Ex. 3. Give advice using the verb should (have).

1. I’m always pressed for time. 2. I’m so lonely. 3. My son is so lazy. 4. My daughter is going to get married, but she is only 18. 5. What a boring serial! 6. I think I am underpaid. 7. I am losing everything. 8. Summers are getting colder and colder. 9. Nick twisted his ankle. 10. Ann is afraid of travelling by plane. 11. I’m getting so nervous. 12. The child has a nasty rash on his body. 13. She has gained 5 kilos lately. 14. Ann often has rows with her husband. 15. He wants to go abroad. 16. He has a job interview. 16. I have forgotten my jacket on the plane.

SHALL

“Shall” as a modal verb is not translated in Russian. It's meaning is rendered by the emphatic intonation.

Concrete	Imperative
· Promise or strong intention/in this meaning "shall" is used with the 2d and 3d person singular with a weak stress/. He shall get his money. In the 1st person it acquires a strong stress. I want this prize and I shall get it!	· Suggestion/in questions, offers, in the 1st person singular and plural/. Shall I read? Shall we begin? Shall I get you a chair?
· Threat. In this meaning "Shall" is used with the 2d and 3d person singular. You shall be sorry!
· Warning in the affirmative and negative sentences. Put on your coat, you shall be sick.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences into English using shall.

1. Мне заплатить за вас? 2. Скажи им, что они узнают результаты завтра. 3. Перевести весь текст? — Нет, не нужно, переведите только подчеркнутые предложения. 4. Это можно сделать и это будет сделано, если ты только поможешь мне. 5. «Тебе поиграть?» — спросила она. — «Да, пожалуйста». 6. У тебя не будет причины жаловаться на меня. 7. Вы получите книгу в понедельник. 8. Когда ему прийти? 9. Закрыть дверь? 10. Оборудование для нашей экспедиции должно быть отгружено в мае. 11. Если вы будете сидеть на сквозняке, вы простудитесь. 12. Что нужно сделать с этими письмами? 13. Она позвонит вам? 14. Вам следует сделать это немедленно. 15. Пригласить их на обед? — Нет, не нужно, я сделаю это сама. 16. Я ни за что не вернусь.

Ex. 2. Comment on the use of the verb shall in the following proverbs and sayings Give their Russian equivalents. Use them in situations of your own.

1. As you sow, so shall you reap. 2. They that live by the sword shall perish/die by the sword. 3. He who does not work neither shall he eat. 4. If the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch. 5. Blessed is he who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed. 6. Man shall not live by bread alone. 7. At the game’s end we shall see who gains. 8. As a man lives, so shall he die. 9. As you have brewed, so shall you drink.

WILL

“Will” has two forms: will and would. Thus “Will” and “Would” are looked upon as aforms of the same verb although in a few cases their meanings differ.

It is used to express:

· Willingness, intension, determination.

I’ll write as soon as I can

I will be there to help.

This meaning is often found in the conditional sentences

If you will help me, we can finish be 6

· In the negative sentences ”Will” expresses a refusal to do smth.

They will not go with us

· A polite request or offer/only in questions/.

Will you pass the salt please?
Will you have some tea?

· A command

You will do exactly as I say.

· An impatient command can begin with “Will You..”

Will you be quiet?

· Insistence, resistance/with reference to inanimate objects it shows that the thing fails to perform its function.

The door will not open

· Inevitability.

What will be-will be

Accidents will happen

Boys will be boys

Truth will out

· Characteristic or behavior of quality

This car will hold 6 people.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Comment on the meaning of the verb will/ would and translate the sentences into Russian. 1. It will never happen again. Never. 2. “Now listen, lady …” Peremptorily she cut him off. “I will not listen. Instead, you will listen to me.” 3. When he returned I repeated my offer of food, but he would take nothing. 4. Many times a day, he would see other children taking bars of creamy chocolate out of their pockets and munching them greedily, and that, of course, was pure torture. 5. Leave the kid alone, will you! 6. He had a wound that wouldn’t heal. 7. When the game was over, while they smoked their pipes and drank whisky, they would begin telling stories. 8. Will you please hang your coats and hats on those pegs over there, and then follow me. 9. I wish you wouldn’t interrupt! 10. ‘Thank you,’ Charlie said, and off he went, running through the snow as fast as his legs would go. 11. If you and all your people will come back to my country and live in my factory, you can have all the cacao beans you want!12. Would you mind closing the door? 13. Faster and faster, chop-chop-chop, the noise went on, it wouldn’t stop. 14. He will leave the lights on when he leaves the office. 15. We sent the invitations by second-class post. They won’t have received them yet.

WOULD

	Present and Future	Past
1. Future in the past: affirmative and negative statements	–	He said that he would be home after seven. (Он сказал, что будет дома после семи.) They said that they wouldn't see him tomorrow. (Онисказали, чтонеувидятегозавтра.)
2. Polite request: affirmative questions	Would you please pass the pepper? (Непередадителиперец?) Would you mind opening the window? (Немоглибывыоткрытьокно?) Would you mind if I opened the window? (Вы не возражали бы, если я открою / открыл бы окно?)	–
3. Preference and desire: affirmative and negative statements	I'd like a cup of coffee, please. (Я хотел бы чашку кофе, пожалуйста.) I would like to visit Spain. (ЯхотелбыпосетитьИспанию.) I'd rather not talk about it. (Я предпочел бы не говорить об этом.)	I would have liked to visit Spain last year, but I didn't have enough money. (Я хотел бы посетить Испанию в прошлом году, но у меня не было достаточно денег.) I would rather have stayed at home. There was a good movie on TV. (Я предпочел бы остаться дома. По телевидению был хороший фильм.)
4. Polite offer: affirmative questions	Would you like some more cake? (Вы не хотели бы еще торта?) Would you like to go to a concert? (Вы не хотели бы пойти на концерт?)	–
5. Supposition: affirmative and negative statements and questions	I would say that your conclusion is not quite right. (Я бы сказал, что ваш вывод не совсем правильный.) I would do it differently. (Ябысделалэтопо-другому.) He would help you if you asked him. (Он помог бы вам, если бы вы его попросили.)	I would have done it differently. (Я бы сделал это по-другому.) He would have helped you yesterday if you had asked him. (Он помог бы вам вчера, если бы вы его попросили.)
6. Repeated action in the past: affirmative statements	–	When I was a child, my Granny and I would go to the park every day. (Когда я был ребенком, моя бабушка и я обычно каждый день ходили в парк.) She would tell me a new fairy tale every evening. (Она обычно каждый вечер рассказывала мне новую сказку.)
USED TO
1. Repeated action in the past: usually affirmative statements	–	When I was a child, my Granny and I used to go to the park every day. (Когда я был ребенком, моя бабушка и я обычно каждый день ходили в парк.) She used to tell me a new fairy tale every evening. (Она обычно каждый вечер рассказывала мне новую сказку.)
2. Habitual past action or situation that doesn't exist now: usually affirmative statements	–	I used to play the piano when I was young (but I don't play the piano now). (Я играл на пианино, когда был молодым (но теперь не играю). He used to live on Sixth Street. (Он раньше жил на Шестой улице.) There used to be a park near the lake ten years ago. (Возле озера был парк десять лет назад.)

EXERCISES