Population dynamics – математическая генетика

Wildlife – живая природа

Biotic unit – зд. биотическая единица

Animal wastes – отходы животноводства

Cage; pen; lot – клетка; бокс (секция); участок

Production costs – производственные издержки

In the long run – в конце концов

To come under attack – зд. подвергать критике

Cruel – жестокий

Protective legislation – зд. закон о защите

To advocate – поддерживать, пропагандировать

ВАРИАНТ №5

VETERINARY SCIENCE

VeterinaryScience is also called veterinary medicine and includes the prevention,diagnosis, and treatment of the diseases of domestic animals and themanagement of other animal disorders. The field also deals with those diseases that are intercommunicable between animals and humans.

Persons who serve as doctors to animals have existed since early times, andveterinary practice was already established as a specialty as early as2000 BC in Babylonia and Egypt and the ancient Greeks had "horse-doctors". The first veterinary schools in Europe were established in the mid-18th century and since that time veterinary science has rapidly developed alongside with modern medicine.

Animal health is to ensure the efficient production of wholesome animal products. Farm animals are susceptible to various infectious diseases andmay suffer from viruses and harmful bacteria, so animals should be examined by veterinary surgeons regularly in order to notice disease symptoms in time and take the necessary preventive and control measures.Such common animal diseases as mastitis, brucellosis, swine fever,erysipelas, anthrax, and leptospirosis can quickly spread and cause major losses among stock animals, so they must be controlled or preventedby veterinary surgeons.

Vaccination and immunisation, sanitary measures, and the severe segregation,or quarantine, of sick animals should be used by farmers and veterinary surgeons to prevent the spread of infectious diseases such as anthrax,bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, canine distemper, and rabies.Sanitary control of animal housing and proper pasture management are to eliminate any carriers of animal infectious diseases which can be easily transmitted by water and soil.

The governmentalofficials must be informed about the outbreak of a notifiabledisease in order to prevent the disease spread. If an animal has contact the infectious disease and cannot be cured, it will have to be slaughtered.

Veterinary surgeons also treat parasitical infections, unsanitary conditions which may cause lower fertility in livestock, and nutritional disorders, and they often have to set broken limbs and neuter domestic pets. Besides, veterinary scientists investigate the chronic infectious diseases associated with high morbidity rates and various metabolic disorders. The development of vaccine to control Marek's disease in chickens is an example of the economic effect of animal-disease research that was conducted by veterinary scientists.

A veterinary surgeon's training must include the study of the basic preclinical disciplines of anatomy, histology, physiology, pharmacology, microbiology as well as bacteriology, virology, parasitology, and pathology. The clinical subjects of study may be divided into internal medicine, preventive medicine, surgery and clinical practice.

Internal medicine includes the diagnosis and treatment of diseases as they affect animals. Preventive medicine should consider the aspects of disease prevention and control, especially such diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans or diseases that may influence human health. Generally, several preventive techniques are available for the use in the prevention of disease in an animal population such as quarantine, immunisation, environmental control, various methods of disease control and eradication, early diagnosis of a disease. It has been proved that animal diseases may be prevented to a great extent by ensuring proper hygienic and sanitary conditions on a farm, which include the maintenance of safe water supplies, air sanitation, pest control, the improvement of animal housing etc. Surgery includes wound treatment, fracture repair, the excision of body parts, and the use of such techniques as radiology, anesthesiology, obstetrics, treatment of lameness etc. In most veterinary schools, clinical practice enables students, especially future veterinary surgeons, to observe and assist with actual cases of disease or other conditions which require attention. In both medical and surgical treatment, the same techniques are to be used as in medical practice on humans.

In most countries of the world, professional veterinary surgeons must complete a special educational programme. According to this programme students are to study for four or six years at the university and only after such a course of study the degree of doctor of veterinary medicine is to be awarded. Moreover, in many countries veterinary surgeons must obtain a licence to start their practice from some duly constituted authority". Veterinary surgeons may specialize either in the care of small animals such as pets and work in banian hospitals, while others may treat mainly livestock. A few veterinary surgeons may be employed by zoos or circuses to examine and take care of wild animals.

Notes:

1. intercommunicable – зд. передаваемый

Alongside with – наряду с