В. Distance and familiarity.

Distance between managers and the people who work under them varies in different cultures.

Look at these two companies:

	In Country A:	In Country B:
Managers are usually …	easy to talk to – accessible and approachable.	more distant and remote.
Employees may feel quite …	there is a tradition of employees being involved in decision-making as part of a team of equals.	distant from their managers and have a lot of deference for them: accepting decisions but not participating in them.
This company is not very hierarchical, with only three management layers.	Companies in Country B tend to be more hierarchical than those in Country A, with more management layers.

Defense and distance may be shown in language. Some languages have many forms of address that you use to indicate how familiar you are with someone. English only has one form, «you», but distance may be shown in other ways, for example, in whether first names or surnames are used.

C. Names.

In the English-speaking business world, people use first names, even with people you do not know very well. But if you aren’t sure, use Mr and the family name for men, and Mrs or Miss and the family name for women, depending on whether they are married or not. Ms often replaces Mrs or Miss. You don’t use Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms with only a first name or by itself.

Here are some examples:

a) Tom Brewster, Marketing Director

(«Tom» - first name, «Brewster» - family name or surname.

«My real name’s Thomas, but please call me Tom».)

b) J.G. Cutler, Tax Inspector

(J.G. – initials)

c) Gouglas R. Baxendale Jr, Chief Executive Officer

(R. – initial. I’m from the US. The «R» stands for Robert - that’s my middle name. My dad is also called Douglas R. Baxendale, so he puts «Sr» (senior) after his name, and I put Jr (junior). This is unusual in the UK.)

d) JAMES CASSIGY, Sales Director

(Sales Director - a job title)

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e) KAREN A. ESPOSITO, B.S., C.P.A.

(C.P.A. – qualifications – Certified Public Senior Partner Accountant)

D. Dress

In Alphaland businesspeople dress quite formally. The business suit is common, but for men, wearing non-matching jacket and trousers is also a possibility.

In Betatania, the dark business suit is obligatory for men. Some companies allow women to wear trouser suit.

In Gammaria, the business suit is also as necessary as in Betatania, but with more variation in colours. Some companies require employees to wear formal clothes from Monday to Thursday, and allow less formal ones on what they call casual Fridays or dress-down Fridays. In some places, many banks and shops require people dealing with customers to wear uniforms, so that they all dress the same.

In Deltatonia, people dress more casually at work than in the other countries. For men suits and ties are less common than elsewhere. This is smart casual.

Е. Entertainment and hospitality.

Entertaining and hospitality vary a lot in different cultures.

1. In Alphaland, entertaining is important. These are long business lunches in restaurants, where deals are discussed. Professional and private lives are separate, and clients are never invited home.

2. In Betatania, evenings are spent drinking and singing in bars with colleagues and clients.

3. In Gammaria, lunch can be important, but less so than in Alphaland. Important contacts may be invited to dinner at home. Corporate hospitality is a big industry, with clients invited to big sports event.

4. In Deltatonia, restaurants are rare outside the capital. Some entertainment takes place when important clients are invited to people’s houses for dinner, or go sailing or to the country houses for the weekend, etc.

F. Time.

Attitudes towards time can vary enormously.

In Busyville. People start work at eight. And officially finish at six, though many managers stay much longer. There is a culture of presenteeism: being at work when you don’t need to be.

There is a two-hour lunch break, and a lot of business is done over restaurant lunches. (Lunch is the main meal. The working breakfast is rare.) There are no snacks between meals, just coffee, so eat properly at meal times.

As for punctuality, you can arrive up to 15 minutes «late» for meetings. If invited to someone’s house (unusual in business), arrive 15-30 minutes after the time given.

Don’t phone people at home about work, and don’t phone them at all after 9pm.

There are a lot of public holidays (about 15) during the year. Busyville is empty in August, as many companies close completely for four weeks. Employees have five weeks’ holiday a year and they usually take four of them in August.

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