HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA and GREAT BRITAIN
HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA and GREAT BRITAIN
Text 1
1. A higher school system plays an important role in the development of every country because only highly qualified specialists can solve the most complex problems of the society. The basic principle of the organization of national education in our country is an equal opportunity for all its citizens. So higher education is available for everyone according to his abilities.
2. Every citizen in Russia can get free education in state institutions. One of the necessary qualifications for higher school is complete secondary education. Entrance demands differ depending on the choice of a higher school.
3. In Russia people can get higher education at the full-time, evening and correspondent departments. Those who study well receive scholarships. All higher schools are controlled by the state.
4. Besides many non-state institutes have been opened in different cities. That’s why thousands of young people who for some reason couldn’t enter any of the state educational establishments have got an opportunity to get higher education. Tuition in non-state institutes is rather expensive. But everybody knows that money spent on the brain is never spent in vain.
5. Nowadays the higher school must not only give knowledge but develops students’ abilities to think creatively and to work productively. Today the scientific and technological progress demands of the higher school graduates to be prepared to deepen their knowledge individually and adapt themselves quickly to the changes in the science or industry. This means that future specialists must be given a good grounding in basic subjects. In order to obtain practical experience all the students have practical training at different enterprises, schools and offices.
6. Every year thousands of graduates receive diplomas of higher education and start working in different branches of science, economy and production. Some of them enter postgraduate courses to get more specialized education and to defend a thesis on a chosen scientific problem.
Задания
1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:Why does a higher school system play an important role in the development of the country? What is the basic principle of the organization of national education in our country? Can every citizen get free education in state institutions? What is the necessary qualification for higher school? In what ways can people get a higher education? Does everybody receive a scholarship? Are all higher schools controlled by the state? Is the tuition in non-state institutes free of charge?
2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующим словосочетаниям: высшее образование, получать диплом о высшем образовании, полное среднее образование, отрасли науки и промышленности, высоко квалифицированный специалист, очное, вечернее и заочное отделения, общество, развивать способности, знания и наука, ученые, предприятие, стипендия, равные возможности, граждане, творчески мыслить, негосударственный вуз, получить практический опыт, защищать диссертацию?
3. Закончите следующие предложения:
· The title of the text is … (Название текста … )
· In the first paragraph the author says that … (В первой части автор говорит, что … )
· In the second extract he notes that … (Во втором отрывке он отмечает, что … )
· In the third part the writer informs us that …. (В третьей части автор информирует нас, что …)
· Then he states that …. (Затем он утверждает, что … )
· In the conclusion he …. (В заключении он …).
4. Назовите времена следующих глаголов. Воспользуйтесь таблицей английских времен:have focused, will start, controlled, is improving, hadn’t entered, will be preparing, spends, have been changing, was defending, had been working, will have received, will have been reading.
Text 2
1. The largest and the most famous British universities unite institutes, schools and colleges run by one administration. Provincial and small universities have no such elements of federation. All the students and the teaching staff there are concentrated in one place. So these universities are more democratic.
2. The head of the university is the so-called Chancellor (президент); he is elected by the scientific workers of the university. The Chancellor as a rule is a person holding an outstanding position in the country. He visits the university only twice a year on some great occasion. The actual head of the university is the vice-chancellor. He is elected for 2 - 3 years.
3. Universities are financed through a special government committee. The money comes from different sources: state subsidies (about 70%), the students who pay for education (about 12%), subsidies from local authorities (3 - 4%), private investments and the university’s own means.
4. The tuition fee is very high in Britain, higher than in other countries. It differs from university to university. The tuition, lodging and food in London University, Oxford and Cambridge cost about 1000 pounds per term, in provincial universities - 700/800 pounds. The course of study at university lasts three or four years. But lazy students may stay there for five years. They get no degree or diploma but a certificate.
5. The English scientific degrees are
Bachelor of Arts (B. A.) or Bachelor of Science (B. Sc.).
Master’s Degree (M. A., M. Sc.) – awarded after defending a thesis.
Doctorate Degree which is called in full Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D). The name is the same for all faculties, and one may have a Ph. D. in English, Mathematics, or Geography. A Ph.D. is also awarded on acceptance of a thesis.
Much higher than Ph.D is Senior (старший) Doctorate - this degree doesn’t involve the writing of thesis. A person wishing to apply for such a degree submits his published works to a committee, who then decide if these works justify the award of the degree.
Задания
1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:What famous British universities do you know? Who is the head of the British University? Who is the actual head of the university? How are the British Universities financed? Is the tuition fee very high in Britain? How long does the course of study at the British universities last? What English scientific degrees do you know?
2. Как будет по-английски:штат преподавателей, научные работники, по особому случаю, различные источники, частные инвестиции, глава университета, степень бакалавра, степень магистра, так называемый, фунт стерлингов, как правило, дважды в год, средства университета, представить работы в комитет, курс обучения, плата за обучение, государственные субсидии, еда и проживание, научная степень, знаменитый, ленивый.
3.Напишите 3 формы следующих неправильных глаголов:be, go, do, eat, give, know, see, speak, take, write, have, make, meet, pay, say, sit, sleep, tell, understand, buy, think.
4. Напишите вопросы к данным ответам. The Chancellor is elected by the scientific workers of the university. He visits the university only twice a year on some great occasion. The tuition, lodging and food in Oxford and Cambridge cost about 1000 pounds per term. The first scientific degrees are called Bachelor’s degrees. No, provincial universities have no elements of federation. Yes, Senior Doctorate is much higher than the Ph. D.
5. Образуйте соответствующие формы от данных глаголов.
Past Continuous (swim) Future Perfect (learn) Present Simple (cut) Future Continuous (watch) Present Perfect Continuous (walk) Past Simple (stand) Future Simple (lose) Present Perfect (wait) Past Perfect (see) Present Continuous (invent) Future Perfect Continuous (work) Past Perfect Continuous (write)
SCIENCE
1. Science is a cumulative body of knowledge about the natural world, obtained by the application of a peculiar method practiced by the scientists. It’s known that the word “science” is derived from Latin and means “to know, to have knowledge”.
2. There are different kinds of sciences: a pure science, fundamental and applied sciences, practical, natural and physical sciences, a psychological science, a medical science, a social science, etc. For example, fundamental and applied sciences are different, the former is concerned with fundamental laws of nature, and the latter is engaged in application of the knowledge obtained. The result of applied sciences is technology which is the concrete practical expression of research done in the laboratory and is applied to manufacturing commodities to meet human needs.
3. The word «scientist» was first introduced only in 1840 by a Cambridge professor of philosophy who wrote: «We need a name for describing a cultivator of science in general. I should be inclined to call him a scientist». «The cultivators of science» before that time were known as «natural philosophers» who were curious, often eccentric, “persons who poked inquiring fingers at nature”. They started to use a technique of inquiry which is now referred to as the «scientific method».
4. In this method the following steps can be distinguished. First comes the thought that initiates the inquiry. It’s known, for example, that in 1896 the physicist Henri Becquerel, in his letter to the French Academy of Science, reported that he had discovered rays of an unknown nature emitted spontaneously by uranium salts. His discovery exited Marie Curie, and together with her husband Pierre Curie she tried to obtain more knowledge about the radiation: what it was and where it came from.
5. Second comes the collecting of facts. It is always based on the experiment in which anything may be used - from a test-tube to an earth-satellite. This leads to step three: organizing the facts and studying the relationships that emerge. Step four consists in stating a hypothesis. In July 1898, the Curies announced the probable presence of a new element possessing powerful radioactivity. This was the beginning of the discovery of radium.
6. Then follows the statement of the theory. In December 1898, the Curies reported to the Academy of Sciences: «The various reasons lead us to believe that the new radioactive substance contains a new element to which we propose to give the name of Radium». And the final step is the practical test of the theory. This is essential, because from this flows the possibility of control by man of the forces of nature.
7. Note should be taken of how Marie Curie used deductive method in her research, this kind of «detective work» is basic to the methodology of science. Although the Curies were doing the basic research work at great expense to themselves in hard physical toil, they knew that they were part of an international group of people all concerned with their search for truth. Their reports were published and immediately examined by scientists all over the world.
Задания
1. Answer the questions:What is science?What kinds of science do you know? What does the word “science” mean? How are fundamental and applied sciences distinguished? When was the word «scientist» first introduced? What steps can be distinguished in the «scientific method»?
2. Translate: наука, знания, ученые, чистая наука, прикладная наука, психология, законы природы, применение знаний, производство товаров народного потребления, научный метод, шаг, мысль, открытие, решать проблему, спутник земли, сбор фактов, объяснять что-либо, доказывать факт, выдвинуть гипотезу, объявить об открытии, возможность контроля человеком сил природы, физическое напряжение, поиск истины.
МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ КОЛИЧЕСТВА
many (много, многие), few (мало), a few (немного, немногие, несколько) - с исчисляемыми существительными
much (много), little (мало), a little (немного, немножко) - с неисчисляемыми
1. Переведите на английский язык:много тетрадей, много студентов, много картин, много молока, много времени, много воды, мало домов, мало яблок, мало цветов, мало чая, мало бумаги, мало кофе, много денег - мало денег - немного денег, много студентов – мало студентов - несколько студентов, много времени - мало времени - немного времени.
2. Выберите правильную форму глагола.1. There (is/are) 3 months in a season. 2. In front of our institute there (is/are) a lawn. 3. There (is/are) the emblem of our country on the Moon. 4. There (is/are) the best hotels, shops, restaurants and theatres in the West End. 5. There (is/are) 86 rivers, brooks, channels and canals in St. Petersburg. 6. There (is/are) the Chekhov’s museum in the town of Taganrog. 7. There (is/are) the Metro Station near here. 8. There (is/are) the Alexander Column in the centre of Palace Square. 9. There (is/are) 4 seasons in a year. 10. There (is/are) 7 days in a week.
HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA and GREAT BRITAIN
Text 1
1. A higher school system plays an important role in the development of every country because only highly qualified specialists can solve the most complex problems of the society. The basic principle of the organization of national education in our country is an equal opportunity for all its citizens. So higher education is available for everyone according to his abilities.
2. Every citizen in Russia can get free education in state institutions. One of the necessary qualifications for higher school is complete secondary education. Entrance demands differ depending on the choice of a higher school.
3. In Russia people can get higher education at the full-time, evening and correspondent departments. Those who study well receive scholarships. All higher schools are controlled by the state.
4. Besides many non-state institutes have been opened in different cities. That’s why thousands of young people who for some reason couldn’t enter any of the state educational establishments have got an opportunity to get higher education. Tuition in non-state institutes is rather expensive. But everybody knows that money spent on the brain is never spent in vain.
5. Nowadays the higher school must not only give knowledge but develops students’ abilities to think creatively and to work productively. Today the scientific and technological progress demands of the higher school graduates to be prepared to deepen their knowledge individually and adapt themselves quickly to the changes in the science or industry. This means that future specialists must be given a good grounding in basic subjects. In order to obtain practical experience all the students have practical training at different enterprises, schools and offices.
6. Every year thousands of graduates receive diplomas of higher education and start working in different branches of science, economy and production. Some of them enter postgraduate courses to get more specialized education and to defend a thesis on a chosen scientific problem.
Задания
1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:Why does a higher school system play an important role in the development of the country? What is the basic principle of the organization of national education in our country? Can every citizen get free education in state institutions? What is the necessary qualification for higher school? In what ways can people get a higher education? Does everybody receive a scholarship? Are all higher schools controlled by the state? Is the tuition in non-state institutes free of charge?
2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующим словосочетаниям: высшее образование, получать диплом о высшем образовании, полное среднее образование, отрасли науки и промышленности, высоко квалифицированный специалист, очное, вечернее и заочное отделения, общество, развивать способности, знания и наука, ученые, предприятие, стипендия, равные возможности, граждане, творчески мыслить, негосударственный вуз, получить практический опыт, защищать диссертацию?
3. Закончите следующие предложения:
· The title of the text is … (Название текста … )
· In the first paragraph the author says that … (В первой части автор говорит, что … )
· In the second extract he notes that … (Во втором отрывке он отмечает, что … )
· In the third part the writer informs us that …. (В третьей части автор информирует нас, что …)
· Then he states that …. (Затем он утверждает, что … )
· In the conclusion he …. (В заключении он …).
4. Назовите времена следующих глаголов. Воспользуйтесь таблицей английских времен:have focused, will start, controlled, is improving, hadn’t entered, will be preparing, spends, have been changing, was defending, had been working, will have received, will have been reading.
Text 2
1. The largest and the most famous British universities unite institutes, schools and colleges run by one administration. Provincial and small universities have no such elements of federation. All the students and the teaching staff there are concentrated in one place. So these universities are more democratic.
2. The head of the university is the so-called Chancellor (президент); he is elected by the scientific workers of the university. The Chancellor as a rule is a person holding an outstanding position in the country. He visits the university only twice a year on some great occasion. The actual head of the university is the vice-chancellor. He is elected for 2 - 3 years.
3. Universities are financed through a special government committee. The money comes from different sources: state subsidies (about 70%), the students who pay for education (about 12%), subsidies from local authorities (3 - 4%), private investments and the university’s own means.
4. The tuition fee is very high in Britain, higher than in other countries. It differs from university to university. The tuition, lodging and food in London University, Oxford and Cambridge cost about 1000 pounds per term, in provincial universities - 700/800 pounds. The course of study at university lasts three or four years. But lazy students may stay there for five years. They get no degree or diploma but a certificate.
5. The English scientific degrees are
Bachelor of Arts (B. A.) or Bachelor of Science (B. Sc.).
Master’s Degree (M. A., M. Sc.) – awarded after defending a thesis.
Doctorate Degree which is called in full Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D). The name is the same for all faculties, and one may have a Ph. D. in English, Mathematics, or Geography. A Ph.D. is also awarded on acceptance of a thesis.
Much higher than Ph.D is Senior (старший) Doctorate - this degree doesn’t involve the writing of thesis. A person wishing to apply for such a degree submits his published works to a committee, who then decide if these works justify the award of the degree.
Задания
1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:What famous British universities do you know? Who is the head of the British University? Who is the actual head of the university? How are the British Universities financed? Is the tuition fee very high in Britain? How long does the course of study at the British universities last? What English scientific degrees do you know?
2. Как будет по-английски:штат преподавателей, научные работники, по особому случаю, различные источники, частные инвестиции, глава университета, степень бакалавра, степень магистра, так называемый, фунт стерлингов, как правило, дважды в год, средства университета, представить работы в комитет, курс обучения, плата за обучение, государственные субсидии, еда и проживание, научная степень, знаменитый, ленивый.
3.Напишите 3 формы следующих неправильных глаголов:be, go, do, eat, give, know, see, speak, take, write, have, make, meet, pay, say, sit, sleep, tell, understand, buy, think.
4. Напишите вопросы к данным ответам. The Chancellor is elected by the scientific workers of the university. He visits the university only twice a year on some great occasion. The tuition, lodging and food in Oxford and Cambridge cost about 1000 pounds per term. The first scientific degrees are called Bachelor’s degrees. No, provincial universities have no elements of federation. Yes, Senior Doctorate is much higher than the Ph. D.
5. Образуйте соответствующие формы от данных глаголов.
Past Continuous (swim) Future Perfect (learn) Present Simple (cut) Future Continuous (watch) Present Perfect Continuous (walk) Past Simple (stand) Future Simple (lose) Present Perfect (wait) Past Perfect (see) Present Continuous (invent) Future Perfect Continuous (work) Past Perfect Continuous (write)