VI. Single out the denotative and connotative components of meanings of the synonyms in the examples given below.

l. a) At the little lady's command they all three smiled, b) George, on hearing the story grinned. 2. a) Forsyte — the best palate in London. The palate that in a sense had made his fortune — the fortunes of the celebrated tea men, Forsyte and Treffry... b) June, of course, had not seen this, but, though not yet nineteen, she was notorious. 3. a) Noticing that they were no longer alone, he turned and again began examining the lustre, b) June had gone. James had said he would be lonely. 4. a) The child was shivering with cold. b) The man shuddered with disgust. 5. a) I am surprised at you. b) He was astonished at the woman's determination. 6. a) It's impolite to stare at people like that. b) The little boys stood glaring at each other ready to start a fight, c) The lovers stood gazing into each other's eyes. 7. a) They produce great amounts of wine but this is not all they produce in that part. b) The story was fabricated from beginning to end. 8. a) On hearing from Bosinney that his limit of twelve thousand pounds would be exceeded by something like four hundred, he had grown white with anger, b) "It's a damned shame," Andrew burst out, forgetting himself in a sudden rush of indignation. 9. a) He was an aged man, but not yet old. b) He was an elderly man at the time of his marriage. 10. The distance between the Earth and the Sun may be said to be immense; the distance between the poles is vast.

VII. Look through Ch. 10 and, if necessary, through synonymic dictionaries and prove that the rows of words given below are synonyms. Use the semantic criterion to justify your opinion.

1. To shout— to yell— to roar. 2. angry— furious — enraged. 3. alone — solitary — lonely. 4. to shudder — to shiver — to tremble. 5. fear—terror— horror. 6. to cry — to weep — to sob. 7. to walk — to trot — to stroll. 8. to stare — to gaze — to glare. 9. to desire — to wish — to want. 10. to like — to admire — to worship.

VIII. Say why the italicized synonyms in the examples given below are not interchangeable.

1. a) The little boys stood glaring at each other ready to start a fight, b) The Greek myth runs that Narcissus gazed at his own reflection in the water until he fell in love with it and died. 2. a) She is a very pretty American girl of twenty-two, with fair hair and blue eyes. b) She was a tall, blonde woman, slender, and stately and beautiful. 3. a) You don't know what a shock it was, Constance. I was knocked endways. I'd been brooding over it ever since till I was afraid I should go mad. b) She'd evidently had time to reflect because when I came again she asked me quite calmly what it was exactly that I proposed. 4. a) She began to sob hysterically. b) Mortimer looks from Marie Louise who is quietly weeping to Constance with the utmost bewilderment. 5. a) You only want a car so that you can be independent of me. b) She longed with all her heart for him to take her in his arms so that she could lay her head on his breast. 6. a) People turned in the street and stared at her with open mouths, b) R. got up and strolled slowly about the room and when he passed the windows as though in idle curiosity, peeped through the heavy crep curtains that covered them, and then returning to his chair once more comfortably put his feet up. 7. a) He was puzzled at the letter, b) I was astonished at seeing him so changed. 8. a) Many of them had their sleeves rolled up, revealing bare arms. b) He saw naked children playing on the heaps of rubbish. 9. a) There was a scent of honey from the lime-trees in flowers, b) The room was permeated with the familiar smells of dust and yesterday's cooking.10. a) Questions are never indiscreet. Answers sometimes are. b) He sought for a crushing phrase, some final and intimidating repartee.

IX. From the sentences given below write out the synonyms in groups and classify them into: A. synonyms differentiated by the connotation of duration; B. synonyms differentiated by the connotation of degree or intensity; C. synonyms differentiated by the causative connotation. Explain the reasons for your decisions.

1. He shuddered at the thought of a meeting that lay before him. 2. The whole situation, he tells me, was extraordinary, like that of an African explorer who, endeavouring to ignore one of the local serpents, finds himself exchanging glances with a man-eating tiger. 3. He merely blushed and said that he was jolly well going to go, because this girl was in Cannes. 4. Gosh, how I used to admire you at the dear old school. You were my hero. 5. What I really want is a meal. 6. That is the trouble about Cannes in August —- it becomes very mixed. You get there splendid chaps who were worshipped by their schoolmates — and you also get men like this bookie. 7. He resents their cold stare. 8. Her voice was trembling with excitement. 9. He made a short speech in French, and the mothers all applauded, and the babies all yelled. 10. The girl was shivering with cold. 11. I must confess I am a little surprised. 12. "A truck driver," shouted someone from the audience. 13. "You have settled it!" cried the astonished parent. 14. The audience roared with laughter. 15. He was speaking for half an hour or so. 16. His face reddened, he could hardly keep his temper. 17. "I adore you, Mary," he said. 18. His eyes glittered with malice. 19. She would have liked to go there herself but couldn't. 20. His eyes were blazing as he heard how cruelly the children had been treated. 21.1 was perfectly amazed that one man, all by himself, should have been able to beat down and capture such battalions of practiced fighters. 22. His eyes sparkled with happiness.

X. Classify the following synonyms in two columns according to: a) degree (intensity) of the referent; b) brief or lengthy duration of the referent.

1. Gratify, please, exalt, content, satisfy, delight. 2. Cry, weep, sob. 3. Glance, gaze, glare, stare. 4. Tremble, shiver, shudder, shake. 5. Worship, love, like, adore, admire. 6. Talk, say, tell, speak. 7. Roar, shout, cry, bellow, yell. 8. Astound, surprise, amaze, astonish. 9. Cold, cool, chilly. 10. Want, long, yearn, desire, wish. 11. Vast, immense, large.

XI. Write out synonymic groups and classify them into:

A. synonyms differentiated by evaluative connotations;