Ex. 18. TranslatethesentencesintoEnglishusingmodalverbs.

1. Вы можете не приносить доклад сегодня. Но завтра утром он должен быть у меня. 2. Он бы мог сходить туда сам; ему незачем было посылать вас, вы все же постарше его. 3. Где я могу найти товарища Иванова? — Он, должно быть, в соседней комнате. 4. Не может быть, что он был искренен, когда отказался ехать с вами на юг. Возможно, родители не разрешили ему ехать. 5. Ему не нужно было называть свою фамилию так громко, это привлекло внимание. 6. Она не такая застенчивая. Возможно, ваш вопрос был неожиданным для нее. 7. Тебе не нужно было спрашивать у отца: я нашел журнал на твоем письменном столе. 8. Неужели он действительно так растерялся? — Конечно, и даже покраснел. 9. Вы бы могли предупредить его об этом и не ставить его в такое неловкое положение. 10. Почему ее нет? Неужели она обиделась и решила не приходить? 11. Почему ты так рано? — Нам не пришлось долго заседать: все вопросы решили быстро. 12. Билеты можно было заказать по телефону. Мне не нужно было ехать на вокзал. 13. Я был в Москве, поэтому мне пришлось осмотреть весь город. 14. Вам не нужно было бросать эту работу. Ведь вы были так близко к цели. 15. Я смогу выполнить эту работу завтра.

Ex. 19. TranslateintoEnglish.

1. Нужно посмотреть этот фильм. 2. Должно быть, он уже смотрел этот фильм. 3. Ты бы посмотрел этот фильм сначала. 4. Надо было посмотреть этот фильм. 5. Неужели он уже смотрел этот фильм? 6. Мы с друзьями должны посмотреть этот фильм на этой неделе. 7. Он мог смотреть (может быть, смотрел) этот фильм. 8. Не может быть, чтобы он не смотрел этот фильм. 9. Мог бы и сам посмотреть этот фильм, а не приставать с вопросами. 10. Мне придется посмотреть этот фильм. 11. С какой радости я должен смотреть этот фильм? 12. Можно было и не смотреть этот фильм. Он оказался таким скучным. 13. Должно быть, он сейчас смотрит фильм. 14. Я хотел, чтобы моя сестра посмотрела этот фильм, но она не хотела. 15. Ты не должен был смотреть этот фильм, он не для детей!

НАКЛОНЕНИЕ / MOOD

Виды наклонений.

Условное наклонение / TypesofMood.

Conditional Mood.

MOOD

Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the predicate verb.

The action may be represented as a real fact, a problematic action or as something unreal that does not exist.

There are the following moods in English: the direct moods-the Indicative and the Imperative; the oblique moods – the Subjunctive and the Conditional.

DIRECT MOODS

I. The Indicative Mood

The Indicative mood shows that the speaker considers the action or statedenoted by the predicateasa real fact and affirms or negates its existence in the present, past or future. The verb in the Indicative mo0d has the category of tense, aspect and voice.

I haven't yet looked at the newspaper.

We are studying oblique moods now.

If it rains, I’ll stay at home.

The doctor was sent for.

II. The Imperative Mood

The Imperative mood expresses commands and requests generally addressed tothe second person singular or plural. The Imperative mood has only one form which coincides with the infinitive of the verb without the particle "to":

Listen to him.

Be careful.

The negative form is built up by means of the auxiliary "do":

Don't listen to him.

Don't be late.

The auxiliary "do" may also be used in affirmative sentences to make the request or command more emphatic:

Do be careful.

Do listen to him.

In commands and requests addressed to the first and third person the combination "let + infinitive" is used:

Let him do it.

Let us do it together.

The negative forms are:

Let's not talk about it.

Don’t let's talk about it.

OBLIQUE MOODS

If I hada garden, I should grow tulips in it.

had - the subjunctive mood

should grow- the conditional mood

The oblique moods represent actions or states as desired, imaginary, or contradicting reality.

The Forms of the Infinitive

Tenses	Active	Passive
Indefinite	to write	to be written
Continuous	to be writing	-
Perfect	to have written	to have been written
Perfect Continuous	to have been writing	-

I. The Subjunctive Mood

The Subjunctive mood represents an action as absolutely unreal.

The Subjunctive mood is a synthetical mood and it has two tenses: the present tense (The Present Subjunctive mood) and the Past tense (the Past Subjunctive mood).

The form of the Present Subjunctive mood coincides with the Past Indefinite (It is a grammatical homonym of the Past Indefinite tense). The verb “to be” has theform “were” for all persons:

If I knew…

If she lived…

If I (she, it, they, etc) were…

The Present Subjunctive mood expresses an unreal action at present.

The Present Subjunctive mood may also refer an action to the future or to no particulartime.

The form of the Past Subjunctive mood coincides with the form of the Past Perfect tense (It is a grammatical homonym of the Past Perfect tense)

If I had known…

If she had lived…

If they had been…

The Past Subjunctive mood expresses an unreal action in the past.

II. The Suppositional Mood

The Suppositional Mood is an analytical mood. It is formed by combining the auxiliary verb shouldfor all persons with the Infinitive.

The Present Suppositional is formed by the auxiliary verb

should + Indefinite/Continuous Infinitive

e.g. It is impossible that he should say so.

It is disappointing that you should be ill.

It is disappointing that you should be lying ill.

The Past Suppositional is formed by the auxiliary verb

should + Perfect / Perfect Continuous Infinitive

e.g. It is impossible that he should have said so.

It is disappointing that you should have been lying ill when we came to invite you to the party.

The suppositional Mood represents an action as problematic, but not necessarily contradicting reality. The realization of the action may depend on certain circumstances, but these circumstances are not contrary to fact.

It is not used in simple sentences.

III. The Conditional Mood.

The Conditional mood is аn analytical mood. It has two tenses, the present tense (The Present Conditional mood) and the past tense (The Past Conditional mood).

The Present Conditional mood refers the action to the present (or to the future) and is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs "should" or "would" and the Indefinite infinitive of the notional verb (or sometimes the continuous infinitive):

I should read...

He would be reading...

The Past Conditional mood refers the action to the Past and is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs "should" or "would" and the Perfect infinitive of the notional verb (or sometimes the Perfect continuous infinitive):

I should have toldyou…

They would have helpedhim ...

The meaning of the Conditional mood is very close to the meaning of the Subjunctive mood. It also expresses an unreal action but this unreality always depends on some condition.

If I were ten years younger, I should go to the disco.

If I were ten years younger – this is absolutely unreal

I should go to the disco – the unreality of this action depends on the first clause

The Conditional mood expresses an unreal consequence out of some unreal condition.

^{the Pr. Subj. m. the Pr Cond. m.}

If I werein your place I shouldn't thinkso.

^{the Past Cond. m. the Past Subj. m}

I should have gonewith you if you had invitedme.

Sentences of the Mixed Type

The actions in the principal and subordinate clauses may have different time-reference.

The unreal condition may refer to the past and the consequence - to the present or future:

If you had readthe newspaper yesterday, youwould know the news.

The Condition may refer to no particular time and the consequence may refer to the past:

She would not have toldme the story if shedislikedme.