontally in the tree instead of vertically, as the majority of the cells are. The horizontal orientation of ray cells helps to conduct food materials laterally in the tree.

IX. Answer the following questions:

1. In what three directions does a tree grow? 2. Where does the secondary growth occur? 3. What part of a tree produces cells? 4. How can one know the age of a tree? 5. Why are the annual rings well seen in temperate climate? 6. What are wood rays? What is their function?

X. Read the text given below:

“Plants do strange things”

by Hedda Nussbaum

I. Plants that move

Have you ever seen a plant walk? Of course not. Plants don’t walk. They stay in one place. But that doesn’t mean that plants don’t move. They DO move.

Flowers open and close. Some close in the rain. They open again when the rain stops. Many flowers close up at night and open in the morning. Others open and close at different times.

You can tell the time by watching the flowers in a garden. Get up early one morning, at about five o’clock. If you can stay awake, you will see some morning glories opening. If you wait until about 8:30, you will see pumpkin flowers close and dandelions open. At 4:00 o’clock in the afternoon will open.

The leaves of plants move too. They move toward light. Put a house plant by a window. Then look at the plant in a few days. You will see that the leaves will be facing the window. Turn the plant around so that the leaves face you. The next day the leaves will be facing the window again. The leaves move toward the light all alone.

Some leaves do a lot of moving. The leaves of the sensitive plant close up when anything touches them. The leaves of the clover plant fold together atnight. The telegraph plant keeps moving all day long. Its leaves grow in sets of three. Two of the leaves move up and down in the daytime, as if they are sending signals. At night the leaves droop.

Who ever said that plants don’t move!

II. Plants That Glow

Some plants glow in the dark.. They give off light, like little bulbs. These plants shine in the daylight too. But then we cannot see them.

Some glowing plants shine with a green light. Some shine with an orange light. And some shine with a yellow light.

Which plants glow? Many mushrooms do. Some very small plants that live on old wood do. And many, many plants that live at the bottom of the ocean glow too.

No one knows why these plants glow. Some scientists think that glowing helps the plants live. Others say that glowing helped the plants live. Others say that glowing helped the plants a long time ago, but that it no longer does.

Would you like to see some plants that glow? You can sometimes find them in the woods at night. Look for little patches of pale light glowing in the dark. The plants’ light is strange and beautiful. People call this light fox – fire.

XI. Comprehension Check

1. Why do the leaves of a plant lean toward a window ?

2. How can you tell the time by watching the flowers in your garden?

3. Why can’t you see plants glow in the daylight?

4.What kind of plant would you like to own?

TEXT 13 CADASTRE

Nowadays great attention is paid to the rational use of earth resources. It is on the basis of cadastre that their value is determined. The earth itself is one of the main sources of natural resources. It needs to be protected. This is a function of cadastre.

What is cadastre? The derivation of the word “cadastre” used to be ascribed to the Latin “capitastrum” (contraction of “capitum registrum”), a register of “capita”, literally “heads” and so by extension “taxable land units”.

In continental Europe the word “cadastre” came to mean … a systematic classification and valuation of land, under the control of central government, by means of maps of parcels drafted on the basis of topographic surveys and recorded according to parcels in a register.

Cadastre is a systematized data bank of different projects, as concerns their legal and economic status, natural surroundings as well as their location. This bank is regularly renewed due to the constant control over the project.

Its appearance was caused by private land ownership and the necessity of collecting taxes from land owners. First it was a register including the list of taxable lands, with the area of each lot, its plan, soil type and the amount of tax being mentioned.

Now the cadastre is a methodically arranged public inventory of data on the properties within a certain country or district based on a survey of their boundaries. The outlines of the property are shown on large – scale maps.

Closely connected to the word “cadastre” is the term “cadastral survey”, which is simply defined as a survey of boundaries of land units. A cadastral survey may be carried out both for initial information of the parcel as well as for any subsequent changes of the boundaries of the parcel. A cadastral survey may also be conducted in order to re-establish the boundaries missing on the ground.

The concept “cadastre” includes the function of serving the purpose of land taxation and the function of providing a description of land units as a basis for registration of right and encumbrances on land. But a cadastre does not itself serve as a register of right and encumbrances.

Cadastral works embrace: land surveys in cities, towns and suburbs for registering and evaluation as well as for constructing engineering works, communications, industrial and civil structures and laying out lands for landowners. Depending on its object cadastre may be classed into land cadastre, city cadastre, city cadastre and taxation one.

Land cadastre embraces all the data on the lands, their legal, economic and environmental status and location. It is to secure rational earth resources exploration. Land cadastre presents a combination of plans and maps as well as different documents on lands, which give all-round characteristics of these territories. All the collected information may be stored in the computer data base.

I. Study the following words:

value, to be protected, literally, extension, rational, use, resources, taxable, land, register, boundaries, survey, parcel, location, surroundings, land owner, cadastral survey, secure.

II. Define the part of speech of the following words:

Determination, resource, legal, laying, registration, different, description, structure, function, cadastral, exploration, civil, engineering, depending, regularly.

III. Give the synonyms of the following words:

Characteristics, location, document, store, environment, land, embrace.

IV. Insert prepositions if necessary:

1. This is a function … cadastre.

2. Nowadays great attention is paid … the rational use … earth resources.

3. This bank is regularly renewed due … the constant control … the project.

4. Depending … its object cadastre may be classed … land cadastre, city cadastre, city cadastre and taxation one.

5. It is to secure … rational earth resources exploration.

V. Put five questions to the text “Cadastre”

VI. Give your own definition of the word ‘Cadastre’