Напоминаем, что Present Perfect употребляется в предложениях, в которых время выражено наречиями неопределенного времени.

1) I havejust found the necessary book.

2) I have already begun my work.

3) I have notyet begun my work.

4) Have you ever been on the farm?

5) I have never been on that farm.

Упражнение 13. Назовите наречие, с которым следует употреблять форму Present Perfect.

Напоминаем, что употребление формы Present Perfect несовместимо с обстоятельствами прошедшего времени: yesterday, last yearи т.п.

С этими обстоятельствами времени употребляется Past Indefinite.

Ср. - I had been in Moscow last week

I. 1. last year II. 1. just III. 1. today

2. yesterday 2. yesterday 2. last week

3. already 3. last month

Упражнение 14. Назовите глагольную форму, которую следует употребить при переводе следующих предложений.

a) Past Indefinite

b) Present Perfect

1) Вчера закончилась серия опытов в экспериментальной лаборатории.

2) Сегодня на ферме была проведена вакцинация.

3) Вакцинация уже проведена.

Упражнение 15. Прослушайте предложения и повторите их. Используя слово-подсказку , составьте небольшую ситуацию, состоящую из

отрицательного и утвердительного предложения по модели.

Model: The professor has brought the book ( the notebook).

The professor has not brought the book.

He has brought the notebook.

1) The assistant has given hay to the animal, (water)

2) The student has come to the clinic, (to the Institute)

3) The student has taken the book from the shell, (from the table)

4) The veterinarian had come by 10 o'clock, (by 12 o'clock)

5) The professor has translated the article into English, (into Russian)

Упражнение 16. Используя слово-подсказку, составьте небольшую ситуацию, состоящую из отрицательного и утвердительного предложения по модели.

Model: The professor will have come by 2 o’clock

The professor will not have come by 2 o’clock

He will have come by 3 o’clock

1) The assistant will have given hay to the animal, (water)

2) The student will have come to the clinic, (to the Institute)

3) The student will have brought the book, (the notebook)

4) The veterinarian will have come by 10 o'clock, (by 11 o'clock)

5) The professor will have translated the article into English.

Упражнение 17. Повторите предложения упр.15. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную форму. Продолжите диалог, используя слово-подсказку по модели.

Model: The professor has brought the book.

Has the professor brought the book?

No, he has not. He has brought the notebook.

Упражнение 18. Прослушайте слова и повторите их за преподавателем. Объясните значение этих терминов:

multi-cellular, somatic cells, epithelial cells, connective cells, contractile cells, digestive, columnar, cubical, ciliated, corpuscles, leucocytes, vertebrates, erythrocytes, haemoglobin, oxygen

A. CLASSIFICATION OF TISSUES

The parts of any multi-cellular animals consist of different kinds of cells. Cells of similar structure and function are arranged in groups or layers which we have known as tissues. The scientists have divided the cells in a multi-cellular animal into: (1) somatic cells or body cells, which constitute the individual animal throughout its life; and (2) germ cells which are associated only with reproduction and continuance of the species. The science has recognized four groups of somatic tissues: epithelial (covering), connective (supporting), including fluid tissues – blood and lymph, contractile (muscular) and nervous. Epithelial tissues cover the body outside and inside, as the skin and the lining of the digestive tract. Scientists have found that structurally the cells in epithelial tissues are flat, cubical, columnar or ciliated. Supporting (connective) tissues bind the other tissues and organs together and support the body.

The blood and lymph serve as means for transport and distribution of materials within the animal body. They consist of fluid plasma containing free cells or corpuscles. Scientists have discovered colorless white blood cells, or leucocytes in all animals with body fluids. The blood of vertebrates also contains red blood cells or erythrocytes colored red by haemoglobin that serves for transport of oxygen.

Vocabulary List

to cover- покрывать cell- клетка numerous- многочисленный tissue - ткань species (sg. и pl.) – вид, виды inside- внутри

to discover- раскрывать fluid-жидкость recent- недавний

to divide - делить layer - слой similar- схожий

to find -находить lining- выстилка

to arrange - устраивать, организовывать reproduction - воспроизводство

Упражнение 1. Прочтите вслух и повторите за преподавателем следующие словоcочетания: different kinds, throughout the life, lining of the digestive tract, continuance of the species, to support the body, distribution of materials, within the body, a fluid plasma.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите еще раз и переведите эти словосочетания на русский язык.

Упражнение 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы сначала по-русски, а затем попробуйте перевести ваши ответы на английский:

1) Что представляют из себя ткани?

2) На какие основные группы делятся все клетки многоклеточных организмов?

3) Какова функция эпителия?

4) Какова функция соединительной ткани?

5) Какова функция крови и лимфы?

Упражнение 4. Ответьте на вопросы, используя предложения текста.

1) What do we call tissues?

2) What do the parts of any multi-cellular animals consist of?

3) What kinds of body cells do you know?

4) What do the cells of epithelial tissues look like?

5) What is the function of the connective tissues?

6) What is the function of the blood and lymph?

Упражнение 5. Прочтите и повторите текст A по предложениям. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте A предложения, сказуемое которых стоит в форме Present Perfect.

B. LEUKOCYTES

Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are not so numerous as erythrocytes. The researchers have not yet understoodtheir physiology completely. They have studiedwell the functions of leukocytes in disease, but not in health. The scientists have madenumerous studies of their cytology.

Biologists have dividedleukocytes into three main groups: lymphocytes , monocytes, and granulocytes. The granulocytes are characterized by specific granules in their cytoplasm, and the scientists have classedthem as neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils according to their staining reactions (staining reactions — особенности окрашивания). Recent opinion is that all leukocytes exert their main functions, not in the blood stream, but in the tissues. The blood is a means of transport of leukocytes.

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский следующие словосочетания:

1) recent opinion 2) staining reactions 3) classed according to staining reactions 4) blood stream

Упражнение 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Into how many groups have the biologists divided leukocytes?

2. What are granulocytes characterized by?

3. How have the scientists classed the granulocytes?

4. Where do the leukocytes exert their function?

Упражнение 3.Перескажите текст B. При пересказе употребите глаголы в форме Present Perfect.

Упражнение 4. Раскройте скобки. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в одно из времен группы Perfect. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) The assistant (to disinfect) the instruments before the operation began.

2) We (to make) numerous experiments before we published new data about main functions of leukocytes.

3) Scientists (to find) that structurally the cells of epithelial tissues are flat, cubical, columnar, or ciliated.

4) We (to publish) the article by May.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык. Употребите сказуемое в форме Present Perfect.

1) Ученые разделили лейкоциты на 3 группы: лимфоциты, моноциты и гранулоциты.

2) Ученые провели многочисленные исследования в области морфологии лейкоцитов.

3) В недавние годы ученые опубликовали новые сведения о функциях лейкоцитов.

Задание 56. Выучите лексику темы “ Classification of Tissues”.

Задание 57. Перескажите текст A.