Ballot filed foisted influential
Nominated primaries voted
1. Since then, presidential … have been transformed into decisive battlegrounds.
2. I keep getting extra work … on me.
3. Ferrarro was the first woman to be … for the job of vice president.
4. Parliament has … $ 20 million extra finding for road improvements.
5. The party leader is elected by secret … .
6. Opponents … a petition to prevent the plan from taking effect.
7. Dewey was … in shaping economic police.
Text 10
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Suffrage
The right to vote is called suffrage. It is from the Latin word suffragium, which has several meanings, including “vote,” “ballot,” and “voting rights.” Suffrage—also called the franchise—is a civil right enjoyed by citizens of a democratic state.
The history of suffrage is a progression from the control of society by small and privileged groups to an ever-increasing role by more and more people. Those who held power were usually determined to keep it and were unwilling to allow many people a say in the matter. The theory was that those who have the most at stake in society by virtue of their wealth should control policy.
The right to vote for public officials was comparatively rare until the 19th century. In ancient Athens all citizens were required to take part in public life. This included holding office as well as voting. But many residents of the city-state were not considered citizens. In Sparta the rights of citizens were strictly limited, and those who were not citizens—the majority who did the actual productive work— had few, if any, rights.
In monarchical governments the people were subjects, not citizens. But in some monarchies local officials were elected. The pope of the Roman Catholic church was often elected by acclamation of the people of Rome, but other church members throughout Europe had no voice in the pope's election. Since the 13th century he has been elected by the College of Cardinals.
The democratization of politics was given great impetus by the American and French revolutions, and it was given a theoretical foundation by the political
writers of the Enlightenment. In the United States of 1776 only some property owners could vote, but the ideals enumerated in the Declaration of Independence pointed the way for a gradual widening of suffrage. The ferocity of the French Revolution gave virtually the whole population of France the status of citizens immediately, and the traditional barriers to participation in government were quickly overthrown—but France later reverted to monarchy until 1870. The ideals promoted by the two revolutions and their aftermaths led to a broadening of suffrage in the next few decades.
Progress toward universal suffrage in the United States moved in several steps. During the decades after the ratification of the Constitution, white male citizens were given the vote in state after state. Kentucky and Tennessee granted white males the franchise in 1792 and 1796, respectively. In 1826 New York became the last state to abolish property qualifications for voting by white males.
Before the Civil War blacks were allowed to vote in only four states: Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts. The 15th Amendment, ratified in 1870, gave all adult black males the franchise, but many states found ways to get around the amendment through devices such as the poll tax and literacy requirements. Poll taxes in federal elections were barred by the 24th Amendment (1964) and in state elections by a ruling of the Supreme Court in 1966. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 suspended state literacy tests and other voter-qualification tests that had been used to keep blacks from voting, mostly throughout the South.
During the post–Civil War years a number of states passed female suffrage acts. Some states had allowed women to vote in local elections, but Wyoming Territory was the first, in 1869, to give them the right to vote in statewide contests.
This provision was written into the Wyoming constitution 20 years later, and for the first time women could vote in national elections as well as state and local ones. Other states, mostly in the West, followed suit. The right to vote in federal elections was not granted in all the states until the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920.
When the 26th Amendment was ratified in 1971, it set the voting age for all federal, state, and local elections at 18. Thus all citizens of the United States, except those specifically barred by law, are allowed to vote. The exclusions are citizens under 18, the mentally incompetent, and convicted felons.
By the late 20th century universal suffrage had become generally accepted around the world. Some newly independent nations require literacy tests before allowing citizens to vote. In South Africa the black majority was not allowed to vote until 1994, when that country's first one-person, one-vote election took place.
2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. What is suffrage?
2. When was the right to vote rare?
3. How was the pope of the Roman Catholic church elected?
4. What led to a broadening of suffrage in 19th century?
5. How did suffrage progress in the USA?
6. When were women first allowed to vote?
7. What is the voting age?
8. Who are not allowed to vote?
9. When did the universal suffrage become generally accepted around the
world?
10. What do newly independent nations require before allowing citizens to
vote?
3. Найдите синонимы:
| 1. | citizen | A. suffrage |
| 2. | franchise | B. resident |
| 3. | national | C. to grant |
| 4. | right to vote | D. suffrage |
| 5. | to give | E. statewide |
4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты:
1. Slavery was отменено от the US in the 19th century.
2. We need our schools to teach students to be good гражданами.
3. Only the немногие привилегированные can afford private education.
4. Not all the citizens принимают участие in public life.
5. There are only a ограниченное number of tickets available.
6. Children до 18 лет are not allowed to get driving licence.
7. She was обвинена of shoplifting.
Список рекомендуемой литературы и материалов
1. Britannica Student Library. Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago:
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007.
2. Britannica Student Library. Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago:
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
3. Longman Exams Dictionary. Pearson Education Limited, 2006.
4. Oxford Collocations dictionary for students. Oxford University Press, 2006.
PART 3
TESTS
Контрольная работа 1
Часть 1.
III. Прочитайте текст и переведите письменно:
UK Political System
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy. This means that Great Britain is governed byParliament and the Queen is Head of State.
The legislative powerin the countryis exercised by the Houses of Parliament. The British Parliament consists of two chambers:the House of Lordsand the House of Commons. The House of Lords is composed of hereditary and life peersandpeeresses.The membersof the House of Commonsare elected by the people. Theyare elected from the constituenciesin England, Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland. The House of Commons is the real governing body of the United Kingdom. The executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and his Cabinet. The government is usually formed by the political party which is supported by the majorityin the House of Commons. The Prime Minister is themajority party leader and is appointed by the Queen. The Prime Minister chooses a team of ministers:twenty of the ministers are in the Cabinet.
The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and the Shadow Cabinet. The two leading parties in Great Britain are the Conservative Party (the Tories) and the Labour Party.
The judiciary branch of the government determines common law and is independentboth of the legislative and the executive branches.
There is no written constitution in Great Britain, only precedents and traditions.1
Vocabulary
constitutional monarchy–конституционная монархияthe Queen–королева
Head of State–глава государства
the legislative power–законодательная властьto be exercised by–осуществляться(чем-л.)the Houses of Parliament–парламент
1 Английский язык для юристов: учеб. пособие для студентов вузов, обучающихся по специальности «Юриспруденция». – М.: ИД «Камерон»; Омега-Л, 2008. – С. 8-9.
the House of Lords–палата лордов
the House of Commons–палата общин
to be composed of smth–состоять из чего-л.
hereditary and life peers–наследственные и пожизненные лорды и
пэры
а peeresses-пэресса
a member of–член(чего-л.)
to be elected by the people–избираться народом
to be elected from the constituencies–избираться от избирательногоокруга
the real governing body–реальный правящий органthe executive power–исполнительная властьPrime Minister–премьер-министр
The Cabinet–кабинет
to be supported by the majority–поддерживаться большинствомto be appointed by–назначаться(кем-л.)
to choose a team of ministers–создавать команду министровthe Shadow Cabinet–теневой кабинет
the judiciary branch of the government–судебная властьto determine common law–определять обще правоto be independent of smth–не зависеть от чего-л.
II. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1) Who is the Head of State in Great Britain?
2) What chambers does the British Parliament consist of?
3) What is the government formed by?
4) What is the Shadow Cabinet?
5) Is there a constitution in Great Britain?
Часть 2.
1. Поставьте глаголы в нужную форму, используя пассивный залог:
1) TV ___ by Baird (invent).
2) Pyramids ___ by Egyptians (build).
3) His hat ___ away by the wind now (blow away).
4) Coffee ___ in Brazil (grow).
5) Chopsticks ___ in China (use).
6) The plants ___ by water at the moment (water).
7) The thief ___ yesterday (chase).
8) The robber ___ last week (arrest).
9) The injured man ___ to hospital now (take).
10) The car ___ tomorrow (repair).
11) The vase ___ just ___ (break).
12) The dishes ___ yet (not / wash).
13) The long dresses ___ in 1890 (wear).
14) Dinner ___ in ten minutes (serve).
15) The letters ___ at the moment (type).
16) Guernica ___ by Picasso (paint).
17) The parcel ___ yet (not / deliver).
18) Alpha Romeo cars ___ in Italy (make).
19) The thief ___ late last night (arrest).
20) The letter ___ next week (deliver).
2. Переведите предложения из активного залога в пассивный:
1) The gardener has planted some trees.
2) Doctor Brown will give you some advice.
3) A famous designer will redecorate the hotel.
4) Steven Spielberg directed “E.T.”.
5) Someone has broken the crystal vase.
6) His parents have brought him up to be polite.
7) Fleming discovered penicillin.
8) They will advertise the product on television.
9) Someone is remaking that film.
10) The police arrested him.
11) The traffic warden had already given him a ticket for illegal parking
12) People must obey the law.
13) Someone had broken our door down.
14) They chose him as the best actor of the year.
15) Somebody has stolen a bus from outside the school.
3. Переведите предложения из активного залога в пассивный:
1) He gave me a present.
2) The waiter will bring us the bill.
3) The Queen presented him with a medal.
4) Her mother bought Mary some sweets.
5) Bob has sold Ted a second-hand car.
6) Larry is going to send a letter to Tom.
7) Someone is helping her with the housework.
8) A pickpocket robbed me.
9) The mail-order company sent Mrs Green a parcel.
10) Someone will pay you within the next few days.
11) You can improve your health with more exercise.
12) A dog is chasing the child.
13) My friend sent me an invitation.
14) The farmer is building a new barn.
15) The secretary has given Mrs Jones some letters.
4. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в Present Perfect:
1) The train to Moscow ___ (already/leave).
2) Michael ___ to my home town twice (be).
3) I ___ my leg once (break).
4) We ___ here for a year (live).
5) I ___ the film twice (watch).
6) My sister ___ the book (read).
7) We ___ to London (never/be).
8) Mary ___ her friend (just/see).
9) My friends ___ in the Atlantic Ocean (never/swim)
10) I think I ___ her before (not see).
11) She ___ a holiday this year (not have).
12) The shop ___ yet (not open).
13) John ___ a bicycle (never/ride).
14) We ___ our homework yet (not do).
15) I ___ to the cinema for ages (not be).
16) Our letter ___ (yet/arrive).
17) My parents ___ in the same city all their lives (live).
18) The Smiths ___ a house (move).
5. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в Present Perfect:
1) What organisations ___ he ___ for (work)?
2) How many flowers ___ we ___ (sell)?
3) ___ you ___ an arm (ever/ break)?
4) ___ the post ___ (arrive)?
5) ___ Ms Smith ___ here longer than you (work)?
6) ___ your daughter ___ in a tent (ever/sleep)?
7) Where ___ you ___ (be)?
8) How long ___ they ___ their house (have)?
9) How many books ___ Michael ___ (write)?
10) What cities ___ you ___ to (be)?
6. Заполните пропуски в предложениях используя for или since:
1) I haven't been at home ___ Christmas.
2) We've been here ___ ten o'clock.
3) I have worked for this company ___ more than eight years.
4) I haven't been to the theatre ___ ages.
5) I have studied for the exam ___ 9.15.
6) I have had this toy ___ I was eight.
7) She hasn't had a day off ___ 2007.
8) John has been in France ___ more than three weeks now.