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Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
note	note	notable	notably
form
	spread
		diverse
craft

PART II
GRAMMAR REFERENCE

Вспомогательные глаголы Смысловые (основные) глаголы

to be	to do	to have		Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Participle 2	Participle 1
am is are	was were	do does	did	had		I	II	III	IY
	shall/ will	to ask спросить	I + e(d) asked спросил (а, и)	I+e(d) asked спрошен (а, ы), спрошенн/ый (ая, ые)	I + ing asking спрашивающ/ий (ая, ие)
	to write to begin to buy to sell to do to be	wrote began bought sold did was/were	written begun bought sold done been	writing beginning buying selling doing being

Модальные глаголы

can	may	must	should	ought to
could	might	-

Структура английского предложения

Суть вопроса	Вспомогательный глагол	Подлежащее	Сказуемое	Дополнение	Обстоятельство	Ответы на общие вопросы
		I	wrote	2 letters	at home	yesterday.	+
	Did	you	write	2 letters	at home	yesterday ?	Yes, I did. No, I didn`t.
When	did	you	write	2 letters	-	-
Where	did	you	write	2 letters	-	yesterday ?
What	did	you	write	-	at home	yesterday ?
What	did	you	do	-	at home	yesterday ?
		I	wrote	2 letters	at home	yesterday .
		Who	wrote	2 letters	at home	yesterday ?	I did.
		Who	writes	2 letters	at home	every day ?	I do. He does.

Tense Forms (Active)

	Simple (Indefinite)	Perfect	Continuous(Progressive)	Perfect Continuous
Future	I shall write... Will you write..? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t).	tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in two weeks (months, yeas), in 2035	I shall have written… Will you have written…? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t).	by 5 tomorrow, before you come	I shall be writing… Will you be writing…? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t).	at 5 tomorrow, from 5 till 7 tomorrow, when you come	I shall have been writing… Will you have been writing…? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t).	for
	I, II; shall/will+I	to have + III	to be+ IV	to have been+ IV
Present	I write… Do you write…? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. He writes… Does he write…? Yes, he does. No, he does not (doesn’t).	usually, often, always, sometimes, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year)	I have written… Have you written…? Yes, I have. No, I have not (haven’t).	-[result]; already, just, yet, never, ever, not yet, today, this week (month, year); lately, before, since, for	I am writing… Are you writing...? Yes, I am. No, I am not.	now	I have been writing… Have you been writing…? Yes, I have. No I have not (haven’t).	Since, for; these two days
Past	I wrote… Did you write…? Yes, I did. No, I did not (didn’t).	yesterday, the other day, the day before yesterday, last week (month, year), 2 days (weeks, years) ago, in 1917	I had written… Had you written…? Yes, I had. No, I had not (hadn’t).	by 5 yesterday, before you came	I was writing… Were you writing..? Yes, I was. No, I was not (wasn’t).	at 5 yesterday, from 5 till 7 yesterday, when you came	I had been writing… Had you been writing…? Yes, I had. No, I had hot (hadn’t).	Since, for

Tense Forms (The Passive Voice)

	Simple(Indefinite)	Perfect	Continuous(Progressive)	Perfect Continuous
Future	This letter will be written... Will thi letter be written..? Yes, it will. No, it will not. (won’t).	tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in two weeks (months, yeas), in 2025	This letter will have been written… Will this letter have been written…? Yes, it will. No, it will not (won’t).	by 5 tomorrow, before you come	-		-
	to be + III	to be + III	to be+ III
Present	Such a letter is written… Is such a letter written…? Yes, it is. No, it is not (isn’t).	usually, often, always, sometimes, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year)	This letter has been written… Has this letter been written…? Yes, it has. No, it has not (hasn’t).	[result]; already, just, yet, never, ever, not yet, today, this week (month, year), lately, before, since, for	Such a letter is being written… Is such a letter being written? Yes, it is. No, it is not (isn’t).	now	-
Past	This letter was written Was this letter written…? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t	Yesterday, the day before yesterday; last week(month,year) two days (weeks, months, years) ago, in 1985	This letter had been written Had this letter been written…? Yes, it had. No, it hadn’t.	by 5yesterday; beforeyou came	This letter was being written Was this letter being written…? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.	at 5 yesterday; when you came	-

The Modal Verbs.

MODALS	USAGE	Examples
can/could	to describe ability	My friend can dance well. I can explain this rule to you.
may/might	to describe permission	You may take my book.
must	to describe a necessary action	You mustkeep this door locked.
to give someone an order	You must be careful when you drive.
to describe a duty	Everyone must recycle as much as possible.
to make a strong recommendation	You really must go and see that.
to emphasize an intention	I must lend you this book.
for formal questions	Must you go?
should	to make a recommendation when we say what we think is a good idea	You should come to work by metro. It would be much quicker.
ought to	to say what we think is correct thing to do	I think you ought to go to the doctor. You look not so good.
need	to describe a necessary action	You need to be more attentive.
can’t have +III couldn’t have + III	when we are certain that sth in the past was possible; when we are sure sth wasn’t true	She can’t / couldn’t have taken the car. She didn’t have the keys. That can’t have been successful (I’m sure it wasn’t).
may have + III	for possible events in the past	He isn’t here. He may/might have been late.
must have + III	when we are certain sth in the past was true	I cannot find my purse. I must have left it at home.

MODALS	USAGE	Examples
should have + III	when we describe what we expect has probably happened, or believe has failed to happen	They should have arrived in Moscow by now.
ought to have + III	The train ought to have arrived. Where is it? (It hasn’t arrived.)
needn’t have + III	to describe a past situation where sth happened or was done, but wasn’t necessary	I needn’t have gone to the office. The meeting was postponed.