Упражнение 8. Переведите текст, выделите сказуемое в предложениях и определите временную форму, залог и вид сказуемого.

In the United States, registration or licensure of Professional Engineers is performed by the individual states. The procedure was developed many years ago. Each registration or license is valid only in the state where it is granted. Many Professional Engineers maintain licenses in several states for this reason. The licensing procedure varies but the general process is similar:

1. Graduate with a degree from accredited four-year university program in engineering.

2. Complete a standard Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) written examination, which tests applicants’ understanding of basic engineering principles. Completion of the first two steps typically qualifies for certification in the U.S. as an Engineer-In-Training (EIT), sometimes also called an Engineer Intern (EI).

3. Get a four year engineering experience (in some states the requirement is lower).

4. Complete a written Principles and Practice in Engineering ('PE') examination, testing the applicant's knowledge and skills in a chosen engineering discipline, as well as engineering ethics (Texas only).

All 50 states and the District of Columbia have engineering boards that are represented by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES), which administers and grades both the FE and PE examinations. However, each state's Board of Professional Engineers individually sets the requirements to take the tests.

Degree requirements in the United States are different. The accreditation model requires additional credits beyond a bachelor of science in engineering.

Since 2009, it is possible for an individual to bypass Steps 2 and 4. In a few states it is still possible for an individual to bypass Step 1, and apply to take the registration examinations, as long as a P.E. sponsors the applicant, and work experience can be substituted for academic experience.

Some states issue generic Professional Engineering licenses. Others, known as "discipline states", issue licenses for specific disciplines of engineering, such as Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering. In all cases, however, engineers are ethically required to limit their practice to their area of competency, which is usually a small portion of a discipline.

In addition to the person's licensure, most states require that companies providing engineering services are authorized to do so. For instance, the State of Florida issues a Certificate of Authorization to companies owned by a Professional Engineer.

It is important to make a distinction between a "graduate engineer" and a "professional (or licensed) engineer". A "graduate engineer" is anyone holding a degree in engineering from an accredited four-year university but is not licensed to practice or offer services to the public. Unlicensed engineers usually work as employees for a company and are governed under the industrial exemption clause. Many private companies employ non-degreed workers in technical positions with engineering titles such as "test engineer" or "field engineer". Such position may not require an engineering degree.

Тема II

Форма Indefinite

Образование и перевод глаголов в форме Indefinite Active

Слово Indefiniteозначает «неопределенный» поэтому сказуемое в форме Indefinite можно переводить как совершенным, так и несовершенным видом в зависимости от контекста. Форма Indefiniteне имеет специфических формальных показателей, поэтому смысловые глаголы, стоящие в форме Indefinite Active,принимают на себя грамматическую нагрузку.

Present(настоящее) имеет форму инфинитива смыслового глагола без частицы to. В 3 лице единственного числа глагол приобретает окончание –sили -es (если он оканчивается на –s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x или гласную.), например:

In power system, all the parallelly operating plants carry the total area of all the consumers supplied by the given system.

Any conductor has some definite value of inductance.

The inductance of a coil depends upon its size and material.

Past(прошедшее) – признаком прошедшего времени у правильных глаголов является окончание –ed, которое прибавляется к инфинитиву без частицы –to.

Неправильные глаголы в форме прошедшего времени (вторая форма) образуется нестандартно, ее можно найти в таблицах нестандартных глаголов.

Например:

This operating nuclear power plant released fission products into the environment.

This power station was built in 1954.

Future(будущее) – показателями будущего времени являются вспомогательные глаголы shall, will, (тенденция последних лет употреблять will) которые ставятся перед смысловым глаголом в форме инфинитива без частицы to. Глаголы в форме Future Indefiniteмогут переводиться глаголами совершенного и несовершенного вида, в зависимости от контекста.

Например:

The generated power will be transmitted over long distances.