Dialogue: Has the book been read?

- No, it has not been read yet.

1) The text has been translated.

2) The instruments have been cleaned.

3) The animal has been treated .

4) The work has been done.

Упражнение 9. Переведите предложения. Найдите предложения, сказуемое которого стоит в одном из времен Perfect Passive.

1. Two pigs had shown symptoms of indigestion by the end of the week.

2. The veterinarian has been on the farm today.

3. Water had been given to the animal before the veterinarian came.
4. The test animal will have recovered by the start of the experiment.

5. The sick animal will have been treated by the end of the month.

6. The sick animal will recover soon.

Упражнение 10. Прочтите вслух следующие слова :

lesion, blood, canine, earth, vegetation, indigestion, infectious, recently, diagnostic, pathogenesis, enzymes, heart, activity ,cardiac

BLOOD SERUM ENZYMES AS DIAGNOSTIC AIDS
IN CANINE HEART DISEASE

Recently there has been a trend toward physicochemical orientation of the research in the basic medical sciences. The pathogenesis of some diseases has been traced to the development of biochemical lesions.

In the past 10 years there has beenan explosive increase inthe interest to the enzymes of blood and other tissues. A certain experience has been accumulatedin the experimental as well as in the clinical aspects of the alterations in the serum activity at pathologic conditions of certain tissues and organ systems.

The cardiac tissue is especially high in several of these enzymes, but other tissues also contain large amounts, so these enzymes are considered nonspecific as to origin. Much work in this area had been done with dogs, but emphasis was soon placed on the importance of these enzymes in human medicine, and animal data have been either forgotten or disregarded.

More recently it has been reportedby scientists that the prevalence of heart disease in dogs of all ages is about 10%. These scientists have founda progressive increase of heart disease with age.

Many serum enzymes have been investigatedas possible diagnostic aids in human medicine. Some of the enzymes which have recently been so advantageous in the differential diagnosis of cardiac disease in man are of benefit to the veterinary profession as well. These enzymes which have shownthe most promise in veterinary medicine have been outlinedin special literature.

Упражнение 1. Прочтите следующие слова и словосочетания.

1) development of biochemical lesions

2) an explosive increase

3) especially high in enzymes

4) disregarded

5) prevalence

6) human medicine

7) to be of benefit

8) to be advantageous

Упражнение 2. Повторите слова и словосочетания упр.1 и переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 3. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту “Blood Serum Enzymes” по-русски, а затем по-английски:

1. Какие научные направления имели место в последнее время в ветеринарии?

2. Насколько глубоко прослежен патогенез некоторых болезней?

3. Какие ферменты вызвали интерес исследователей в последнее десятилетие?

Упражнение 4. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту “Blood Serum Enzymes”:

1) Has there been an explosive increase in the interest in the enzymes of blood and other tissues in the past 10 years?

2) Is the cardiac tissue high in enzymes?

3) Do the other tissues contain large amounts of these enzymes?

4) Is there any progressive increase of heart disease with age?

5) Have many serum enzymes been investigated as possible diagnostic aids in human medicine?

6) Are those enzymes of benefit to the veterinarians?

Упражнение 5. Повторите следующие слова за учителем:
per cent, noninfectious, reestablishment, specificity, species, specific

Lesson 12 DIGESTION

Задание 62. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова:

protoplasm, protein, carbohydrate, muscular, rumen, rumenotomy, abdominal, catgut, herbivorous, absorb, digestion, ingesta, incision, suture

Задание 63. Переведите следующие слова и объясните их значение:

accomplish, salt, change, alter, utilize, reduce, physically, proceed, piece, stomach, thoroughly, swallow, perform, insert, remove, wound, medicine, hour

Упражнение 1. Прочтите следующие слова и на своем опросном листе напишите номера сначала существительных, затем прилагательных и наречий: 1) digestion; 2) thoroughly; 3) eater; 4) abdominal; 5) re­moval; 6) outer; 7) firmly; 8) digestive; 9) inorganic.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в следующих словах словообразующие суффиксы и переведите эти слова на русский язык: plasmic, effectively, physical, muscular, assistant, physically, operation.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:

1) The English noun "absorption" is formed from the Latin word "absorptio". What is the meaning of the verb "to absorb"?

Water is absorbed by the organism of animals from the digestive tract.

2) The verb "to accomplish" is the synonym of the verb "to finish".

Vaccination of the dairy cows will be accomplished tomorrow.

3) The verb "to alter" is the synonym of the verb "to change".
Protoplasmic materials alterin the digestive tract.

4) Animals eat their food in different manner. Cows chew their food.

5) The English noun "action" is formed from the Latin noun "actio" (действовать).

Changes occurred in theaction of the digestive tract of this patient.

6) The adverb "through" means "через" in Russian.
Some mediсinеs are injected in the body through the skin.

7) The adjeсtive "herbivorous" is formed from the Latin word "herba". Cows, horses and sheep are herbivorous animals.

8) The meaning of the verb 'to swallow" is - "глотать".
Cows chew their food and then swallow it.

9) You know the meaning of the adjective "digestive". What is the meaning of the noun "digestion"?

Digestion is an important function of the digestive tract.

10) to perform = to do

This operation is performed only in severe cases.

11) This is a stomach. The stomach is the organ where the digestion is continued.

12) The word "without" is the antonym of the word "with".

The veterinarian can do this operation without the assistant.

13) Ingesta is the food that is contained in the stomach.

14) The English noun "reduction" is formed from the Latin noun "reductio".

The reduction of the disease in cattle was caused by preventive measures.

15) The noun "wound" means "рана".

Thewound is very dangerous.

16) We may use the verb "to proceed" instead of the verb "to occur" in the following sentence:

The process of digestion proceeds in the digestive tract and stomach.

17) We know that the heart is situated in the left side of the chest.

18) The adjective "strong" is the antonym of the adjective "weak". - The horse is a strong animal.

Задание 64. Повторите по Грамматике английского языка тему «Модальные глаголы».

Упражнение 4. Укажите английское предложение, соответствующее русскому: «Хирург должен вы­полнить операцию».

1) The surgeon performed the operation.

2) The surgeon must perform the operation.

3) The surgeon can perform the operation.

4) The surgeon may perform the operation.

5) The surgeon will perform the operation.

Упражнение 5. Укажите предложение, в котором глагол «саn» означает «могу» (в смысле умственной способности, умения).

1) You can diagnose the disease.

2) You can use this surgical instrument.

3) This plant can absorb much water.

4) You can understand my question.

5) He can visit the patient at the clinic

Упражнение 6. Найдите английское предложение, соответствующее русскому: «Вы можете завершить эксперимент на следующей неделе».

1) You must accomplish the experiment next week.

2) You will accomplish the experiment next week.

3) You can accomplish the experiment next week.

Помните! За модальным глаголом всегда следует инфинитив без частицы «to» (исключение «ought to»). Сочетание модального глагола с инфинитивом выполняет в предложении функцию составного глагольного сказуемого.

Упражнение 7. Укажите предложение, сказуемое которого состоит из модального глагола и инфинитива.

1) Circulation of blood of this patient proceeds properly.

2) The ingesta must be removed from the stomach.

3) They want to alter the method of fracture treatment.

4) The surgeon must introduce some medicine into the stomach.

5) He will improve this method of treatment.

6) You may increase the number of experiments next month.

7) He can continue vaccination of animals tomorrow.

Упражнение 8. Перепишите предложения, поставив в конце каждого соответствующий знак препинания. Сделайте перевод.

1) Can you suture (зашивать) the wound

2) You can suture the wound

3) You cannot suture the wound

4) Must we accomplish our work by Friday

5) We must use transfusion of blood in this case

Упражнение 9. Укажите предложения в отрицательной форме.

1) Не can insert the surgical instrument into the organ.

2) She must remove the foreign body from the respiratory tract of the cow.

3) This patient cannot swallow the medicine.

4) You may use reptiles in the experiment.

5) He must not introduce the medicine through the skin.

В английском языке есть заменители модальных глаголов.

Задание 65. Выучите следующие заменители модальных глаголов:

must = to have to; to be to

can = to be able to

may = to be allowed to

После заменителей модальных глаголов следует инфинитив с частицей «to».

Упражнение 10. "I can apply the new method of treatment" - Найдите соответствие.

1) I shall apply the new method of treatment.

2) I have to apply the new method of treatment.

3) I am to apply the new method of treatment.

4) I am allowed to apply the new method of treatment.

5) I am able to apply the new method of treatment.

Упражнение 11. Определите соответствующий глагол к каждому из следующих предложений:

1) He ... to accomplish the experiment only yesterday: a) can, b) was able, c) will be able.

2) We ... to report about the results of our experiments today: a) must,
b) have, c) can.

3) We ... to go to the dairy farm tomorrow: a) may, b) might, c) shall be allowed.

4) We ... to remove sick animals from healthy ones: a) had, b) could, c) may.

Упражнение 12. Какое английское предложение соответствует русскому: «Хирургу следует удалить инородное тело из пищеварительного тракта коровы»? –

1) The surgeon ought to remove the foreign body from the digestive tract of the cow.

2) The surgeon could remove ...

3) The surgeon might remove ...

4) The surgeon should remove ...

Задание 66. Изучите конструкцию - модальный глагол + Infinitive Passive (напр. can be asked, must be treated, should be caused).

Упражнение 13. Укажите предложения, содержащие модальный глагол + Infinitive Passive:

1) My research work must be accomplished by the end of the year.

2) He ought to remove the foreign body immediately.

3) My dog has to be operated today.

4) You may report about the results of your experiments at the conference.

5) Veterinarians should examine animals regularly.

6) Losses from this dangerous communicable disease can be reduced this year.

A. FOOD AND DIGESTION

The plant and animal food taken by animals consists of protoplasm, which is made up of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, together with vitamins and water. The water and inorganic salts can be absorbed from the digestive tract without change, but the protoplasmic materialsmust be altered before they can be utilized. Many animals use food that must be reduced physically before chemical digestion can proceed effectively. This is accomplished by teeth in the mouth. Some flesh eaters maybolt down their food in large pieces, and its physical reduction is accomplished by muscular action in the stomach. Herbivorous mammals that subsist upon plant materials chew their food thoroughly before they can swallow it.

Vocabulary List

Verb Noun Adjective

absorb – впитывать digestion - пищеварение severe -тяжелый –- swallow – глотать wound -рана mild - лёгкий (о болезни)

accomplish- завершать action - действие herbivorous - травоядный alter -изменять flesh- плоть thoroughly - тщательно

chew- жевать ingesta - кишечное содержимое

introduce- вводить stomach- желудок

perform-совершать(ся) reduction- зд. измельчение

proceed - происходить removal- удаление

Упражнение 14. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту по-русски и по-английски.

1) What do the plant and animal foods consist of?

2) What is the role of teeth in the mouth?

3) How do herbivorous mammals eat their food?

4) What do herbivorous mammals do with food before they can swallow it?

5) What is the text about?

Упражнение 15. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1) Is protoplasm made up of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and water?

2) Can the water and inorganic salts be absorbed from the digestive tract without change?

3) How do some flesh eaters eat food?

4) Do herbivorous mammals subsist upon plant materials?

5) Do herbivorous mammals chew their food thoroughly?

Упражнение 16.Какие глагольные формы следует употребить в предложениях:

1) Livestock of the farm ... last week

a) vaccinated b) was vaccinated c) has vaccinated

2) Dairy cows ... tomorrow

a) will be examined b) will examine c) shall examine

3) The veterinarian ... some animals for breeding today
a) has selected b) selected c) will select

Упражнение 17. Укажите предложения, сказуемое которых выражено модальным глаголом и инфинитивом.

1) Не continues to work at the clinic.

2) The fracture must heal soon.

3) We must preserve rare species of wild animals.

4) They want to reduce losses from this infectious disease.

5) He could report about the results of the experiment only yesterday.

Упражнение 18. Вставьте необходимую глагольную форму.

1) He ... to finish the experiment only last week

a) can, b) was able c) will be able

2) You ... to dissect the lesion tomorrow.

a) may b) is allowed c) will be allowed

3) You ... to find the cause of this disease
a) have b) must

Упражнение 19. Определите, какое английское предложение соответствует русскому: «Ему следует продолжить эксперимент».

1) Не ought to proceed the experiment.

2) He might proceed the experiment.

3) He could proceed the experiment.

B. RUMEN INDIGESTION

Probably, during a year's time more dairy cattle suffer from indigestion of one sort or another than there are cows that suffer from infectious diseases. It has been estimated that 70 percent of ailing animals have noninfectious disorders. Often recovery from disease depends upon the reestablishment of normal digestive function. Too little is known about the normal functions of the digestive tract of the dairy cow.

In all probability, the ruminant could remain on this earth because its digestive processes have been adapted to the natural seasonal changes in the plant life of the area where they lived. Some species of ruminants had to be adapted to cold climates and the type of vegetation that has been found there.

Many cases of disturbances of alimentary system and indigestion may be connected with rumen. Therefore rumenotomy should be used. Rumenotomy is the opening of the paunch, or rumen, and the removal of a part or the whole of the ingesta through the formed opening. . The operation should be performed in severe cases only. The animal has to be placed with its right side against a wall and firmly held in position by strong assistants. The incision must be made in the most distended portion of the left side of the animal. As the opening is increased in size the operator's hand can be inserted into the rumen. Before any of the contents are removed from that organ a linen cloth should be placed from the outer wound into the rumen, because no ingesta must get into the abdominal cavity. After removing contents of the rumen some medicine may be introduced in the wound. Then the opening in the rumen should be closed with uninterrupted carbonized catgut sutures. No food should be given for several hours after the operation.

Упражнение 20. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту В по-русски и по-английски:

1) What is termed rumenotomy?

2) When should rumenotomy be performed?

3) In what position must the animal be during the rumenotomy?

4) What is done after removing a portion of the contents of the rumen?

5) Is it allowed to give food to the animal after rumenotomy?'

Упражнение 21. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту В по-английски:

1) Should rumenotomy be performed in severe cases only?

2) Where must be made an incision?

3) Is it possible to give food to the animal just after the rumenotomy?

Упражнение 22. Переведите предложения:

1) Herbivorous mammals chew their food and then swallow it.

2) After the removal of the foreign body from the digestive tract the animal recovered soon.

3) The disorder of the digestion of this ruminant was caused by bad fodder.

4) This medicine is introduced into the body through the skin.

5) Some operations cannot be done by veterinarians without strong assistants.

6) The number of cases of pneumonia depends on environmental conditions.

7) Dairy cows on the farm have been vaccinated from an infectious disease this month.

8) Feeding with bad fodder can cause severe diseases.

Упражнение 23. Переведите на английский язык, используя заменители модальных глаголов (must — to have to, can — to be able to, may — to be allowed to):

1) Мы должны были прооперировать корову вчера.

2) Я смогу сообщить результаты эксперимента через неделю.

3) Кто должен выполнить операцию на желудке этого животного?

4) Мне пришлось отправить больное животное в клинику, так как случай был очень тяжелый.

5) Завтра этому студенту будет разрешено ассистировать хирургу.

6) Тебе придется завершить эксперимент к маю.

Lesson 13 FIXING THE LEG

Упражнение 1. Прочтите вслух следующие слова:blizzard, reality, usually, climb, receiver, try, reply, of course, convenient, wait, die, gasp, wrap, pupil, widely, dilate, gum, dry, break (broke, broken), alive

Упражнение 2. Запомните следующие наречия, переведите их:

slowly, commonly, promptly, highly, locally, environmentally

Упражнение 3. Повторите следующие глаголы и выучите их:

to fix - вправлять (кость)

to sleep (slept, slept) - спать

to reply - отвечать

to die - умирать

to break (broke, broken) - ломать

to save - спасать

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения:

1) To fix the bone means to put it into the proper position.

2) A pupil is a part of the eye. It is black. We can see it in the centre of the eye.

3) When the temperature is high the pupils usually become big. When pupils are big we say: "The pupils are dilated".

4) The English adverb "widely" means «широко» in Russian. For example: Vaccination of animals is widely used in our country.

5) Hау (сено) is a dry fodder.

Упражнение 5. Определите форму глагола-сказуемого:

1) is fixed; 2) was sleeping; 3) replied; 4) had died; 5) has been gasping; 6) was dilated; 7) will be examining; 8) breaks; 9) will save

Упражнение 6. Какую глагольную форму следует употребить в предло­жении:

1) Не ... the broken leg in some minutes,

a) will fix b) had fixed c) is fixing

2) The dog ... from the dangerous infectious disease yesterday.

a) has died b) died c) will die

3) He ... the bone fracture for 10 minutes.

a) has examined b) was examined c) was examining

4) The dog ... the leg today.

a) had broken b) has broken c) will be broken

5) The surgeon ... the fractured joint by an artificial onetwo days ago.

а)replace b) will replace c) has replaced

Упражнение 7. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их заменители:

1) You must apply new methods of treatment.

2) He ought to remove the foreign body from the respiratory tract of the bird immediately.

3) The pupils of the eyes must be dilated in this disease.

4) He can perform any operation.

5) Students should examine animals according to the instruc­tions of specialists.

6) The scientist had to accomplish the experiment with rep­tiles last month.

7) The student was allowed to examine the mouth of the horse.

8) The cow will be able to chew food when the foreign body is removed from her mouth.

9) He has to save this patient.

10) Preventive measures against infectious diseases should be widely used.