Список глаголов, не употребляющихся в длительных временах
(Nonprogressive Verbs)
1. Глаголы умственной деятельности: know, believe, guess, imagine, realize, suppose, remember, recognize, understand.
2. Глаголы чувств: love, like, dislike, hate, prefer.
3. Глаголы восприятия: hear, see, smell, taste, touch.
4. Глаголы, выражающие абстрактные отношения: be, belong, depend, concern, consist of, fit, include, cost, involve, deserve.
5. Глаголы впечатления: astonish, impress, please, satisfy, surprise.
6. Глаголы обладания и желания: own, possess, need, want, wish, object, agree, refuse.
Выполните задания на времена глаголов группы Progressive, обращая внимание на сигнальные слова:
| Present Progressive | Past Progressive | Future Progressive |
| now at the moment at present still | at five o’clock yesterday, from four to/till six yesterday, all morning yesterday the whole summer last year, when he came … | at five o’clock tomorrow, from four to/till six tomorrow, all day long tomorrow the whole summer next year, when he comes … |
Проверочные задания на тему «Группа продолженных времен»
Задание 58.Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму Present Progressive:
1. Let’s have a break and go out to lunch together. – I’m sorry, I can’t. I … (to prepare) a very important project.
2. Nick is a student. He has to study a lot. But at the moment he … (to study). He … (to listen) to music.
3. Irene is a teacher. She gives lessons at London University. But it’s 7 o’clock in the evening and she is at home. She … (to give) any lessons. She … (to watch) TV.
4. My name is Bryan. I’m a taxi driver. I take people to various places in my taxi. But I’m on holiday now. I … (to drive). I … (to lie) on a beach.
5. Robert is a writer. He writes novels. But right now he … (to write) anything. He and his wife … (to have) dinner.
6. What … they (to work at) at the moment? I have no idea, but it seems to be something special.
7. As far as I know, he … (to look for) a new job. His job satisfies him.
8. He … (to spend) just a few days in Paris. – And where … he (to stay)?
9. Jane … (to return) from her holiday tomorrow, … she? – Oh, yes, we are going to meet her at the station.
10. You … always (to come) late. Don’t you realize it’s not polite to keep people waiting?
Задание 59.Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму Present Simple или Present Progressive:
1. Who … you (to wait for)? – A friend of mine. We … (to go) to the cinema.
2. I … (to understand) the rule. – No wonder. You never … (to listen) to me and you … (to listen) to me now.
3. What … you (to do) here? – Actually, I … (to wait) for the museum to open. – But why? It … (to work) on Mondays! It is a day off.
4. The picture you … (to look at) … (to belong) to the Tretyakov Gallery.
5. … you (to see) the notice? – Yes, but it’s too high for me to read.
6. Has he agreed to your offer? – No, he still … (to think) it over.
7. Where is Mr. Brown? – He … (to have) lunch at the canteen. He usually … (to return) to his office at half past one.
8. He … (to come) back from his business trip in a few days. … you (to know) it for sure?
9. You … (to read) in the dark again! – But I … (to think) it’s dark. I … (to see) everything well enough.
10. Jack and Pam … (to have) a long conversation. I wonder what they … (to talk) about.
Задание 60.Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму Present Progressive, Past Progressive или Future Progressive:
1. I … (to leave) now. I have a lot of things to do.
2. I … (to make) the report the whole day tomorrow.
3. My Dad … (to watch) the news program on TV at 9 o’clock last night.
4. My friend and I …. (to play) chess when the telephone rang.
5. Why … you (to wear) such a funny suit? – I … (to go) to a fancy party.
6. … you (to wait) for me at 5 yesterday? – Yes, why didn’t you come?
7. I … (to prepare) homework from 3 till 5 last Sunday.
8. What … he (to do) at this time tomorrow?
9. The students … (to attach) the wires to the instrument when I came.
10. What … you (to do) at six o’clock yesterday?
Времена группы совершенных времен
(Perfect Tenses)
Все три времени данной группы времен (настоящее, прошедшее и будущее) объединяет единая формула образования to have + причастие 2смыслового глагола (образующееся путем прибавления окончания -ed к инфинитиву у правильных глаголов или третья форма глагола по таблице неправильных глаголов), в которой изменяющейся частью является вспомогательный глагол to have.
Настоящее совершенное время
(The Present Perfect Tense)
Настоящее совершенное время образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to have(has) ипричастия 2 смыслового глагола. Например:
He has already translated the article.
They have just arrived from Moscow.
Данная видовременная форма употребляется для выражения действия:
A. произошедшего в прошлом, когда нам не важно время его выполнения. Например:
1. – Have you ever been to London?
– No, I haven't. I have never been there.
2. He has already had dinner.
B. произошедшего в прошлом, но имеющего связь с настоящим:
– Where is your text-book?
– I have left it at home.
C. происходившего в прошлом вплоть до настоящего момента:
He has lived here since 1990.
I have read one story so far.
There have been some changes lately (of late, recently).
D. только что закончившегося к моменту речи:
He has just told me about it.
Обратите внимание на выделенные слова, которые являются сигнальными для употребления этого времени.
Прошедшее совершенное время
(The Past Perfect Tense)
Все лица и числа прошедшего совершенного времени образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола hadи причастия 2 смыслового глагола.
В случаях употребления данного времени, которое некоторые ученые небезосновательно называют предпрошедшим, можно выделить два основных:
1. В простых предложениях, когда действие выполнено до какого-то момента в прошлом. Этот момент в прошлом вводится в предложение с помощью временного предлога by к какому-то моменту времени:
We translated the text by last Monday.
2. В сложноподчиненных предложениях, в которых действие в придаточном предложении произошло раньше, чем в главном (таковыми являются и предложения, переводящие прямую речь в косвенную):
He thought that he had seen that man somewhere before.
He said that he had already seen that man.
Had they discussed the events by the time you arrived?
She hadn't returned yet when I called.
Будущее совершенное время
(The Future Perfect Tense)
Все видовременные формы будущего совершенного времени образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола will have и причастия 2смыслового глагола.
Будущее совершенное время употребляется для выражения действия, которое завершится к определенному моменту в будущем:
By the end of the year he will have saved 10.000 dollars.
Will he have finished the work by 5 o'clock tomorrow?
They won't have completed the game by the time you arrive. It lasts too long.
Выполните задания на времена глаголов группы Perfect, обращая внимание на сигнальные слова:
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | Future Perfect |
| «отсутствие временного указателя» already just ever never yet recently lately/of late so far today this morning/week/month/year for since | «контекст: одно действие раньше, чем другое действие в прошлом» by 5 o’clock yesterday | «контекст: действие свершится раньше, чем другое действие в будущем» by 5 o’clock tomorrow |
Проверочные задания на тему «Группа завершенных времен»
Задание 61.Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму Present Perfect:
1. I’m afraid he can’t help you. He … (to leave) for Vienna.
2. They … (to sell) their car, … they?
3. This is the most hard-working person I … ever (to meet).
4. It’s the first time I … (to hear) this song.
5. Where … you (to be)? – I … (to be) to the bank.
6. I … already (to finish) the picture. You may look at it.
7. … you ever (to be) to France? – No, I … .
8. … you ever (to be) to the Bolshoy Theatre? – Yes, I … there twice.
9. … you ever (to see) this film? – No, I … never (to see) it.
10. It’s too early to call him. He … (to wake up) yet.
11. … you (to do) exercise one yet? – Yes, I … just (to do) it.
12. I … (to hear) a lot about this book but I … (to read) it so far.
13. I don’t know where Mary is. I … (to see) her today.
14. She … (to be) so busy this week that she … even (to watch) TV.
15. I … (to read) an exciting book this month.
16. I … (to spend) a lot of money lately.
17. We … (to make) great progress recently.
18. I don’t know anything about Victor. I … (to speak) to him for the last two days.
19. I … (to know) Kate since my childhood. She is my neighbor.
20. How long … she (to be) ill?
При образовании времени Present Perfect выражения с глаголом have вызывают некоторые трудности.
| Have had lunch Has had lunch |
Задание 62.Употребите выражения с глаголом to have в Present Perfect:
1. I … just (to have) a shower.
2. He … already (to have) breakfast.
3. They … (to have) a good time together.
4. … you (to have) a holiday this summer? – No, not yet. But I’m going on holiday in August.
5. They … (to have) a break. There is much work to do.
Задание 63.Употребите for или since:
1. He has phoned me once … my birthday.
2. Sue has been my best friend … a long time.
3. Helen has changed a lot … that time.
4. They have lived here … their marriage.
5. He’s been on a business trip … a month.
6. It’s been sunny … early morning.
7. This problem has existed … the beginning of the century.
8. She hasn’t had a proper rest … a long time.
9. They have been in Paris … Monday.
10. I’ve known the news … he returned.
Задание 64.Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму Past Simple или Present Perfect:
1. … you ever (to be) to St. Petersburg? – Yes. I … . I … (to be) there twice. - When … you (to be) there last time? – I … (to be) there on the first of May.
2. … you ever (to travel) by air? When … you (to fly) for the first time?
3. Ms. Simpson … (to work) at university for many years. She … (to work) at school for some years and then quit.
4. They … (to be) married for a long time. They … (to get) married long ago.
5. I … (to know) this poem long ago. But I can’t remember it now.
6. I … (to know) this poem for a long time.
7. I … (to read) this book three or four times. I like it very much.
8. I … (to read) this book three or even four times in my childhood.
9. We … (to buy) everything for the party on the way home.
10. We … already (to buy) everything for the party.
Задание 65.Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму Present Perfect, Past Perfect или Future Perfect:
1. These scientists … (to make) a great contribution to world scientific progress.
2. I … never (to do) such a difficult job.
3. … you (to make) any plans for your future work?
4. I … (to discuss) the project with my boss. – What did he say?
5. He … (to call) me since he moved to a new flat. It’s strange!
6. The research institute … (to complete) the design of the machine this month.
7. … you (to get) the new textbook? – No, I … (to buy) it yet.
8. What places of interest … you (to visit) in Prague?
9. I … (to finish) working by 4 o’clock yesterday.
10. The students … (to bring) dictionaries before they began to translate the article.
11. Last night they finished the experiment which they … (to begin) some months before.
12. She … (to return) home yet when I called. She was at work.
13. … they (to discuss) the events by the time you arrived?
14. When I arrived Nick … (to be) there for about an hour.
15. She looked pale. She … (to have) a headache since morning.
16. He … (to finish) his work by 5 o’clock tomorrow.
17. The librarian … (to register) all the books by the end of the next week.
18. We are having a good time! By the end of the tour we … (to visit) five cities.
19. I … (to finish) my studies by the end of the next year.
20. My friends … (to return) from South Africa when I come there in summer.
Задание 66.Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму времён Simple, Progressive или Perfect:
1. Barbara and Mary are shop assistants. They work at a supermarket. But today is Sunday, so they … (to work). They … (to walk) in the park.
2. Three times six … (to be) eighteen.
3. Yesterday he … (to arrive) at the office, … (to prepare) some papers and … (to go) to the meeting.
4. I … (to work) in the lab from 10 till 5 o'clock tomorrow.
5. … the chief engineer (to publish) his report? … he (to publish) it last month?
6. The output of this plant … continuously (to grow).
7. The chief engineer came after the specialists … (to put) the machine into operation.
8. Their laboratory … (to have) a number of new electronic devices at its disposal.
9. My sister will call you up after she … (to come) home.
10. Our expert … (to work) full time, he … (to work) only part time.
11. How long … you (to be) married? – Oh, for five years already.
12. They were very close friends. They … (to know) each other for ages.
13. At seven o’clock yesterday I … (to watch) TV.
14. By next Tuesday I … (to finish) painting my bedroom.
15. He … just (to buy) a new car.
16. There … (to be) many forms of energy, namely, heat energy, mechanical energy, chemical energy and others.
17. The specialists … (to test) this machine in two days. That will be on Monday.
18. Jack … (to walk) down the street when he saw Joan.
19. He couldn’t get into the house because he … (to lose) the key.
20. This afternoon at three the Wimbledon final … already (to start).
СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
(PASSIVE VOICE)
Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, совершающее действие, то глагол употребляется в форме действительного залога:
The sun attracts the planets.
Если же подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, подвергающийся действию со стороны другого лица или предмета, то глагол употребляется в форме страдательного залога:
The planets are attracted by the sun.
Времена страдательного залога образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и формы причастия 2смыслового глагола(причастия прошедшего времени). Таким образом, при спряжении глагола в страдательном залоге изменяется только глагол to be, смысловой же глагол имеет во всех временах одну и ту же форму – причастия прошедшего времени. Следовательно, время, в котором стоит глагол в страдательном залоге, определяется формой, в которой стоит вспомогательный глагол to be.