Формы причастий и способы перевода

	Participle I	Participle II
	Active	Passive	V3 sent 1) отправляемый / отправленный (определение) 2) когда (его) отправили / так как (его) отправили (обстоятельство)
Simple	Ving sending 1) отправляющий (определение) 2) отправляя (обстоятельство)	being V3 being sent 1) отправляемый / который отправляют (определение) 2) будучи отправленным (обстоятельство)
Perfect	having V3 having sent отправив (обстоятельство)	having been V3 having been sent когда (его) отправили / после того, как (его) отправили (обстоятельство)

Независимый причастный оборот

(Absolute Participle Construction)

Независимый причастный оборот находится в начале или в конце предложения и состоит из:

1) существительного, иногда с предлогом with

2) причастия

Независимый причастный оборот в начале предложения переводится придаточным предложением с союзом так как, если, когда и др.

(1) (2)

The weather being fine, we went for a walk.

(1) (2)

Так как погода была прекрасной, мы отправились на прогулку.

(1) (2)

The work done, they went home.

(1) (2)

Когда работа была закончена, они пошли домой.

Независимый причастный оборот в конце предложения переводится частью сложносочиненного предложения с союзом причем, а, и и др.

(1) (2)

We completed our experiment, with the results being published.

(1) (2)

Мы закончили эксперимент, причем результаты были опубликованы.

Part A

Task A1. Add -ing to the following verbs and translate Participles I into Russian.

Model: to order – заказывать – ordering – заказывающий

To cut, to play, to write, to forget, to begin, to hope, to put, to study, to open, to give, to sit, to die, to permit, to copy, to refer, to lie, to admit, to close, to travel, to tie, to control, to expel, to comply, to compel, to run, to cancel, to deny.

Task A2. Add -ed to these regular verbs and translate Participles II into Russian.

Model: to order – заказывать – ordered – заказанный

To stop, to expect, to study, to open, to develop, to invite, to play, to type, to copy, to produce, to close, to translate, to describe, to equip, to illustrate, to receive, to manufacture, to publish.

Task A3. Form Participles II from these irregular verbs and translate them into Russian.

To find, to send, to throw, to keep, to take, to leave, to write, to read, to make, to see, to hear, to do, to give, to speak, to show.

Task A4. Translate into Russian.

1. We bought a CD with relaxing music.

2. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in learning foreign languages.

3. All visitors touring the art museum were asked to sign the guest book.

4. He picked up the letter lying on the floor.

5. People starting to learn a foreign language sometimes find it difficult to memorize words.

6. Tourists arriving in London visit various museums.

7. We are all concerned about the rising level of pollution.

8. I think he is the best poet living.

9. Testing the equipment, the engineers applied a new method.

10. Reading books in the original, you will master English very quickly.

Task A5. Define the function of Participle I and translate into Russian:

1. He told her an amusing story.

2. A person telling us good news is always welcome.

3. While skating yesterday he fell and hurt his leg.

4. When writing the letter he tried to follow the "Golden rules" of writing a letter: a letter should be clear, complete, concise, courteous and correct.

5. Receiving an e-mail message, he always gives it to the manager.

6. They spoke about their relatives living in France.

7. The rising sun was hidden by the clouds.

8. While examining the old vase we saw some cracks on it.

Task A6. Define the function of Participle II and translate into Russian.

1. The house built in this street is very beautiful.

2. The issue discussed at the last meeting is of great importance for our company.

3. They have to repair the broken parts of this engine.

4. The data found by the researchers is valuable for their future work.

5. The composition written by this student is excellent.

6. We shall use instruments of an improved design.

7. The method proposed by this young researcher was not acceptable.

8. The results obtained are very good.

9. The results obtained by this group are very good.

10. There are many illustrated magazines in our reading-room.

Task A7. Translate into Russian.

1. The method proposed by this scientist was discussed at the meeting.

2. The data referred to in this paper showed that our conclusions were correct.

3. Our attention will be focused on comparative methods applied by different sciences.

4. The technique employed used a single probe (зонд).

5. The complexity of the technique involved increased considerably.

6. The pressure just calculated is surface pressure.

7. The nucleus formed by the emission of the gamma-ray may be unstable.

8. The temperature of the liquid obtained remained constant.

9. All the isotopes produced by reactors can be made in a cyclotron.

Part В

Task B1. Choose the correct form and translate into Russian.

1. The (breaking / broken) dishes lay on the floor.

2. The (trembling / trembled) children were given a blanket for warmth.

3. Compassionate friends tried to console the (crying / cried) victims of the accident.

4. When James noticed the (burning / burnt) building, he notified the fire department immediately.

5. The (exciting / excited) passengers jumped into the lifeboats when notified that the ship was sinking.

6. The wind made such (frightening / frightened) noises that the children ran to their parents’ room.

7. The (frightening / frightened) hostages only wanted to be left alone.

8. The (boring / bored) lecture got the students to sleep.

9. The (boring / bored) students went to sleep during the (boring/bored) lecture.

10. The police towed away the (parking / parked) cars because they were blocking the entrance.

11. (Freezing / frozen) food is often easier to prepare than fresh food.

12. The (cleaning / cleaned) shoes were placed in the sun to dry.

Task B2. Choose the correct English equivalent.

1. Будьте внимательны, когда ведете машину.

a) Be attentive when driving a car.

b) Be attentive when to be driving a car.

2. На листке бумаги было несколько строк, написанных карандашом.

a) On the sheet of the paper there were several lines writing in pencil.

b) On the sheet of the paper there were several lines written in pencil.

3. Получив телеграмму, моя сестра немедленно выехала в Москву.

a) Received a telegram my sister immediately left for Moscow.

b) Having received a telegram my sister immediately left for Moscow.

4. Я не знаю человека, говорящего по телефону .

a) I don’t know the man speaking on the phone.

b) I don’t know the man having been spoken on the phone.

5. Уехав вечером, мы прибыли в город в полдень.

a) Having left in the evening, we arrived to the city in the afternoon.

b) Have left in the evening, we arrived to the city in the afternoon.

6. Полученное известие взволновало всех.

a) The news having received made everybody excited.

b) The news received made everybody excited.

7. Я оставила ей записку, не застав ее дома.

a) I left her a message not find her at home.

b) I left her a message not having found her at home.

8. Чувствуя усталость, они решили передохнуть.

a) Felt tired they decided to have a rest.

b) Feeling tired they decided to have a rest.

9. Мы сидели на террасе, наслаждаясь чудесным видом гор, окружающих наш отель.

а) We sat on the terrace enjoying a wonderful view of the mountains being surround our hotel.

b) We sat on the terrace enjoying a wonderful view of the mountains surrounding our hotel.

Task B3. Change the sentences according to the model:

Model 1: Getting sufficient energy, the particle can start a discharge. > When the particle gets sufficient energy, it can start a discharge.

1. Flowing towards the anode, the electrons may collide with the atoms or molecules of the gas.

2. Knowing enough about these particles, they can identify them.3. Finding support, the hypothesis was extended and clarified.

Model 2: Having escaped from the field, the electrons may collect on the walls of the container. > After the electrons escaped from the field, they may collect on the walls of the container.

4. Having compared all these materials, they were able to choose the best one for their purpose.5. Having attended a course of lectures on the subject, he got a better understanding of it.6. Having considered that hypothetical experiment, they could tell the difference between these two processes.

Task B4. Find ing-forms and refer the number of each sentence with one of the columns. The first one is done for you. Then translate the sentences into Russian.

Part of the predicate (Continuous Tenses)	Participle I as an attribute	Participle I as an adverbial modifier

1. He is checking your results.

2. The calculation depends on the peculiar laws governing the movement of molecules.

3. Creative programmers are busily designing new applications.

4. An equation has been developed describing the depolarization of the fluorescence.

5. A theory is presented taking into account the angular distribution of the scattered light.

6. The students will be troubleshooting problems in a real computer network.

7. The students designing and checking a network should meet the specifications.

8. Computers are the sources and receivers of information, both giving to and taking from the Internet.

9. Laptop computers and notebook computers are becoming increasingly popular.

10. Computers recognize and process data using the binary numbering system.

Task B5. Find ed-forms and refer the number of each sentence with one of the columns. The first one is done for you. Then translate the sentences into Russian.

Predicate (Past Simple Active)	Part of the predicate (Perfect Tenses)	Part of the predicate (Passive Voice)	Participle II as an attribute	Participle II as an adverbial modifier

1. He checked all the compositions two days ago.

2. When checked by the teacher, the compositions were given back to the students.

3. He has checked all the papers written by the students.

4. We ordered new magazines yesterday.

5. A network is a connected system of objects or people.

6. When completed, the project was given for approval.

7. The completed project was a great success.

8. We completed our project the other day.

9. I tried to speak to him more than once, but he hasn’t replied.

10. Though boiled, the water was unsuitable for drinking.

11. A decimal number system is based on powers of 10.

12. In a computer, bits are represented by the presence or absence of electrical charges.

13. Unless otherwise stated we shall analyze only solutions in liquids.

14. The articles referred to above deal with alkali metals.

15. After the hardware is set up, the software must be configured.

Task B6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. He fell asleep (exhaust) by the journey.

2. She entered the dining room (accompany) by her husband and her father.

3. In the wood they sat down on a (fall) tree.

4. A snake (sleep) in the grass will bite anyone who steps upon it.

5. (Fill) his pockets with apples, the boy was about to run away when he saw the owner of the garden with a stick in his hand.

6. It was a bright Sunday morning of early summer (promise) heat.

7. When I came home, I found the table (lay).

8. (Judge) by the colour of the sun, it should be windy tomorrow.

9. (Arrive) at a big seaport, he started to look for a job.

10. He had received an urgent message (ask) him to telephone Sir Matthew.

Task B8. Find the Absolute Participle Construction and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Nobody being there, I went away.

2. It was dark, the sun having set an hour before.

3. The play being very popular, it was difficult to get tickets.

4. The UK being a constitutional monarchy, the Queen is only a formal ruler.

5. London is a great port, with many imported and exported goods passing through it.

6. The signal given, the train started.

7. The choice having been made, all other papers have been rejected.

8. The total value of the country’s exports increased by 19.4% last year, with foodstuffs and manufactured goods occupying an important part in the exports.

9. The sun having risen, they continued their way.

10. The contract is written in English and Russian, both versions being valid.

Task B9. Correct the mistakes.

1. When being tested the equipment, the engineers applied a new method.

2. Received the telegram, he hurried up to the station.

3. Being arrived in London, we went sightseeing.

4. If freeze, water becomes ice.

5. When asking, he answered all the questions.

6. Unless having discussed, the new method must not be used.

7. The discovery maked by him is of great value.

8. Ice melts when heating.

9 The proposal be unconstitutional, the committee rejected it.

10. There are ten executive departments under the US President, the heads of these departments being formed a council known as the President’s Cabinet.

Part C

Task C1. Combine two sentences into one using Participle I. Model: The equations are necessary for mathematics. They should be used in geometry as well. > Being necessary for mathematics, the equations should be used in geometry as well.

1. Their concept was only philosophical. It differs from today’s one.

2. This equipment is reliable. It is often used by the experimenters.

3. That value was significantly in error. It had to be re-determined by new methods.

4. The mechanism of ionization by collision is simple in concept. It is easy to understand.

5. Explanation of these phenomena is a difficult problem. It has received a great deal of attention.

6. This formalism was so successful for classical physics that it might lead to a useful theory of particles.

7. The final method was a combination of the ideas and apparatus of several early experiments yielded good results.

Task C2. Change the sentences according to the model.Model: As these quantities had been measured with great accuracy, they were of great significance. > Having been measured with great accuracy, these quantities were of great significance.

1. After the description had been simplified, it became more convenient to use.

2. As the value had been calculated correctly, it could be used by many scientists.

3. After the results had been generalized, they were reported in this scientific magazine.

4. After the results obtained had been published, they gave rise to interesting response.

5. As the experimental techniques had been refined, they could be used for this kind of investigation.

6. As the new method had been used, it made possible to study the strong interactions between particles in detail.

7. After these values had been determined experimentally, they were reported to be in agreement with theoretical predictions.

Task C3. Change the sentences according to the model.Model: When we extend such theories to higher energies, we are not obliged to include all other particles and interactions. > When extending such theories to higher energies it is necessary to include all other particles and interactions.1. When we deal with such problems, we are not obliged to use strictly accurate values.2. When we explain physical effects, we are not obliged to take into account all the experimental results.3. When we conduct such experiments, we are obliged to choose the materials carefully.4. When we work with this substance, we should not be aware of its peculiarities.5. When we simplify the procedure of experiments, we don’t have to leave out unnecessary details.6. When we specify these values, we should not use these sets of equations.7. When we design new kinds of experiments, we don’t have to bear in mind the advantages of the previous ones.8. When we confirm theoretical predictions, we are not obliged to use the experimental results. Task C4. Change the sentences according to the model.Model: The potential difference being low, only some of the electrons can reach the anode. (if) > If the potential difference is low, only some of the electrons can reach the anode. 1. The instrument operating with high accuracy, we got satisfactory results. (as)2. The voltage being increased, more of the electrons are collected by the anode. (when)3. All the liberated electrons having reached the anode, saturation occurs. (when)4. The atom being excited to a higher level, a quantum of radiation is emitted. (if)5. The results lacking precision, we had to employ anothermethod. (as) 6. The chamber leaking, we couldn’t get vacuum. (as)7. The phenomenon demanding explanation, they began to study it thoroughly. (as)8. The results confirming the theory, they considered the theory valid. (as) Task C5. Combine two sentences into one using the Absolute Participle Construction.Model: He criticized the theory. His reasons were based on a thorough analysis of the facts. > He criticized the theory, his reasons being based on a thorough analysis of the facts.1. Atoms are in a constant state of random movement. Their speed is tremendous.2. They performed the experiment. The results were in good agreement with the theoretic predictions.3. A review of the main properties of the effect is given. The instrumental difficulties are presented.4. They have invented a new device. Its main advantages are simplicity and low cost.5. He has created a new apparatus. Its main disadvantages are low frequency and short lifetime.6. Several theories account for the observation. One of them exhibits exceptional ingenuity.7. He performed hundreds of experiments. His results provided an explicit explanation of the phenomenon.

Task C6 . Translate into English using participles.

Обсуждаемый вопрос, обсуждая вопрос, обсудив вопрос, выполнив работу, выполненная работа, измеряя величины, измеренные величины, слушая лекцию, прослушав лекцию, рассматривая вопрос, рассмотрев вопрос, рассмотренный вопрос, обозначая проблему, обозначив проблему, обозначенная проблема.

Task C7. Translate into English using participles.

1. Ученые, определяющие эту величину, много работают.2. Определяя эту величину, они сделали несколько ошибок.3. Величины, определяемые таким образом, обычно бывают точными.4. Величина, определенная этим ученым, используется всеми математиками.5. Величина, которая была определена, упоминалась в его статье дважды.6. Величина, которая сейчас определяется, будет использована в будущих исследованиях.7. Когда эта величина была определена, она была использована в дальнейших расчетах.8. Определив эту величину, ученые смогли вычислить некоторые другие величины.9. После того как эта величина была определена, она могла быть использована в наших исследованиях.

Unit 2. Gerund

Герундием (Gerund)называется неличная форма глагола, сочетающая в себе свойства глагола и существительного.

Таблица 2