Kazakh agrotechnical university
S. SEIFULLIN
KAZAKH AGROTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
M.I. BAIGASHKAROVA
ENGLISH
For the students
Of Land Use planning department
Land
ASTANA 2009
| Рассмотрено и одобрено на заседании учебно-методического совета АО «Казахский агротехнический университет им. С.Сейфуллина» Протокол № 9 от “19 ” Июня 2009г. Составитель:старший преподаватель английского языка Байгашкарова М.И. | “Утверждаю” Председатель учебно- методической комиссии университета заместитель Председателя Правления АО Казахский агротехнический университет им.С.сейфуллина А.М. Абдыров “22 “ Июля 2009 г. |
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
для студентов землеустроительного факультета
Всех специальностей
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Рецензии написаны:
Профессором кафедры иностранных языков Евразийского Гуманитарного Института к.ф.н. С.Б.Загатовой
Старшим преподавателем кафедры английского и французского языков КАТУ им.С.Сейфуллина Рустемовой С.К..
Рассмотрено на заседании кафедры английского и французского языков, протокол № 10 от 27 мая 2009 г.
Завкафедрой ________Рахимова Д.М.
Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов факультета КСиПО, специальность «Профессиональное образование» рассмотрено на заседании методической комиссии отдела гуманитарных кафедр протокол
№ 10 от «17 » июня 2009 г.
Председатель методической комиссии___________Сергазина К.Ж.
INTRODUCTION
This book is for students who study land use planning, cadastre, land assessment, geodesy and mapping. It includes special texts from different scientific works of American, British and Kazakhstani journals. There are texts, exercises for developing reading comprehension, speaking and writing abilities. There is grammar reference which is aimed to serve as necessary prompt for students while dealing grammar tasks.
It is recommended to work with the given book after having studied the basic English as there are texts for reading comprehension without using dictionary and it contains also tasks for giving short summaries, discussing about different spheres of land administration, land management and so on.
There are vocabulary exercises as well helping the students annotate the suggested material.
CONTENTS
| Introduction | |||
| Text 1 | Soil | page 6 | |
| Text 2 | Composition of soils | page 7 | |
| Text 3 | How soil is formed | page 8 | |
| Text 4 | Effects of climate… | page 10 | |
| Text 5 | Characteristics of soil | page 12 | |
| Text 6 | Structure of soil | page 14 | |
| Text 7 | Chemical conditions of soil | page 15 | |
| Text 8 | How soils are classified | page 16 | |
| Text 9 | Soil conservation | page 18 | |
| Text 10 | Soil and its management | page 19 | |
| Text 11 | Water | page 21 | |
| Text 12 | How a plant lives | page 26 | |
| Text 13 | Cadastre | page 31 | |
| Text 14 | What does land cadastre consist of? | page 33 | |
| Text 15 | Land resources and their economic evaluation | page 35 | |
| Text 16 | Soil assessment and land evaluation | page 36 | |
| Text 17 | Land evaluation for land use planning | page 38 | |
| Text 18 | Land reform | page 40 | |
| Text 19 | Real estate | page 41 | |
| Text 20 | Lease | page 43 | |
| Text 21 | Mortgage | page 44 | |
| Text 22 | Joint tenancy | page 46 | |
| Text 23 | Abstract | page 48 | |
| Text 24 | Rates-Valuation | page 49 | |
| Text 25 | Land use planning in KZ | page 52 | |
| Text 26 | Assessment of land | page 55 | |
| Text 27 | Land administration | page 57 | |
| Text 28 | The cadastre system in KZ | page 59 | |
| Text 29 | How maps are made | page 60 | |
| Text 30 | Ancient maps | page 62 | |
| Texts for supplementary reading | page 64 | ||
| Grammar Reference | page 80 | ||
| Bibliography | page 102 |
TEXT 1 SOIL
Soil is an important natural resource that covers much of the earth’s land surface. Most life on earth depends upon the soil as a direct or indirect source of food. Plants are rooted in the soil and obtain nutrients (nourishing substances) from it. Animals get nutrients from plants or from animals that eat plants. Certain microbes in the soil cause dead organisms to decay, which helps return nutrients to the soil. In addition, many kinds of animals find shelter in the soil.
Soil contains mineral and organic particles, other plant and animal matter, and air and water. The contents of soil change constantly. There are many kinds of soils, and each has certain characteristics, including color and composition. The kind of soil in an area helps determine how well crops grow there. Soil forms slowly and is destroyed easily, and it must be conserved so it can continue to support life.
Soil scientists, called pedologists, use the term polypedons for the bodies of individual kinds of soil in a geographic area. Polypedons can be indefinitely large, but some have a surface area of only about 10.8 square feet (1 square meter).Some polypedons measure less than 5 inches (13centimeters) deep. Others are more than 4 feet (1.2meters) deep.
1. Study the following words:
Source, substance, cause, decay, shelter, contain, composition, to be destroyed, conserve, to support, indefinitely, surface, measure.
2. Define the part of speech of the following words:
Determination, resource, surface, depend upon, organic, individual, nutrients, measure, constantly.
3. Give the synonyms of the following words:
Important, obtain, certain, soil, determine, shelter, large, surface of the soil, kind.
4. Insert prepositions if necessary:
1. The kind … soil … an area helps determine how well crops grow there.
2. Animals get nutrients … plants or … animals that eat plants.
3. Most life … earth depends … the soil as a direct or indirect source … food.
4. Soil contains mineral … and organic particles, other plant and animal matter, and air … and water.
5. Clays consist … illite, kaolin, micas, vermiculite, and other minerals.
5. Put five questions to the text “Soil”
6. Give your own definition of the word ‘soil’.
TEXT 2 COMPOSITION OF SOILS
The mineral and organic particles in soil are called soil particles. Water and air occupy the spaces between the particles. Plants and animals live in these pore spaces. Plant roots also grow through the pore spaces.
Minerals supply nutrients to green plants. Particles called sands, silts, and clays make up most of the mineral content of soil.
Sands and silts are particles of such mineral as quartz and feldspars. Clays consist of illite, kaolin, micas, vermiculite, and other minerals. Trace amounts of many minerals add nutrients, including calcium, phosphorus, and potassium, to the soil. Most soils are called mineral soils because more than 80 per cent of their soil particles are minerals.
Plants and animal matter consists of organic material in various stages of decay. Many organisms also live in the soil. These soil organisms include plant roots, microbes, and such animals as worms, insects, and small mammals. Bacteria, fungi, and other microbes decompose (break down) dead plants and animals. Many soil organisms help mineral and organic particles aggregate (come together) and form clumps of soil. Roots, burrowing animals, and natural weathering break apart large clumps of soil.
Decaying organic material release nutrients into the soil. In addition, some organic material combines with mineral particles. Other decaying material forms organic soil particles called humus. Most humus is black or dark brown, and it holds large amounts of water. Only 6 to 12 per cent of the volume of particles in most mineral soils is organic. However, these small quantities greatly increase a soil’s ability to support plant life. In some soils, called organic soils, more than 20 per cent of the soil particles are organic.
Water that enters the soil dissolves mineral and nutrients and forms a soil solution. Much of the solution drains away, but some remains in the pore spaces. Green plants obtain water and some nutrients by absorbing soil solution through their roots.
Air replaces the water that drains from the larger pore spaces. Soil organisms live best in soils that contain almost equal amounts of air and water.
1. Study the following words:
Soil particles, occupy, pore space, sand, silt, clay, mineral content, supply, potassium, stage, worm, insect, decompose, mammals, burrow, break apart, release, humus, ability, equal.
2. Make up sentences with the words & word combinations given below:
Particles, soil organisms, roots, nutrients, bacteria, fungi, amount of water, organic material, plant life.
3. Complete the sentences with appropriate words from the text:
1. Many organisms live in the … .
2. These soil … include plant … , microbes, and such … as worms, insects, and small mammals.
3. Sands and silts are … of such minerals as quartz and feldspars.
4. Water that enters the … dissolves minerals and … and forms a soil solution.
5. Decaying organic … releases … into the soil.
4. Give your own definitions of the words:
Minerals, organic particle, amount, water, sand, clump.
5.Render the text ‘Composition of soils’.
TEXT 3 HOW SOIL IS FORMED
Soil begins to form when environmental forces break rocks and similar materials that lie on or near the earth’s surface. Pedologists call the resulting matter parent material. As soil develops through the centuries, organic material collects, and the soil resembles the parent material less and less. Glaciers, rivers, wind, and other environmental forces may move parent material and soil from one area to another.
Soils are constantly being formed and destroyed. Some processes, such as wind and water erosion, may quickly destroy soils that took thousands of years to form.
Soil formation differs according to the effects of various environmental factors. These factors include kinds of parent material, climate, land surface features, plants and animals, and time.
Kinds of parent material. The type of parent material helps determine the kinds of mineral particles in a soil. A process called weathering breaks down parent material into mineral particles. There are two kinds of weathering, physical disintegration and chemical decomposition. Physical disintegration is caused by ice, rain and other forces. They wear down rocks into smaller particles that have the same composition as the parent material. Sand and silt result from physical disintegration.
Chemical decomposition mainly affects rocks that are easily weathered. In this kind of weathering, the rock’s chemical structure breaks down, as when water dissolves certain minerals in a rock. Chemical decomposition results in elements and in chemical compounds and elements that differ from the parent material. Some of these substances dissolve in the soil solution and become available as plant nutrients. Others recombine and form clay particles or other new minerals.
The mineral content of parent material also affects the kinds of plants that grow in a soil. For example, some plants, including azaleas and rhododendrons, grow best in acid soils that contain large amounts of iron.
1. Study the following words:
Environmental force, parent material, glacier, destroy, various, weathering, physical disintegration, decomposition, mainly, affect, dissolve, available, recombine.
2. Translate the following sentences into your language:
1. The type of parent material helps determine the kinds of mineral particles in a soil.
2. Physical disintegration is caused by ice, rain, and other forces.
3. Chemical decomposition mainly affects rocks that are easily weathered.
4. Others recombine and form clay particles or other new minerals.
5. As soil develops through the centuries, organic material collects, and the soil resembles the parent material less and less.
3. Make up sentences with the following word combinations:
Chemical decomposition, parent material, mineral content, environmental force, wind erosion, animal life, chemical structure.
4. Fill in the gaps:
1. Some of these … dissolve in the soil … and become available as plantnutrients.
2. Soil … differs according to the effects of various environmental factors.
3. Glaciers, rivers, wind and other environmental … may move parent material and … from one area to another.
4. Chemical … results in elements and in chemical … and elements that differ from the parent material.
5. Some processes, such as wind and water …, may quickly destroy soils that took thousands of years to form.
5. Render the text:
TEXT 6 STRUCTURE OF SOIL
When soil particles aggregate, they form clumps of soil that are called peds. Most peds range from less than ½ to 6 inches (1.3 to 15 centimeters) in diameter. Their shape and arrangement determine a soil’s structure. The ability of peds and soil particles to stick together and hold their shape is called consistence.
Most soils contain two or more kinds of structures. Some soils have no definite structure. In some such soils, the peds lack a definite shape or arrangement. In others, the particles do not aggregate.
There are three main kinds of soil structures: (1) platelike, (2) prismlike, and (3) blocklike. Platelike peds are thin, horizontal plates that occur in any horizon. Prismlike peds are column-shaped subsoil structures. Blocklike peds look like blocks with flat or curved sides. Large, flat –sided, blocklike, peds commonly occur in subsoils. Small, rounded, blocklike peds make up most topsoils. They contain more organic matter and hold water and nutrients better than do larger peds.
1. Study the following words :
Soil particles, aggregate, clump, peds, shape, arrangement, to stick, consistence, thin, flat, curved, make up, nutrients.
2. Define the part of speech of the following words:
Stick, platelike, definite, ability, curved, commonly, nutrients, arrangement, structure, rounded, make up.
3. Translate the following derivatives:
Arrangement, arrange, arranging, structures, structural, common, commonly, define, definition, defining, definite.
4. Give definitions of the terms ‘topsoil’, ‘subsoil’:
5. Translate the following sentences:
1. Most soils contain two or more kinds of structures.
2. Most peds range from less than ½ to 6 inches in diameter.
3. Small, rounded, blocklike peds make up most topsoils.
4. Some soils have no definite structure.
6. Retell the text ‘ Structure of soil’:
TEXT 9 SOIL CONSERVATION
The soils of farmlands, grazing lands, and forestlands provide many products and recreational areas. Soil conservationists work to ensure the wise use of these soils.
Wise use of farmlands involves maintaining a high level of nutrients and organic matter in cultivated soils. Farmers add organic matter to the soil by plowing under certain green plants. They also add fertilizers and rotate crops to replace nutrients that leaching and growing plants remove. In addition, farmers plow and plant their fields in ways that control erosion.
Grazing lands that have been overgrazed also suffer from erosion. Overgrazing decreases the amounts of plant life and organic matter in the soil, and the soil erodes easily. Ranches conserve grazing lands by limiting the time that their herds graze in one area.
Forestlands also must be protected from erosion. In some cases, foresters leave unusable branches and other parts of trees on the forest floor to add organic matter to the soil. They also develop large groups of trees whose roots protect the soil by holding it in place against wind and water erosion.
I. Study the following words:
Farmlands, grazing lands, recreational areas, ensure, wise, involve, cultivated soils, fertilizers, remove, suffer, wind erosion.
II. Make up your own sentences with the following word combinations:
Grazing lands, wise use, soil conservation, unusable branch, organicmatter.
III. Translate the following sentences into your language:
1. Wise use of farmlands involves maintaining a high level of nutrients and organic matter in cultivated soils.
2. Overgrazing decreases the amounts of plant life and organic matter in the soil, and the soil erodes easily.
3. Farmers add organic matter to the soil by plowing under certain green plants.
4. They also develop large groups of trees whose roots protect the soil by holding it in place against wind and water erosion.
5. Ranchers conserve grazing lands by limiting that their herds graze in one area.
IV. Retell the text ‘ Soil conservation.’
TEXT 11 WATER
Water is the most common substance on earth. It covers more than 70 per cent of the earth’s surface. It fills the oceans, rivers, and is in the ground and in the air we breathe. Water is everywhere. Without water, there can be no life. In fact, every living thing consists mostly of water. Your body is about two- thirds water. A chicken is about three- fourths water, and a pineapple is about four- fifths water. Most scientists believe that life itself began in water – in the salty water of the sea.
Ever since the world began, water has been shaping the earth. Rain hammers at the land and washes soil into rivers. The oceans pound against the shores, chiseling cliffs and carrying away land. Rivers knife through rock, carve canyons, and build up land where they empty into the sea. Glaciers plow valleys and cut down mountains. Water helps keep the earth’s climate from getting too hot or too cold. Land absorbs and releases heat from the sun quickly. But the oceans absorb and release the sun’s heat slowly. So breezes from the oceans bring warmth to the land in winter and in winter and coolness in summer.
Throughout history, water has been people’s slave – and their master. Great civilizations have risen where water supplies were plentiful. They have fallen when these supplies failed. People have killed one another for a muddy water hole. They have worshiped rain gods and prayed for rain. Often, when rains have failed to come, crops have withered and starvation has spread across a land. Sometimes the rains have fallen too heavily and too suddenly. Then rivers have overflowed their banks, drowning large numbers of people and causing enormous destruction of property.
Today, more than ever, water is both slave and master to people. We use water in our homes for cleaning, cooking, bathing, and carrying away wastes. We use water to irrigate dry farmlands so we can grow more food. Our factories use more water than any other material. We use the water in rushing rivers and thundering waterfalls to produce electricity.
Our demand for water is constantly increasing. Every year, there are more people in the world. Factories turn out more and more products, and need more and more water. We live in a world of water. But almost all of it – about 97 per cent – is in the oceans. This water is too salty to be used for drinking, farming, and manufacturing. Only about 3 per cent of the world’s water is fresh (unsalty). Most of this water is not easily available to people because it is locked in icecaps and other glaciers. By the year 2000, the world demand for fresh water may be double what it was in the 1980's.’But there will still be enough to meet people's needs.
I. Answer the following questions :
What is water ? What forms of water do you know ?
How much per cent does water cover the earth’s surface ?
Where does water flow ?
Can we live without water ? Why ?
Every living thing consists mostly of water, doesn’t it ? Do you know any facts about it ?
Is water slave or master to people ?
What negative or positive sides of water do you know ?
“ Water Is Life”
Water is the natural resource we all know very well. We know its many forms – rain, snow, ice, hail, vapor, fog. Yet, water is the natural resource we least understand.
How does water get into the clouds? What happens when it reaches the Earth? Why is there sometimes too much and other times too little of it ? And, most important, is there enough water for all the plants, and all the animals, and all the people?
Water covers nearly three fourths of the Earth, most being sea water. But sea water contains various salts, including those that are harmful to most land plants and animals. Still, it is from the salty seas and oceans that most of our fresh water comes- no longer salty and harmful. Water moves from clouds to land and back to the ocean in a never- ending cycle.
Ocean water evaporates into atmosphere leaving salts behind, and moves across the Earth as water vapor. Water in lakes and rivers also evaporates and rises into the air. Having cooled in the air the water vapor condenses and falls to the Earth as rain, hail or snow, depending on region, climate, season and topography. This part of the cycle is very important because man can use water stored in the atmosphere only when it falls to the land.
Every year about 450,000 cubic kilometers of water evaporates from the oceans and about 61,000 cubic kilometers from land sources.
Water is an unchanging and ever renewing resource but its distribution on the surface of the globe varies greatly – there is either too little or too much water. Many problems are caused by too much water when we do not want it or too little when we do want it.
No natural resource on our planet has so many uses as water. We need water to support our lives, to grow our crops, to water our stock, to power our industries and for many other purposes.
Our water needs are great and they continue to grow. Agriculture requires great quantities of water to provide food and raw materials for industry. Industry consumes not less water than agriculture. Per capita use of water is increasing rapidly in the world.
There is plenty of water on the Earth. But the amount of fresh water available to man is very small.
In socialist society measures are taken against waste of water and pollution of water. We have to use water more efficiently in industry, towns and cities, in agriculture and irrigation. All life depends on water.
I. Find definitions to the following words:
Air, Earth, water, sea, nature, plant, vegetable, moisture, soil, ground, land
Salt water which covers most of the Earth’s surface. 2. The planet on which we live. 3. The system of things of which we ourselves are a part. 4. The mixture of gases that surrounds the earth. 5. The common liquid which fills the rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. 6. Water vapor either in the air or condensed on a surface.7. Any form of vegetable life. 8. Any kind of plant which is used for food. 9. The earth in which things grow. 10. The surface of the Earth. 11. The solid part of the Earth’s surface contrasted with water and sea.
II. Tell about “Water cycle”.
III. Find opposite words:
a) to fall, to appear, to heat, to evaporate, moist, cold, to give, far, always, easy, heat, to decrease, to produce, to die, useful, inefficient, salt.
b) To disappear, to rise, to cool, efficient, harmful, to live, never, difficult, to condense, to take, hot, dry, fresh, near, cold, to increase, to consume.
IV. Find odd words:
1. heat, light, motion, surface ; 2. a plant, a crop, an animal, a hat, a man; 3.soil, water, land, ground, Earth ; 4. autumn, summer, sunlight, winter, spring ;5. quickly, directly, fast, slowly, rapidly; 6. an ocean, a lake , an inch, a river, a sea; 7. to plow, to sow, to plant, to harm, to cultivate, to harvest.
V. Read and translate the text given below :
“ Mice Under Water”
Words To Help You Understand the Passage
temperature Temperature is how cold or how hot something is. It is usually
measured by a thermometer.
carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a gas that is passed out of the lungs during
breathing
fluid-filled Fluid is another word for liquid. Fluid- filled means something is
filled with a liquid.
Mice can live for many hours under water. A team of scientists has found that rodents can breath under water if two conditions are met. The water must contain salts and it must have more oxygen than is usually found in water.
The scientists were led to their experiments by a study of how animals and people drown. Mice were put under water and were watched until their breathing stopped. When the tank was filled with ordinary sea water or tap water, the mice died quickly. When it was filled with a salt solution in which the salt solution in which the salt was equal to that in the mouse’s body and when oxygen was bubbled into it, the mice lived for as long as four hours. When the temperature was held at 20º C. and a chemical was added to improve carbon dioxide exchange, the mice lived to a maximum of nearly 18 hours.
The water- breathing rodents may provide a means of studying breathing problems in newborn infants who live in a fluid- filled womb up to the moment of birth.
I. Plants that move
Have you ever seen a plant walk? Of course not. Plants don’t walk. They stay in one place. But that doesn’t mean that plants don’t move. They DO move.
Flowers open and close. Some close in the rain. They open again when the rain stops. Many flowers close up at night and open in the morning. Others open and close at different times.
You can tell the time by watching the flowers in a garden. Get up early one morning, at about five o’clock. If you can stay awake, you will see some morning glories opening. If you wait until about 8:30, you will see pumpkin flowers close and dandelions open. At 4:00 o’clock in the afternoon will open.
The leaves of plants move too. They move toward light. Put a house plant by a window. Then look at the plant in a few days. You will see that the leaves will be facing the window. Turn the plant around so that the leaves face you. The next day the leaves will be facing the window again. The leaves move toward the light all alone.
Some leaves do a lot of moving. The leaves of the sensitive plant close up when anything touches them. The leaves of the clover plant fold together atnight. The telegraph plant keeps moving all day long. Its leaves grow in sets of three. Two of the leaves move up and down in the daytime, as if they are sending signals. At night the leaves droop.
Who ever said that plants don’t move!
II. Plants That Glow
Some plants glow in the dark.. They give off light, like little bulbs. These plants shine in the daylight too. But then we cannot see them.
Some glowing plants shine with a green light. Some shine with an orange light. And some shine with a yellow light.
Which plants glow? Many mushrooms do. Some very small plants that live on old wood do. And many, many plants that live at the bottom of the ocean glow too.
No one knows why these plants glow. Some scientists think that glowing helps the plants live. Others say that glowing helped the plants live. Others say that glowing helped the plants a long time ago, but that it no longer does.
Would you like to see some plants that glow? You can sometimes find them in the woods at night. Look for little patches of pale light glowing in the dark. The plants’ light is strange and beautiful. People call this light fox – fire.
XI. Comprehension Check
1. Why do the leaves of a plant lean toward a window ?
2. How can you tell the time by watching the flowers in your garden?
3. Why can’t you see plants glow in the daylight?
4.What kind of plant would you like to own?
TEXT 13 CADASTRE
Nowadays great attention is paid to the rational use of earth resources. It is on the basis of cadastre that their value is determined. The earth itself is one of the main sources of natural resources. It needs to be protected. This is a function of cadastre.
What is cadastre? The derivation of the word “cadastre” used to be ascribed to the Latin “capitastrum” (contraction of “capitum registrum”), a register of “capita”, literally “heads” and so by extension “taxable land units”.
In continental Europe the word “cadastre” came to mean … a systematic classification and valuation of land, under the control of central government, by means of maps of parcels drafted on the basis of topographic surveys and recorded according to parcels in a register.
Cadastre is a systematized data bank of different projects, as concerns their legal and economic status, natural surroundings as well as their location. This bank is regularly renewed due to the constant control over the project.
Its appearance was caused by private land ownership and the necessity of collecting taxes from land owners. First it was a register including the list of taxable lands, with the area of each lot, its plan, soil type and the amount of tax being mentioned.
Now the cadastre is a methodically arranged public inventory of data on the properties within a certain country or district based on a survey of their boundaries. The outlines of the property are shown on large – scale maps.
Closely connected to the word “cadastre” is the term “cadastral survey”, which is simply defined as a survey of boundaries of land units. A cadastral survey may be carried out both for initial information of the parcel as well as for any subsequent changes of the boundaries of the parcel. A cadastral survey may also be conducted in order to re-establish the boundaries missing on the ground.
The concept “cadastre” includes the function of serving the purpose of land taxation and the function of providing a description of land units as a basis for registration of right and encumbrances on land. But a cadastre does not itself serve as a register of right and encumbrances.
Cadastral works embrace: land surveys in cities, towns and suburbs for registering and evaluation as well as for constructing engineering works, communications, industrial and civil structures and laying out lands for landowners. Depending on its object cadastre may be classed into land cadastre, city cadastre, city cadastre and taxation one.
Land cadastre embraces all the data on the lands, their legal, economic and environmental status and location. It is to secure rational earth resources exploration. Land cadastre presents a combination of plans and maps as well as different documents on lands, which give all-round characteristics of these territories. All the collected information may be stored in the computer data base.
I. Study the following words:
value, to be protected, literally, extension, rational, use, resources, taxable, land, register, boundaries, survey, parcel, location, surroundings, land owner, cadastral survey, secure.
II. Define the part of speech of the following words:
Determination, resource, legal, laying, registration, different, description, structure, function, cadastral, exploration, civil, engineering, depending, regularly.
III. Give the synonyms of the following words:
Characteristics, location, document, store, environment, land, embrace.
IV. Insert prepositions if necessary:
1. This is a function … cadastre.
2. Nowadays great attention is paid … the rational use … earth resources.
3. This bank is regularly renewed due … the constant control … the project.
4. Depending … its object cadastre may be classed … land cadastre, city cadastre, city cadastre and taxation one.
5. It is to secure … rational earth resources exploration.
V. Put five questions to the text “Cadastre”
VI. Give your own definition of the word ‘Cadastre’
EVALUATION
Land use planning calls for a more broad understanding of numerous factors that influence land uses. The planners have to consider and plan the economic returns. They must know all the factors that influence the proper, sound and wise land uses. They are to understand the response of land as the main factor of farm production to varying input combinations of capital and labor.
The great differences which exist in land productivity result in incomes. Through an objective comparative and economic assessment of land resources land use planners reveal the differences between land parcels.
Land economic evaluation serves as a basis for application of modern science and technology in farming.
I. Study the following words:
Land use planning, broad, numerous, to consider, planners, economic returns, proper, response, land productivity, land parcels, economic assessment.
II. Make up sentences with the words & word combinations given
below:
Numerous factors, land productivity, economic returns, land parcel, evaluation, modern science, farm production.
III. Insert prepositions if necessary:
1. They must know all the factors that influence … the proper, sound and
wise land uses.
2. They are to understand the response … land as the main factor … farm
production to varying input combinations … capital and labor.
3. Land use planning calls … a more broad understanding … numerous
factors that influence land uses.
4. The great differences which exist … land productivity result … incomes.
IV. Give the synonyms of the following words:
response, assessment, application, objective, consider, proper, income, reveal.
V. Render the text ‘Land resources and their economic evaluation’:
TEXT 18 LAND REFORM
Land reform is the breakup of large landholdings and the redistribution of the land to farmers who have little land or none. Land reform may be carried out by a government or by the leaders of a revolutionary movement. Governments usually undertake land reform to reduce social and political tensions. Revolutionists may favor land reform to gain support for their revolution. Land reform may increase agricultural output by causing the land to be farmed more intensely.
A government may acquire land for redistribution by expropriating it- that is, by taking the land against the will of the owner, sometimes without paying for it. Government also may buy land from landlords who wish to sell portions of their holdings. Some land reform laws redistribute land by abolishing regulations that limit the peasants’ ability to own or purchase land.
To be successful, land reform often must be accompanied by other measures. These measures include the assurance of indisputable land titles and fair taxes and the provision of technical assistance and affordable loans to poor farmers.
Land reform has been especially important in the less developed countries of Asia and America. In many of these countries, a small number of people have traditionally owned a large percentage of the farmland. In most cases, such a pattern of land ownership originated in past feudal or colonial systems. However, the pattern may be reinforced by modern technological changes and by political practices that favor people who own large amounts of land.
I. Study the following words:
Land reform, landholding, redistribution, movement, agricultural output, intensely, portion, abolish, peasant, purchase, indisputable, fair taxes, affordable, loan, farmland.
II. Define the part of speech of the following words:
feudal, successful, important, assistance, revolutionist, movement, provision, ownership, measure, percentage, political, originated.
III. Complete the sentences with appropriate words from the text:
To be successful, land … often must be … by other measures.
Revolutionists may … land reform to gain … for their revolution.
Government also may buy land from … who wish to … portions of their holdings.
Land reform has … especially … in the less developed countries of … and … .
Land reform may … agricultural … by causing the land to be … more intensely.
IV. Give your own definitions of the words:
Revolutionist, reform, owner, assurance, favor, assistance, holdings.
V. Retell the text ‘Land Reform’.
TEXT 19 REAL ESTATE
Real estate is land and all the things permanently attached to it, such as trees, buildings, and minerals beneath the surface. A house is real estate, but the rugs and furniture in it are chattels (personal property).
The basic real estate vocation is that of a broker, who markets real property on behalf of owners. Typically, salespeople are associated with and responsible to the broker. A career in real estate usually begins with sales work that may involve long, irregular hours. But success may bring an excellent income.
More than 1 800 000 people in the United States are actively employed as real estate brokers or salespeople. Many more people work in building, mortgage finance, and related fields. All states require real estate agents and brokers to be licensed. Applicants must pass a test on real estate principles. Fields of specialization in real estate include appraisal, property management, and counseling on such real estate problems as industrial sites and farm purchases and sales. Other specialized fields in real estate are mortgage lending, financial analysis, and market analysis.
About 375 universities and colleges now offer real courses for credit, and more than 360 two-year colleges offer courses leading to a master’s degree in real estate. Real estate organizations encourage formal training by offering seminars on such topics as finance, appraisal, and market analysis.
The National Association of Realtors coined the term Realtor to designate its active members who subscribe to the Code of Ethics of the association. The term may not lawfully be used by others.
I. Study the following words:
Real estate, permanently, attach, beneath, rug, furniture, chattels, broker, irregular hours, employed, appraisal, counseling, mortgage lending, encourage, designate.
II. Give the antonyms of the following words:
Surface, excellent, income, include, encourage, active, lawful, bring
III. Make up your own sentences with the words given above, in exercise two:
IV. Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What is real estate?
2. Who markets real property on behalf of owners?
3. In what sphere do many people work?
4. What do all states require to be done?
5. What does the term ‘realtor’ designate?
TEXT 20 LEASE
Leaseis an agreement that gives one person or company the right to possess owned by another person or company. The possession lasts for a fixed period of time, called a term. Terms range from a few hours to many years. Items commonly leased include real estate, automobiles, videotapes, and office equipment. The owner of the property is called the lessor or landlord.
The person receiving the property is called the lessee or tenant. Most lessees promise to pay rent to the lessor.
Modern law often views a lease as a contract. If one party breaches (violates) a promise included in the lease, the other party may ask a court to force the breaching party to perform the promise ,to pay money for damage caused by the breach, or to end the lease early.
Leases are either written or unwritten. Most states in the United States require a lease be written if its term is longer than one year. The lease describes the property being leased, the term, the rent, and any other promises or conditions. The leasee and lessor each may agree to pay certain expenses, such as utility bills or maintenance costs. Also the lessor may agree to keep the property safe from intruders. In some cases, unwritten promises are implied by law. For example, courts and laws in many states assume that a landlord must ensure that residential property is fit to live in.
During the lease term, both the lessor and lessee own rights in the property. While the lessee has the right to possess and use the property, the lessor is entitled to protection of the property. If the lessee harms the property, a court may order the lessee to pay for repair and to refrain from further damage. The court may also permit the lessor to end the lease early.
I. Study the following words:
Lease, possess, fixed period, term, videotape, receive, lessor, landlord, rent, breach, violate, damage, describe, leasee, imply, to be fit, protection, property, to refrain, further, damage, tenant.
II. Define the part of speech of the following words:
Agreement, commonly, possession, receiving, written, property, certain, lessor, early, further, owner, tenant.
TEXT 21 MORTGAGE
Mortgageis a loan agreement that enables a person to borrow money to buy a house or other property. The property is used as security for the loan. The lender may take possession of the property if the loan is not repaid on time. Almost all mortgages involve real estate.
A mortgage actually consists of two legal documents. One document, called a note, specifies the amount of the loan, the repayment terms, and other conditions of the agreement. The document is the mortgage itself, which gives the lender legal claim to the property if the loan is not repaid. The term mortgage commonly refers to the entire loan agreement. The lender is called the mortgagee, and the borrower is the mortgager.
A person can obtain a mortgage from a bank, insurance company, mortgage company, savings and loan association, or other financial institutions. The interest rate and other terms vary from lender to lender. Most mortgage agreements require the mortgager to repay the loan in monthly installments over a period of 20 years or more. Part of each payment goes toward the unpaid balance of the loan, called the principal, and part toward the interest. The mortgager gradually increases the equity, which is the value of the property beyond the amount owed on it.
If the borrower misses a number of payments or violates any other condition of the agreement, the lender may foreclose the mortgage. Foreclosure is a legal procedure by which the lender takes over the mortgaged property. The lender then may sell the property, keep the amount owed, and give the borrower the rest. More than one mortgage may be placed on a property. If foreclosure occurs, the holder of the second mortgage gets nothing until the claims of the first have been met.
Two United States government agencies, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Department of Veterans Affairs, guarantee some home mortgage loans against loss to the lender. Loans unprotected by a government agency are called conventional loans.
Mortgage loans have traditionally been a popular investment for financial institutions because of the great safety of such loans. During periods of rapidly rising prices, however, lenders may hesitate to tie up their money in mortgages. Interest rates soar during these periods of inflation, but most mortgages pay interest at a fixed rate throughout their term. Thus, a lending institution that issues a 25-year mortgage at 8 per cent interest may lose an opportunity to lend the money later at 12per cent. Inflation also drives down the purchasing power of money. As a result, the dollars that lenders get back have less buying power than the dollars they lent. Therefore, in periods of inflation, many lending institutions charge an additional fee called points for granting a mortgage loan. Each point equals 1per cent of the amount of the loan. The fee is regarded as prepaid interest and must be paid when the mortgage is signed.
To counteract the effects of inflation, lending institutions have developed other typed of mortgages. In a graduated-payment mortgage, the borrower makes lower monthly payments for the first few years and higher payments later. In a variable-rate or adjustable rate mortgage, the interest rate rises and falls in relation to current interest rates. In a growing-equity mortgage, monthly payments increase between 3 and 7 per cent yearly until the balance is paid. In a balloon-payment mortgage, payments are lower for the first few years and then a large single payment repays the remaining balance.
I. Study the following words:
Loan agreement, mortgage, security, legal, repayment terms, lender, legal claim, entire, installment, insurance company, interest rate, foreclosure, conventional loan, adjustable rate, equity, lending institutions.
II. Give the synonyms of the following words:
Borrow, property, agreement, claim, mortgagee, institution, value, violate, owner, amount.
III. Make up your own sentences with words given above in exercise 2:
TEXT 22 JOINT TENANCY
Joint tenancy is the ownership of a piece of property by two or more people. Each owner has equal rights to the use of the property during their lives. At the death of each owner, the property goes to the survivors. The last survivor becomes the sole and exclusive owner of the property, with the absolute right to sell or give it to anyone. Joint tenancies were once limited to real estate, but today they may be created in personal property as well. For example, two or more people might own a painting as joint tenants with the right of survivorship.
The right of survivorship distinguishes a joint tenancy from the ordinary tenancy in common.
Under a tenancy in common, each tenant’s share passes to his or her successors at the death of the tenant. While living, a joint tenant can convey the share in the joint-tenancy property some other person, but this act severs the joint tenancy. The ownership then becomes an ordinary tenancy in common. In the United States, a few states do not recognize the joint tenancy of real estate.
Fixture, in law, refers to personal property that has been affixed to houses, land, or other real estate. A fixture becomes part of the real estate to which it is attached. Important factors in determining that property is a fixture are the method of attachment and the parties’ intention to make the property a permanent part of the real estate. For example, if a tenant installs electric wiring in rented property, the wiring may become part of the landlord’s real estate unless the tenant and landlord agree otherwise before the wiring is installed.
I. Study the following words:
Tenancy, ownership, survivors, sole, absolute right, personal property, survivorship, convey, ordinary tenancy, fixture, affixed, attachment, intention, permanent, landlord, otherwise.
II. Make up sentences with the words & word combinations given
below:
A piece of property, absolute right, joint tenant, ordinary, successor, share, in common, real estate, attachment, landlord.
III. Insert prepositions if necessary:
1. Two or more people might own a painting as joint tenants … the right … survivorship.
2. Fixture, in law, refers … personal property that has been affixed … houses, land or other real estate.
3. The ownership then becomes an ordinary tenancy … common.
4. Under a tenancy … common, each tenant’s share passes … his or her successors … the death.
5. Important factors … determining that property is a fixture are the method … attachment and the parties’ intention to make the property a permanent part … the real estate.
IV. Give your own definitions of the words:
Real estate, tenancy, intention, ownership, survivors, convey, ordinary tenancy.
V. Retell the text ‘Joint Tenancy’.
TEXT 23 ABSTRACT
Abstract, in law, is a summary of the most important points of a long legal document or of several legally related documents. The most common form of abstract, called an abstract of title, is used in real estate transactions. It identifies all deeds, wills, mortgages, leases, or other documents affecting ownership of the property. It also refers to all agreements made by any owner regarding use of the property that would affect rights of later owners. An abstract is useful to a buyer because it shows the extent of the seller’s ownership rights.
A complete abstract shows the entire chain of transfers of ownership from the time the title to the property was first recognized by the government up to the present. It can be used to establish a clear title to property that is, a condition in which no one but the owner holds rights that might interfere with use of the property.
In a few states, an abstract can be used by a court as a basis to declare who owns the property. The property is then registered in the declared owner’s name. This form of registration occurs under a Torrens system
I. Study the following words:
Abstract, summary, related documents, title, affect, later owner, deed, will, common, complete abstract, to establish, interfere, to declare, occur, registration, hold, transfer, transaction.
II. Define the part of speech of the following words:
Seller, ownership, useful, document, summary, buyer, recognized, declare, government, interference, registration.
III. Make up sentences with the words given in exercise 2:
IV. Translate the following sentences from the text:
1. The most common form of abstract, called an abstract of title, is used in real estate transactions.
2. An abstract is useful to a buyer because it shows the extent of theseller’s ownership rights.
3. In a few states, an abstract can be used by a court as a basis to declare who owns the property.
4. The property is then registered in the declared owner’s name.
5. It also refers to all agreements made by any owner regarding use of property that would affect rights of later owners.
V. Retell the text ‘Abstract’.
TEXT 24 RATES – VALUATIONS & OBJECTIONS
METHOD USED TO VALUE LAND
Councils may adopt one of three valuation methodologies to value the properties in its area. They are:
Capital Value- the value of the land and all the improvements on the land.
Site Value- the value of the land and any improvements which permanently affect the amenity of use of the land, such as drainage works, but excludingthe value of buildings and other improvements.
Annual Value- a valuation of the rental potential of the property.
The Council has decided to continue to use site value as the basis for valuing land within the Council area. The Council considers that this method of valuing land provides a fair method of distributing the rate burden across all ratepayers on the following basis:
The nature of land holdings in the district, and the mix of land uses in the district
State Land Cadastre (SLC) is a system of information on natural and economic situation of the land in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the location, size and boundaries of land, their qualitative characteristics of accounting and valuation of land and other necessary information. Information about land and resource potential of land in the land register, facilitates effective planning and management of land resources.
In accordance with the land legislation of the country organization land cadastre within the purview of the central authority of land administration and its agencies on the ground, and work on keeping SLC attributed to the state monopoly and are a function of state-owned enterprises, supervised by Agency for Land Management
The law provides for the establishment and operation of SLC and its electronic information system in accordance with the administrative-territorial division of Kazakhstan - a republican, regional and district levels.
Over the past 10 years in the Republic it was formed the basis of a land inventory of its infrastructure. In this area: Great work on the land cadastre zoning territory was carried out, defined boundaries and codes of accounting areas; developed new forms of land and cadastral documentation: Land Cadastral case, the state land cadastre book, land and cadastral maps; improved technology for land and cadastral maps and records quarters on the base GIS technology and its standardization; improved scientific methods and software cadastre; a restructuring, technical and software production units formed regional centers in the structure of the subsidiaries of state-owned enterprises established regional branches of the inventory.
Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Land Management is focused on creating an integrated system of land cadastre on a single technology, the interaction and coordination with the Center for Real Estate Registration Department of Justice of Kazakhstan, the Ministry of Finance and other government authorities.
I. Study the following words:
Control, taxation, survey, soil classification, relate, register, assessment, evaluation, decision, land-title, grazing, grassland, subdivide, efficiency, necessary, capability, rate, productivity.
1. Give the equivalents of the following word combinations in your language:
Land use practice, level of living, cadastral survey, land conservation, land-title system, soil classification, land inventory, land capability, land user.
2. Write the following verbs in the Present, Past, Future Continuous Tenses, make up sentences with them:
To increase, to plan, to consult, to meet, to demand, to make, to give, to carry out, to develop, to determine.
3. Give the antonyms of the following words with the help of prefixes:
Un- :known, developed, pleasant, limited, stable, reasonable, desirable, achieved, natural, successful
Non-:human, natural, moral, resistance, durable, achieved.
4. Read the text and tell what problem is discussed in it:
The History of the Service
March 15, 1919 decree establishing the Higher Geodesy Office in the Science and Technology Division of the Supreme Council of National Economy was organized by geodetic survey of the USSR.
On the territory of Kazakhstan up to 1945, all the topographic and geodetic and cartographic work carried out by the topographic and geodesic squads Mid-Asian air and geodesic enterprises (AGE) and topographic detachments West Siberian department. .
Since January 1, 1945 in Almaty it was started organizing Kazakh enterprises. The first chief was Subbotin A.I.
By the decision of Sovie