Употребление Present Perfect

Present Perfect часто употребляется с наречиями неопределен­но­го­ времени. Эти наречия ставятся после вспомогательного глагола или в конце предложения:

never никогда ever когда-либо often часто seldomредко already уже

just только что lately в последнее время, недавно by nowуже, к настоящему времени up to now до настоящего момента yet еще (в вопросах и отрицаниях)

Например:

I'm sure we have never met before – Я уверен, мы никогда раньше не встречались.

Have you ever been to London? – Вы когда-нибудь были в Лондоне?

She has already seen this film – Она уже видела этот фильм.

They havearrived by now – Они уже приехали.

Hasn't he come yet? – Он ещё не пришёл?

We have not done it yet – Мы этого ещё не сделали.

Причем с наречиями lately (в последнее время, недавно) и just (только что) всегда употребляется Present Perfect.

Например:

I have seen many pictures lately – За последнее время я посмотрел много картин.

He's (He has) just gone out – Он только что вышел.

Однако наречие just now (только что), не имея смыслового различия с just, традиционно употребляется с прошедшим временем (Past Simple).

Сравните:

I have just seen him – Я только что видел его.

I saw him just now – Я только что видел его.

Proverb: Curiosity [kjʊərı'ɒsətı] killed the cat –
(Дословно: Любопытство убило кота.) Сравни: Любопытной Варваре нос оторвали.

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THE CAKE

Helen: Look, I've just baked a cake. Mmm… It tastes good. It's a cream cake. The cake is for Aunt Emily. She's coming to tea at quarter to four.

I must hidethe cake from Jack and Jill. Where can I hide it? Behind the rocking chair? No. In the oven? No. Under the table? No. I know. I'll (I will) put it on top of the cupboard.

Jill: Pooh is eating…

Jack: …under the chair.

Jill: Don't be silly, Jack. Pooh is eating a banana.

Jack: I'm hungry.

Jill: So am I.

Jack: Let's see what's in the kitchen.

Helen: I must do some shopping.

We need some butter, some sugar, some flour, some eggs, some tea, some milk and a pot of honey.

Look, the pot of honey is nearly empty.

Jack: Come on, Jill. There's nobody in here.

Jill: Where is Helen?

Jack: I don't know.

Jill: I'm hungry.

Jack: So am I.

Parrot: Cream cake! Cream cake! Cream cake! Cream cake!

Jack: Cream cake?

Jill: Cream cake? Where's the cake?

Jack: Ah, look. It's on the cupboard.

Jill: Careful! Watch out! Oh dear… Oh dear… What a mess!

Words:

just – только что; bake – печь; cake – торт, кекс, пирожное; taste – вкус; пробо­вать на вкус, иметь вкус; cream – сливки, крем; aunt [a:nt] – тётя; She is coming to tea – она придёт на чай; hide (hid – hidden) – прятать; behind – позади, за; the rocking chair– кресло-качалка; oven [ʌvn] – плита, духовка; under – под; table – стол; cupboard ['kʌbəd] – шкаф, буфет; eat (ate [et] – eaten) – есть; drink (drank – drunk) – пить; kitchen – кухня; I must do some shopping – мне надо сделать кое-какие покупки; butter – масло; sugar – сахар; flour – мука; egg – яйцо; pot – гор­шок, банка, чайник, кофейник; honey – мёд; empty – пустой; there's nobody in here – здесь (внутри) никого нет; Careful! – Осторожно!; Watch out! – Осторож­но! (Сравни: Смотри в оба!); reach – достать, дотянуться; move – двигаться, подвинуть.

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Exercise 1. Translate into English:

Where is …? – It (he, she) is …

Where are …? – They (we, you) are …

1. Где Хелен? – Она на кухне. 2. Где плита? – Она в кухне. 3. Где Джек и Джил? – Они в гостиной. 4. Где чашки? – Они в шкафу для посуды. 5. Где торт? – Он не за стулом-качалкой и не под столом. Он на шкафу для посуды. 6. А где попугай? – Он на кухне. 7. Где вы? – Мы в гостиной.

Exercise 2. What is this? What are these? What is that? What are those?

1. Что это (здесь)? – Это торт. 2. Что это (здесь)? – Это игрушки. 3. Что это (там)? – Это мой велосипед. 4. Что это (там)? – Это мои роликовые конь­ки. 5. Что это (здесь)? – Это мои книги. 6. Что это (там)? – Это картины.
7. Что это (там)? – Это кухня. 8. Что это (здесь)? – Это моя тетрадь.

Exercise 3. Make up questions and answer them:

1. Are, chairs, in, there, the kitchen? 2. Is, a table, in, there, the kitchen? 3. Is, in, a rocking chair, there, the living room? 4. Are, any, there, eggs, the fridge, in? 5. (Do/does), like, Jack and Jill, tea? 6. (Do/does), Pooh, bananas, like?
7. Has, baked, a cream cake, Helen? 8. (Are/Is), empty, the pot of honey?
9. (Is/ Are), coming, tea, Aunt Emily, today, to? 10. Must, do, some, Helen, shopping?

Exercise 4. Use the correct form of the Past Simple:

1. Helen (bake) a cream cake yesterday. 2. He (hide) his toys in the bedroom a week ago. 3. She (do) some shopping last Monday. 4. There (be) nobody there. 5. There (be) many nice days last month. 6. I (meet) him just now. 7. They (arrive) at 7 o'clock in the morning. 8. I (have) a strange (странный) dream last night. I (dream) I (lose) my shoes (туфли).

Summary

Helen has just baked a cake for Aunt Emily. Aunt Emily is coming to tea today. Helen hides the cake from Jack and Jill on top of the cupboard. Helen is going to do some shopping.

Jack and Jill are hungry. They come to the kitchen and see the cake on the cupboard. Jack tries to reach it. He can move it but the cake falls on the floor (пол). Jill says, "What a mess! We must bake another (другой) cake".

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Part 2

Helen: Oh dear, oh dear… My cake! What a mess!

Jill: Quick. Let's bake another cake.

Helen: Now you can watch Jack and Jill while I do the shopping.

Jack: Mmm… It tastes good.

Jill: Quick. Let's bake a cake.

Jack: I can help you, Jill. What do you need?

Jill: I need some butter and some sugar.

Jack: Where is the butter?

Jill: It's in the fridge.

Jack: Here you are, Jill. Some butter.

Jill: Give me some sugar, please.

Jack: Where's the sugar?

Jill: It's in the cupboard.

Jack: In the cupboard. Here's the sugar.

Jill: Give me some flour and four eggs, please.

Jack:Patty cake, patty cake, baker's man.

Bake me a cake as fast as you can.

Jill: Hurry up, Jack. Bring me four eggs.

Jack:Here you are. One egg. Two eggs. Three eggs…

Jill: But I need four eggs.

Jack:But there aren't any left. Look, the box is empty.

Jill: Where is the flour?

Jack:Just a moment. Flour. It's nearly empty. Do you need any baking powder?

Jill: Yes. But only a little (только немного).

Jack: Here you are. Some flour and some baking powder. Do you need anything else?

Jill: Yes, I need some milk.

Jack: Here's some milk.

Jill: Thank you. Switch on the oven, please.

Jack: Hot…

Patty cake, patty cake, baker's man.

Bake me a cake as fast as you can.

Some like it hot and some like it cold,

Some like it fresh and some like it old.

17-4

Words:

while – пока, в то время как; quick – быстрый; baker – пекарь; fast – быстро:as fast as you can – так быстро, как ты только можешь; baking powder – сода для выпечки, дрожжи; Do you need anything else? – Тебе нужно что-нибудь ещё?; some – немно­го, несколько, некоторые люди; switch on – включать;hot – горя­чий; cold – холод­ный;fresh – свежий; old – старый, несвежий; only a little – только немного;seldom -редко;such –такой; as soon as you can – так скоро (рано), как ты только можешь; The sooner the better.– Чем раньше, тем лучше;appetite ['æpıtaıt] – аппетит.

Exercise 5. Use the correct form of the Past Participle:

1. Helen has just (bake) a cake. 2. She has (hide) the cake on top of the cupboard. 3. They have already (do) some shopping. 4. Have you ever (eat) a hamburger? 5. He has never (drink) green tea. 6. She has (buy) some butter, some flour and some eggs. 7. I have seldom (see) such a mess.

Exercise 6. Translate into Russian:

1. You can play your favourite video games, while I do some shopping. 2. Is she coming to tea today? 3. He will kill them! 4. I will help you. 5. Watch out! 6. Be careful! 7. What do we need? Do we need any milk? 8. I need a little baking powder. 9. Do you need anything else? 10. Switch on the radio, please. 11. Jill has a sweet tooth. 12. Come as soon (рано, скоро) as you can. 13. The sooner the better.

Proverb: The appetite comes with the eating.

Part 3

Helen: I finished shopping. Look what I have bought. Some butter, some flour, some eggs, some sugar, some milk, some tea and a pot of honey. Baking pow­der? Look, the jar is empty. I must buy some baking powder next time. Jack and Jill's cake will be finished soon.

Let's have a look at some pictures from our story now.

The cake fell on the floor. That's why Jill said, "Let's bake a cake." Come and speak with me…

Jack wanted to help. He asked, "What do you need?"

Listen to Jill's answer. "I need some butter and some sugar." Jill also needs four eggs and some flour. And Jack asked Jill, "Do you need any baking powder?"

Come and listen to Jack and Jill again…

17-5

Jill: What's that?

Jack: It's a cake. It's your cake!

Helen: I think I know why it's empty. It's all in the cake, the big cake.

Patty cake, patty cake, baker's man.

Bake me a cake as fast as you can.

Some like it hot and some like it cold,

Some like it fresh and some like it old.

And some like it – big!

Goodbye, children. See you next Playtime.

Words: jar – банка, кувшин; Their cake will be finished soon – Их торт скоро будет готов; next time – в следующий раз;also – также; that's why – вот почему; have we got enough bread at home?– у нас достаточно хлеба в доме?;

Exercise 7. Translate into Russian:

1. Is there any sugar at home? – Yes, there is some sugar. (No, there isn't any sugar at home. / No, there is no sugar at home.) 2. Are there any eggs in the fridge? – Yes, there are some eggs in the fridge. (No, there aren't any eggs in the fridge. / No, there are no eggs in the fridge.
3. Have we got any bread at home? – Yes, we have got some bread at home.
(No, we haven't got any bread at home. / No, we have got no bread at home.

Правило:

1. Местоимение someупотребляется обычно в утвердительных предложениях и переводится на русский язык "несколько" (перед существительным во множественном числе) или "немного" (перед существительными, не употребляющимися во множественном числе).

2. Местоимение any употребляется обычно в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях и переводится на русский язык "сколько-нибудь" и "нисколько".

3. Отрицание no= not any. Оно ставится перед существительным в единственном или множественном числе. Отрицательная частица not при этом не употребляется.

Исключения: 1. Can I have some water? (Вопрос к can, а не к water).

2. You can take any book you like (any в значении "любой").

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