What's the difference between just feeling miserable and being depressed?

Everybody has times in their lives when they feel down or depressed. This is usually for a good reason and does not last for a long time or take over your life. However, if these feelings go on for a long time, or become very severe, you may find yourself stuck, utterly unable to get out of the depression. This is what doctors call a depressive illness. Some people suffer from manic depression (also called Bipolar Affective Disorder). They have periods of bad depression, but also times of great elation and overactivity. These can be just as harmful as the periods of depression.

What are the signs and symptoms?

If you are depressed, you will probably have several of these signs and symptoms:

Psychological Symptoms:

· Unhappy, miserable or depressed. These feelings just won't go away. These feelings will often be worse at a particular time of day, often first thing in the morning.

· Unable to enjoy anything

· Unable to concentrate properly

· Guilty about things that have nothing to do with you

Physical Symptoms:

· Unable to get to sleep, waking early and during the night

· Uninterested in sex

· Unable to eat

· Losing weight

Other people may notice that:

· You are performing less well at work

· You seem unusually quiet, unable to talk about things

· You're worrying about things more than usual

· You're more irritable than usual

· You're complaining more about vague physical problems

EXERCISES

I. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What is depression?

2. Who oftener suffers from depression men or women?

3. Why is it important to treat depression?

4. What are the symptoms of depression?

II. Answer the question expressing your own opinion. (no less that 10 sentences).

How can a person understand that he is depressed?

III. Give Russian equivalents of the following.

Depression;to worry about; to lose weight; to feel down; a depressive illness; to be easily treatable;to get effective help; to suffer from depression.

IV. Find English equivalents in the text

Поражать (о болезни); страдать от; быть причиной, поддающийся излечению; как можно раньше; просить о помощи; потенциально; приподнятое настроение; сверхактивность.

V. Give the summary of the text.

VI. Read the text and then translate it in writing.

Why is depression different for men?

The way that men think about themselves can be quite unhelpful. Compared with women, they tend to be far more concerned with being competitive, powerful and successful. Most men don't like to admit that they feel fragile or vulnerable, and so are less likely to talk about their feelings with their friends, loved ones or their doctors. This may be the reason that they often don't ask for help when they become depressed. Men tend to feel that they should rely only on themselves and that it is somehow weak to have to depend on someone else, even for a short time.

This traditional view of how men should be - always tough and self-reliant - is also held by some women. Some men find that owning up to their depression actually results in their partner rejecting them because of this. Even professionals sometimes share this view, and may not diagnose depression in men when they should.

How do men cope?

Instead of talking about how they feel, men may try to make themselves feel better by using alcohol or drugs. This will usually make things worse in the long run. Their work will suffer and alcohol often leads to irresponsible, unpleasant or dangerous behaviour. Men also tend to give their work a higher priority than their home life, which produces conflicts with their wives or partners. All of these things have been shown to make depression more likely.

Unit 21

What is a social phobia?

Цель – формирование представлений студентов о социальной фобии, использование знания иностранного языка в профессиональной деятельности и профессиональной коммуникации.

A phobia is basically a fear. We all have fears about things such as heights and spiders but, for most of us, they do not interfere with the way we lead our lives. These fears are only called phobias when they interfere with things we would otherwise enjoy or do easily.

Many of us get worried before meeting new people, but we find that once we are with them, we can cope and even enjoy the situation. However, some of us become very anxious about these situations. At best, we cannot enjoy them and, at worst, we may have to avoid them altogether. This is what doctors and psychologists call social phobia.

This leaflet describes what it feels like to have a social phobia, how you can help yourself, and what other kinds of help are available.

There are two main sorts of social phobia.

If you suffer with a general social phobia, you will tend to worry about becoming the centre of attention anywhere you find yourself with other people. You will find yourself worrying that everybody is looking at you and noticing what you are doing. You may fear being introduced to other people and may even worry about eating or drinking in public. It may be difficult for you to go into shops or restaurants. You may feel so embarrassed about undressing in public that you can't face going to the beach. It may also be difficult for you to confront your boss or colleagues, even when you really ought to.

Parties are likely to be particularly difficult. Many of us will hesitate slightly before going into a room full of people. If you have a social phobia, you may tend to hover around the entrance or outer rooms - some people believe they are claustrophobic because of these feelings. When you finally get into the room with other people, it may feel as though everybody is looking at you. It can be tempting to use alcohol to help yourself cope, starting to drink before going to a pub or party, so that you can loosen up and relax enough to actually enjoy it.

This is a particular phobia that affects people who have to be the centre of attention as part of their way of life. It may affect anybody who has to perform or speak in front of other people. Salesmen, actors, musicians, teachers, or union representatives may all suffer from it. In spite of this, it doesn't seem to cause problems for them in ordinary social situations. If you do suffer from social phobia, you may find that you can mix and socialize with other people without any problems. However, when you have to get up and talk or perform in front of others, you become very anxious, perhaps stammering or even 'drying up' completely. It can affect even people who are experienced at speaking in public and do it regularly. At its worst, it can make it impossible for the sufferer to speak in public at all, even to ask a question.

If you have a social phobia you will probably find yourself worrying a lot about making a fool of yourself in front of other people, and you will feel very anxious before going into any of the social situations that worry you. You may find yourself going through, in great detail, all the embarrassing things that could happen to you. When you are actually with people, you will feel even more anxious, and may be unable to say, or do, what you want. In a way, it is a self-fulfilling prophecy. You worry so much about looking worried that you actually do look worried. Your worry is your worst enemy.

Once it is all over, you find yourself worrying about how you handled the situation. You may go over, again and again, how you might have behaved or talked differently.

People experiencing both of these types of social phobia have many of the same physical symptoms. You may get a very dry mouth, sweat a lot, experience palpitations (the feeling that the heart is beating very fast and / or irregularly) and want to pass water or open your bowels. Other people may be able to see some of the signs of this anxiety, such as blushing, stammering, shaking and trembling. Sometimes, you may breathe too fast, which can give you feelings of numbness or pins and needles in the fingers and toes. This can, in itself, be quite alarming and can make the anxiety even worse.

EXERCISES

I. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What is a phobia?

2. What is a social phobia?

3. What are the main sorts of phobia?

4. What is a general social phobia? Give examples.

5. What is a particular phobia? Give examples.

6. What happens to a person who has a social phobia?