Ex. 1.Translate the sentences below into your mother tongue, paying special attention to participial constructions.

1. The work being finished, the two girls brushed their dresses and went out of the shop.

2. Ice having thus been broken, the two former rivals grew still more affectionate.

3. The preparations completed, we started off.

4. Jim was sitting on the sofa, his legs crossed.

5. She was smoking now, her eyes narrowed thoughtfully.

6. The officer sat with his long fine hands lying on the table perfectly still.

7. Sheila went on reading, with her eyes fixed on the pages of the book.

8. It being pretty late we took the candles and went upstairs.

9. Weather permitting we shall start tomorrow.

10. Breakfast finished, Hugh went back to his butterflies and bugs.

11. Mathew went home alone, his heart full of strange emotions.

12. The hunter stood up and went towards the forest, all his dogs following him.

13. He was a gentleman, but he was passionate, the cup once sipped, would he be consent to put it down?

14. The next day I observed you – myself unseen – for half an hour.

15. The kitchen being clean and tidy, Mrs. Fowls heavily sat on the chair and wiped her swollen hands.

Ex.2.Paraphrase the sentences given below so that to use either of the participial structures. Follow the example.

Examples:

a) The necessary sum of money was saved up; now they could buy the cottage they wanted. = The necessary sum of money having been saved up, they could buy the cottage they wanted.

b) The girl sat still; her eyes were fixed on the fire. = The girl sat still with her eyes fixed on the fire.

1. The sun had set; we could not continue our way.

2. The room was dark, we couldn’t see anything.

3. There was nobody at home; I had dinner alone.

4. The room at the hotel had been booked beforehand; we had no reason to worry.

5. The secretary had fallen ill; I couldn’t get my paper typed in time.

6. It was late and the children were sent to bed.

7. The telephone was out of order, I had to go out.

8. The TV set was repaired; the old man could watch TV programmes all day long.

9. Her daughter sat motionless by the fire; her hands were crossed on her knees.

10. He could sit so for hours; his book was closed and lying beside him.

11. They went down the stairs; Alice was lingering behind a little.

12. The boy stood silent; his head was bent.

13. He was running along the street; his raincoat was thrown over his left arm.

14. David began to answer his lesson; Miss Murdstone was watching him closely.

15. The child lay on the bed; his eyes were shut and his face was flushed and sweating.

GERUND

Герундий — это неличная глагольная форма, обладающая как свойствами существительного, так и свойствами глагола. В русском языке соответствующая форма отсутствует. Герундий обозначает действия, процессы, состояния и образуется прибавлением суффикса -ing к основе глагола: to read читать — reading чтение. Его функции во многом сходны с функциями инфинитива, также сочетающего свойства существительного со свойствами глагола. Герундий, однако, имеет больше свойств существительного, чем инфинитив.

ФОРМЫ ГЕРУНДИЯ

	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
INDEFINITE	asking	being asked
PERFECT	having asked	having been asked

СХОДСТВО ГЕРУНДИЯ С СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫМ

Герундий может иметь определение, выраженное притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном или общем падеже: I know of your reading. Я знаю, что вы много читаете. Герундий может сочетаться с предлогом: I insist on your going there now. Я настаиваю на том, чтобы вы пошли туда сейчас. В предложении герундий выполняет те же функции.

ФУНКЦИИ ГЕРУНДИЯ В ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ

№ п/п	ФУНКЦИЯ	ПРИМЕР
	Подлежащее	Running long distances requires much training. Бег на длинные дистанции требует хорошей тренировки.
	Именная часть составного сказуемого	My favourite form of rest is reading. Мой любимый вид отдыха — чтение.
	Прямое дополнение	I like reading books. Я люблю читать книги.
	Предложное дополнение	I heard of his being sent to the South. Я слышал о том, что его посылают на юг.
	Определение (обычно с предлогами of и for)	I like his method of teaching. Мне нравится его метод преподавания.
	Обстоятельство	After working at some plant you will know your speciality better. После того как вы поработаете на заводе, вы лучше овладеете своей специальностью.

Кроме того, герундий может входить в состав сложных существительных: reading-room читальный зал, writing-table письменный стол.