Исчисляемое и неисчисляемое имя существительное
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Совершенствуй грамматику
Учебное пособие для студентов,
обучающихся по программам бакалавриата
по всем направлениям в сельскохозяйственном ВУЗе
Составители: О.Б. Кулева,
В.М. Литвинова,
Е.Б. Гусынина,
О.И. Кайдалова,
С.Е. Неустроева,
С.В. Шарафутдинова,
О.И. Кочурова,
О.А. Камашева,
Н.А. Атнабаева
Ижевск
ФГБОУ ВПО Ижевская ГСХА
УДК
ББК
Учебное пособие составлено на основе Государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования.
Рассмотрено и рекомендовано к изданию редакционно-издательским советом ФГБОУ ВПО Ижевской ГСХА, протокол №2 от «27» октября 2011г.
Рецензенты:
Н.Н. Изметинская – канд.филол. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков ИГМА
Н.Н. Черкасская – канд.филол.наук, зав. кафедрой естественных специальностей УдГУ
Составители:
О.Б. Кулева – ст.преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков
В.М. Литвинова – канд.филол.наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков
Е.Б. Гусынина – канд. филол.наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков
О. И. Кайдалова – канд. филол.наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков
С.Е. Неустроева – ст.преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков
С.В. Шарафутдинова – канд. филол.наук, ст.преподаватель кафедры
иностранных языков
О.И. Кочурова – ассистент кафедры иностранных языков
О.А. Камашева – ст.преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков
Н.А. Атнабаева – канд. филол.наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков
Английский язык. Совершенствуй грамматику: учебное пособие/сост. О.Б. Кулева [и др.] – Ижевск ФГБОУ ВПО Ижевская ГСХА, 2013. – 76 с.
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов, обучающихся по программам бакалавриата по всем направлениям в сельскохозяйственном ВУЗе. Данное пособие направлено на формирование основных умений и навыков владения иностранным языком в области грамматики.
УДК
ББК
© ФГБОУ ВПО Ижевская ГСХА, 2013
© Кулева О.Б. и др., составление, 2013
Grammar Study
UNIT 1
Исчисляемое и неисчисляемое имя существительное
(Countable and Uncountable Nouns)
| Исчисляемые | Неисчисляемые | ||
| Единственное число | Множествен- ное число | Только единственное число (неопределенный артикль a/an не употребляется) | |
| An apple | Apples | еда | Bread, cheese |
| A child | Children | вещество | Soap, snow |
| A fish | Fish | материал | Iron, wood |
| A dog | Dogs | Обобщающие слова | Noise, hair |
| Aman | Men | Абстрактные понятия | Hope, love |
Упражнение 1. Образуйте форму множественного числа у следующих существительных.
A star, a mountain, a tree, a waiter, the queen, a man, a woman, an eye, a shelf, a box, a city, a boy, a goose, a watch, a dress, a toy, a sheep, a tooth, a child, an ox, a deer, a life, a tomato, a man, a bacteria, a criterion, axe.
Упражнение 2. Запишите слова в две колонки: исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные.
Furniture, coffee, leaf, food, computer, list, blood, job, work, language, country, advice, information, money, progress, permission, luggage, beach, traffic, weather, window, knowledge, air, water, holiday, damage, accommodation, scenery, pigeon, bread, mountain, luck, news, accident, flour, laughter.
Личные местоимения
(Personal pronouns)
| Именительный | объектный падеж | |
| Единственное число | I я he он she она it оно, он, она | me мне, меня him ему, его her ей, ее it ему/ей, его/ее |
| Множественное число | we мы you вы, ты, Вы they они | us нам, нас you вам, вас them им, их |
Притяжательные местоимения
(Possessive Pronouns)
| Единственное число | my мой, мое, моя, мои her ее his его its ее, его |
| Множественное число | our наш, наша, наши your Ваш, Ваши, Ваша, ваш, ваша, ваши their их |
Глагол иметь
(The Verb “to have”)
| Единственное число | Множественное число |
| I have You have Hе(she, it) has | We have You have They have |
Упражнение 1.Переведите, используя наиболее подходящий способ перевода глагола to have.
The Smiths have a detached house. The Browns have a bungalow.
The Smiths’ house has sash windows. The Browns’ house has no sash
windows.
The Smiths have a garden round the house. The Browns have no garden round the
house.
The Smiths have several fancy cars. The Browns have a mini.
The Smiths have no children. The Browns have three children.
Упражнение 2.Переведите предложения с помощью глагола to have.
1. Каждый день имеет название. 2. У меня есть английский словарь. 3. В словаре 1315 страниц и 60.000 слов. 4. У этого студента нет словаря. 5. У нас вечером собрание. 6. Луна не имеет атмосферы. 7. Я обедаю дома.
Упражнение 3. Замените глагол «to have» оборотом «there is(are)».
Образец: A month has thirty days.
There are thirty days in a month.
1. A year on Mars has 687 days. 2. We have no lift in our house. 3. Our group has twenty students. 4. The book has many illustrations. 5. The moon has no atmosphere. 6. The word «daughter» has 8 letters.
Упражнение 4.Используйте глаголы to be , to have в правильной форме.
1. My son ___ a student.
2. He ___ a large family.
3. His name ___Nick.
4. He ___ two pets at home.
5. They ___ a very nice flat in Moscow.
6. We ___ teachers.
7. You ___ a lot of English books at home.
8. I ___ a doctor.
9. My friends ___ engineers.
10. She ___ a housewife.
11. ___ she any brothers or sisters? – Yes, she ___ two brothers and a sister.
12. His daughter ___ a little girl. She ___ three years old.
13. They ___ good friends.
14. I ___ Russian. I ___ from Russia.
15. He ___ fine now.
16. My mother ___ three children.
17. What ___ you? I ___ a sociologist.
18. ___ he a student or a teacher?
19. She is a good student, ___ she not?
20. I ___ two cousins, an aunt and uncle.
ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ
(TEST YOURSELF)
1. Good morning, ladies and gentleman/ ladies and gentlemen/lady and gentlemen/ ladies and gentlemens, we are glad to see you.
2. These are your books, take them/ they/it/its.
3. There is little money/are little money/are little moneys/ were little money in the bank.
4. He is America/American/Americans/America’s best athlete.
5. There are/were/is/will be a desk and some chairs in the room.
6. There is/ will be/was/are a meeting tomorrow.
7. There was/ will be/ is/are much snow in winter last year.
8. I has/will have/have/have had two sisters, whose names is/are/be/were Mary and Kate.
9. I don’t remember the title of the book/ the book’s title/the book title/the books title.
10. My wife do/did/does/to do the cooking every day, and I did/do/does/will do the shopping.
11. John usually drives/drive/drove/will drive to his work, but today he walks/will walk/walked/walk.
12. Do you study/ you study/does you study/study you English or German at school?
13. Jack broke the window, doesn’t he/don’t he/isn’t he/didn’t he?
14. How will they get to the airport? – I think they take/took/takes/will take the taxi.
15. Who took/ who did took/ who take/who did take the car to the garage?
16. Does she play/ do she play/ plays she/play she the guitar well?
17. Last year we go/went/gone/will go to Italy.
18. When we be/are/were/been in Italy last year we saw/see/seen/sees many places of interest.
19. Our cat don’t like/does not like/likes not/not like to sleep on the floor, she sleep/slept/sleeps/will sleep on the bed.
20. Why you left/you did leave/ you leave/did you leave the party early?
UNIT 2
Длительные времена
(The Progressive (Continuous) Tenses)
Form: be + Ving (Participle I)
NUMERALS
1 – 12
One – the first
Two – the second
Three – the third
Four – the fourth
Five – the fifth
Six – the sixth
Seven – the seventh
Eight- the eights
Nine – the ninth
Ten - the tenth
Eleven – the eleventh
Twelve – the twelfth
13 – 19
Thirteen – the thirteenth
Fourteen – the fourteenth
Fifteen – the fifteenth
Sixteen – the sixteenth
Seventeen – the seventeenth
Eighteen – the eighteenth
Nineteen – the nineteenth
20 – 1000
Twenty – the twentieth
Twenty-one – the twenty-first
Twenty-two – the twenty-second
Thirty – the thirtieth
Forty – the fortieth
Fifty – the fiftieth
Sixty – the sixtieth
Seventy – the seventieth
Eighty – the eightieth
Ninety – the ninetieth
A (one) hundred – the hundredth
A (one) thousand – the thousandth
101 – one hundred and one
125 – one hundred and twenty-five
244 – two hundred and forty-four
712 – seven hundred and twelve
1010 – one thousand and ten
3207 – three thousand two hundred and seven
8541 – eight thousand five hundred and forty-one
4 613 936 – four million six hundred and thirteen thousand nine hundred and thirty six
½ kilometer – half a kilometer
1/3 ton – (one) third of a ton
¾ hectare – three-quarters of a hectare
1/8 mile - an (one)eighth of a mile
0.25 - (nought) point two five
0.5 - (nought) point five
3.937 – three point nine three seven
Telephone numbers: 648 09 75 – six four eight o nine seven five
Time: 3.25 – twenty-five past three (GB), three twenty-five (US)
10.15 – a quarter past ten (GB), ten fifteen (US)
6.30 – half past six (GB), six thirty (US)
9.45 – a quarter to ten (GB), nine forty-five (US)
8.50 – ten to nine (GB), eight fifty (US)
Dates: 55 BC – fifty-five BC (before Christ)
AD 55 – AD fifty-five (Anne Domini)
3 January 1985 – the third of January nineteen eighty five (GB)
January the third nineteen eighty five (US)
Упражнение 1. Прочитайте по-английски следующие количественные числительные.
a) 3, 9, 12, 14, 15, 19, 22, 36, 48, 57, 60, 72, 81, 90, 100
b) 104, 151, 296, 355, 411, 513, 625, 737, 818, 948, 1000
c) 1016, 2568, 3526, 4083, 5993, 6410, 7817, 10 784, 257 629, 841 403, 2 184 101, 2 506 001
d) Bus 5, room 508, group 443, exercise 17, page 45, flat 29, house 266
Упражнение 2. Прочитайте по-английски следующие порядковые числительные.
1st, 3rd , 5th, 9th, 14th, 32nd, 46th, 50th, 67th, 86th, 99th
Упражнение 3. Прочитайте по-английски дроби.
a) ½ , 1/3, ¼, ¾, 1/8
b) 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1.342, 4.628, 13.871, 2.75, 1.011
Упражнение 4. Назовите время.
7.00, 8.15, 9.45, 4.30, 5.10, 6.25, 10.40, 11.55, 9.57, 2.03, 12.44
Упражнение 5.Прочитайте следующие даты.
15 August 1432, 18 December 1683, 5 October 1156, 27 March 1745, 14 April 1832, 23 November 1956, 8 January 1997, 1 February 2003, 16 September 2010, 3 May 2011
Упражнение 6. Прочитайте телефонные номера.
247 09 64; (499) 255 96 58; 68 05 17; 691 83 10; 36 27 64
Упражнение 7. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. When were you born?
2. What is the number of the house/ flat you live in?
3. How many students are there in our group?
4. What is the population of your home town?
5. How many kilograms are there in a ton?
6. How many hectares are there in a square kilometre?
7. When does your first lesson begin? When is it over?
8. How many rooms are there in your hostel?
9. How many minutes are there in an hour? How many hours are there in a day?
10. What is the distance between Izhevsk and Moscow? Izhevsk and St.Petersburg?
ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ
(TEST YOURSELF)
1. Don’t make noise, the baby sleeps/sleep/is sleeping/are sleeping.
2. At 11 a.m. on Friday I wrote/was writing/is writing/write a test.
3. Meet me at 7.00 tonight. I wait/will wait/ will be waiting/ am waiting at the entrance to the cinema.
4. Don’t shout, I hear /am hearing/ heard/ will hear you well.
5. Do you do/ are you doing/ do you/ you doing anything at the moment?
6. Who is listening/ are listening/listen/listens to the radio now?
7. At half past eight last night I didn’t read/ no read/ doesn’t read/wasn’t reading, as I were/was/am/are sleeping.
8. She will be watching her favourite soap opera tonight, isn’t she/ will she/ won’t she/ doesn’t she?
9. Hello, John. Why do you walk/ were you walking/ will you be walking/are you walking to work today?
10. The book I read/am reading/ was reading/were reading at the moment was/ will be/is/ are very interesting.
11. While I was trying/ tried/tries/is trying to phone my friend he was washing his car / washed his car/washes his car/ is washing his car.
12. Tom is talking/will be talking/was talking/ talked to his friend when he sees/ saw/ was seeing/ will see a very beautiful girl on the other side of the room.
13. Can I use your computer tomorrow morning or will you use it/ will you be using it/ are you using it/ do you use it?
14. All the students will be talking/ will talk/ talked/were talking when the teacher come in/ was coming in/ came in/ comes in.
15. Cambridge University is not quite as old as/ old as/ older/elder Oxford University.
16. Your car is in gooder/ more good/better/more better condition than mine.
17. She is as beautiful/ so beautiful/as beautiful as/such beautiful as her mother was at her age. She can’t be more beautiful/most beautiful/more beautiful as/ the most beautiful than her mother.
18. Glasgo is large/largest/the largest/the most largest city in Scotland.
19. The situation was far worst/ worse/ the worse/ the worst than we had expected.
20. The snow this winter was heavyer/more heavy/ heavier/ heaviest than last year.
UNIT 3
Совершенные времена
(The Perfect Tenses)
| Present Perfect | + | I/you/we/they havejustplayedtennis. He/she hasalready played tennis. | Используем, когда говорим о периоде времени, который продолжается с прошлого до настоящего момента: Have you ever been to Paris? –Ты когда-нибудь был в Париже?(с момента своего рождения до настоящего момента) Действие произошло только что, но не уточняем, когда именно: Oh! I have cut my finger!-О! Я порезал палец! Действие произошло в прошлом и имеет результат сейчас: He told me his name but I have forgotten it .- Он говорил мне свое имя, но я забыл. Используем слова/ фразы – сигналы:never -никогда,ever - когда-либо,recently -недавно,lately - в последнее время,before- перед, до,this week- на этой неделе,just- только что ,yet –еще не,already - уже,since- с, с тех пор,for - в течение. Используем сtoday- сегодня/ this morning-этим утром/ this evening-этим вечероми др, когда эти периоды времени не закончены к моменту высказывания: I have drunk four cups of coffee today. – Я выпил 4 чашки кофе сегодня (возможно, до окончания сегодняшнего дня я выпью еще чашку.) |
| _ | I/you /we/ they have not played tennis yet. He/ she has not played tennis today. | ||
| ? | Have I/you/we/they played tennis recently? Has he/she ever playedtennis? | ||
| Past Perfect | + | By the time John arrived, I/you/he/she/we/they had already played2 tennis sets. | Используем, когда говорим о действии в прошлом, которое произошло до другого действия в прошлом (предпрошедшее): I decided to buy a house because I had seen an article in the newspaper. - Я решил купить дом, потому что увидел статью в газете. (После этого я решил купить дом). Используем by the time-к тому времени, как, when, because-потому что, so-поэтому, before-до, перед, after-послеи as soon as- так скоро, как |
| - | I/you/he/she/we/they had not played our tennis set when John arrived. | ||
| ? | Had I/you/he/she/we/they playedthe tennis setbefore John arrived? | ||
| Future Perfect | + | I/you/he/she/we/they will already have played thetennis set by three o`clock in the afternoon tomorrow. | Используем, когда говорим, что действие будет завершено к определенному моменту времени в будущем: We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema. Мы опаздываем. К тому времени, как мы будем в кинотеатре, фильм уже начнется. |
| _ | I/you/he/she/we/they will not have playedthetennis set by the time John arrives. | ||
| ? | Will I/you/he/she/we/they have playedthe tennis set by ten p.m. tomorrow night? |
| Present Perfect Continuous | + | I/you/we/they have been studying English for five years. He/she/it has been studying since two o`clock. | Действие продолжалось в течение какого-то времени и до сих пор продолжается. (Важен не результат, а само действие): It has been raining for two hours-Дождь идет на протяжении двух часов. Обычно не используем с глаголами, которые не используются в продолженных временах (love, like, see, hear etc.), а также с глаголами, обозначающими однократное действие: start/begin-начинать, find-находить, lose- терять, break-ломать, come- приходить, stop-останавливать и др. |
| _ | I/you/we/they have not been studying English for five years. He/she has not been studying for three hours. | ||
| ? | Have I/you/we/they been studying? Has he/she been studying Englishsince September? | ||
| Past Perfect Continuous | + | I/you/he/she/we/they had been studying for two hours when John came. | Используем, когда действие происходило в течение какого-то времени в прошлом, перед тем, как произошло другое событие: I was very tired when I arrived home. I had been working hard all day. - Я был очень усталым, когда вернулся домой. - Я усердно работал весь день. |
| - | I/you/he/she/we/they had not been studying for an hour yesterday. | ||
| ? | Had I/you/he/she/we/they been studying? | ||
| Future Perfect Continuous | + | Next year I/you/he/she/we/they will have been studyingEnglish for six years. | Используем Future Perfect Continuous, чтобы подчеркнуть продолжительность действия до начала другого действия в будущем или к определенному моменту в будущем: In September we will have been living in this house for a year. - В сентябре будет год, как мы живем в этом доме. |
| _ | I/you/he/she/we/they will not have been studying by the time John arrives. | ||
| ? | Will I/you/he/she/we/they have been studying? |
Упражнение 1.Выберите грамматически верное составленное предложение a) или b), где использованы глаголы в Past Simple или Present Perfect.
1. a. I saw John yesterday.
b. I have seen John yesterday.
2. a. Did you ever eat Indian food?
b. Have you ever eaten Indian food?
3. a. Diana won 5000$ last month.
b. Diana has won 5000$ last month.
4. a. I have never drunk champagne.
b. I never drank champagne.
5. a. Did they live in London five years ago?
b. Have they lived in London five years ago?
6. a. Did Mary write a book last year?
b. Has Mary written a book last year?
7. a. I have not seen her this week.
b. I did not see her this week.
8. a. Have you seen the Statue of Liberty yet?
b. Did you see the Statue of Liberty yet?
9. a. I did the shopping today.
b. I have done the shopping today.
10.a. I have never been to the USA in my life.
b. I was never in the USA in my life.
Упражнение 2.Закончите предложения, используя глагол в форме Present Perfect, Past Perfect или Future Perfect.
1. I never _______(play) golf in my life.
2. When I came home, my sister________ (cook) dinner.
3. Tom is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this, he ________ (spend) all his money by the end of his holiday.
4. Phone me after 8 o`clock__________ (we /finish) dinner by then.
5. Bob _______ (return) by seven o`clock tomorrow.
6. They ______ (be married) since 2001.
7. I just _______(have) dinner.
8. The girl gave the goats the grass which she ________(bring) from the field.
9. I already_________ (do) my homework.
10. Kate gave me the magazine which she _________(buy) the day before.
Упражнение 3. Закончите предложения, используя глагол в Past Simple или Past Perfect.
1. Your brother already_____(do) his homework, when you returned home from work?
2. When the teacher____(enter) the classroom, the students already _____ (finish) their translation.
3. Kate ____(give) me the magazine which she_____(buy) the day before.
4. Mother saw that George _____(not wash) his hands.
5. Mary _____(finish) her homework by seven o`clock.
6. She _____(think) that she_____(lose) the money.
Упражнение 4.Употребите глагол в нужной форме, используя Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect или Future Perfect Continuous
1. We were good friends. We ________(know) each other for a long time.
2. Mary was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She _________(run).
3. When I arrived, Kate was waiting for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was late and she _____ (wait) for a very long time.
4. I was sad when I sold my car. I ________ (have) it for a very long time.
5. We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We ________(travel) for more than 24 hours.
6. The teacher understood that Henry _______(not do) his homework
7. Richard is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this____ he (spend) all his money before the end of his holiday.
8. Sue is from New Zealand. She is travelling around Europe at the moment. So far she has travelled about 1000 miles. By the end of the trip_____ she (travel) more than 3000 miles.
9. This book on Proust is really difficult. On Sunday I _____(read) it for a month, and I am still only half way.
10. Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national champion again- for the fourth time. He _____(win) the national championship four times.
11. When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still make films. They _____(make) ten films since they left college.
12. On two years` time Morneau _____(act) for 50 years, and shows no signs of retiring from the theatre.
13. Whether I`ve finished the report or not, by 9 o`clock I _____(work) for 12 hours without a break and I am going home.
14. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53. He _____ (read) for two hours.
15. Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour three months ago. She _____(travel) for three months.
Упражнение 5.Восстановите пропущенные вопросы в следующем диалоге.
At the bus-stop
Student 1: (1) ______________________________?
Student 2: No, the university bus hasn’t arrived yet.
Student 1: (2) ______________________________?
Student 2: As a rule, it comes every 5 minutes, but it’s late.
Student 1: (3) ______________________________?
Student 2: I have been waiting nearly 25 minutes and there’s still no sign of it.
Упражнение 6.Вы работник американского посольства. Студент ИжГСХА собирается поехать на сельскохозяйственную стажировку в США. Задайте ему несколько вопросов, которые бы соответствовали предложенным ответам:
| You | Russian Student |
| 1. Do you like changing places and meeting new people? You (be) abroad? What countries you (to visit)? | Yes, very much. Yes, but only once. Baltic States. |
| 2. Can you speak English? How long you (to learn) English? You (speak) to a foreigner? | Yes, I can. For 9 years. No, never |
| 3. Do you know anything about agriculture? You (to work) at a farm? What practical skills you (to receive)? | Yes, quite a lot. Yes, once. Many, e.g. to milk a cow. |
| 4. Do you have a driving license? You (to drive) a tractor? | Yes, I do. Never. |
| 5. Do you have any problems with your health? You (to get) a health certificate yet? You (to make) all the necessary injections? | I don’t think so. Yes, I have. Sure. |
| 6. You sent your documents to the US embassy a month ago, didn’t you? You (to receive) a visa? You (to buy) a ticket? | Yes, I did. Yes, I have. Not yet. |
ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ
(TEST YOURSELF)
1. Hallo, Tom. I didn’t see you/haven’t seen you/hasn’t seen you/ hadn’t seen you for so long time.
2. That was the best dinner I have ever eaten/I ever ate/ had ever eaten/ever eat.
3. By 10.p.m. we will have completed/are completing/complete/will complete all the presentations.
4. She lives/lived/had been living/has been living here since her birth.
5. She has been living/had been living/was living/lived here since she was a child.
6. Next July she had been living/ was living/will live/will have been living here for 10 years.
7. How long have you stood/ did you stand/ have you been standing/ do you stand there?
8. Jane has never eaten/had never eaten/had never been eating/didn’t eat pizza until we took/ had taken/has taken/will take her to an Italian restaurant.
9. Jack and Mary have known/knew/ have been knowing/had known each other for ten years before they decided to get married.
10. By the year 2020 scientists won’t solve/won’t have solved/won’t have been solving/won’t be solving all the ecological problems of today.
11. I feel a smell of smoke. Has someone/have someone/had someone/will have someone been smoking in the room?
12. John won/has won/had won/will have won three silver medals before he finally won a gold one.
13. He told that he collected/has been collecting/was collecting/had been collecting stamps since 1985.
14. By the time they reach New York they will be travelling/will travel/will have been travelling /travelled for 16 hours.
15. Have you made/did you make/had you made/have you been making any new friends since you moved/have moved/has moved/move to your new school?
16. Why are you smiling? – I passed/was passing/had passed/have passed my driving test.
17. Take an umbrella! It is raining/has been raining/has rained/had been raining since morning.
18. After they has spent/spent/had been spending/had spent the day sightseeing they returned/had returned/has returned/will have returned to the hotel.
19. By this time next year we will complete/will have completed/will be completing/complete our experiments.
20. I don’t want to leave London, but my parents have already decided/decided/had decided/ decide to move to Manchester.
UNIT 4
Страдательный залог
(The Passive Voice)
Form: be + Participle II
Утвердительные предложения
(Affirmative Sentences)
| Present | Past | Future | |
| Simple | am is written are | was written were | will be written |
| Progressive | am is being written are | was being written were | ---------------- |
| Perfect | have been written has | had been written | will have been written |
| Present | Past | Future | |
| Simple | The work is done every day. | The work was done yesterday. | The work will be done tomorrow. |
| Progressive | The work is being done right now. | The work was being done at 7 o’clock yesterday. | ----------- |
| Perfect | The work has been done lately. | The work had been done by 7 o’clock yesterday. | The work will have been done by 7 o’clock tomorrow. |
Отрицательные предложения
(Negative Sentences)
| The book | is not (isn’t) | discussed | at the conference |
| was not (wasn’t) | discussed | ||
| will not (wont) | discussed | ||
| is not (isn’t) | being discussed | ||
| was not (wasn’t) | being discussed | ||
| has not (hasn’t) | been discussed | ||
| had not (hadn’t) | been discussed |
Вопросительные предложения
(Interrogative Sentences)
В вопросительных предложениях первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим.
Was it done?
When was it done?
How has the work been done?
Who will the work be done by?
Таблица соотношения активных и пассивных форм английского глагола
(Active –Passive)
| Временные формы | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| Present Simple | Mary helps John. | John is helped by Mary. |
| Past Simple | Mary helped John. | John was helped by Mary. |
| Future Simple | Mary will help John. | John will be helped by Mary. |
| Present Progressive | Mary is helping John. | John is being helped by Mary. |
| Past Progressive | Mary was helping John. | John was being helped by Mary. |
| Present Perfect | Mary has helped John. | John has been helped by Mary. |
| Past Perfect | Mary had helped John. | John had been helped by Mary. |
| Future Perfect | Mary will have helped John. | John will have been helped by Mary. |
*Обратите внимание на случаи использования в страдательном залоге глаголов с закрепленными предлогами:
ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ
(TEST YOURSELF)
1. English is/are/be/was spoken in many countries.
2. The first television pictures was/were/are/be produced in 1926.
3. The plan is/was/be/will be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting.
4. We are so happy: our dog was/is/has been/is being found.
5. The “greenhouse effect” is studied/will be studied/has been studied/is being studied all over the world now.
6. When I phoned to the garage, my car was still being fixed/was fixed/ has been fixed/is fixed.
7. When the parents returned home, dinner has already been cooked/ was cooked/ had already been cooked/ will have been cooked by their children.
8. The computer is repaired/ will be repaired/ was repaired/will have been repaired by the end of the work day.
9. Do/are/is/was the hotel rooms cleaned every day?
10. Today post has been brought up, hasn’t it/ isn’t it/doesn’t it/hadn’t it?
11. A new machine is tested/was tested/will be tested/is being tested at the laboratory now.
12. We couldn’t use the telephone; it was repaired/ was being repaired/is being repaired/ had been repaired.
13. When we came to the cinema, all the tickets were sold/have been sold/ are sold/ had been sold.
14. Dictionaries is not/be not/are not/was not allowed at the exam.
15. Shall I call to the doctor? – Don’t worry, the doctor had/was/is/has already been sent for.
16. When we were driving down the road we were stopped/was stopped/had been stopped/ will be stopped by the police.
17. The book will be published/is published/ will have been published/ was published by the end of the year.
18. The work is finished/will have been finished/ will be finished/has been finished soon.
19. Where rice is grown/is rice grown/be rice grown/is grown rice?
20. This museum is visited for/with/ of/ by many tourists.
UNIT 5
Повторение
(A Review Lesson)
Сводная таблица видовременных форм английского глагола
(English Tense Forms)
| Simple (Indefinite) | Continuous (Progressive) | Perfect | Perfect-continuous | ||
| Present | Active | I/we/you/they ask He(she, it)asks | I am asking He/she/ is asking We/you/they are asking | I/you/we/ they have asked He/she has asked | I/you/we/they have been asking He/she has been asking |
| Passive | I am asked He/she is asked We/you/they are asked | I am being asked He/she/it is being asked We/you/they are being asked | I/you/we/ they have been asked He/she has been asked | __________ | |
| Past | Active | I/he/she/we/ You/they asked | I/he/she was asking We/you/they were asking | I/you/he/she/ we/they had asked | I/you/he/she/ we/they had been asking |
| Passive | I/he/she was asked We/you/they) were asked | I/he/ she/it was being asked We/you/they were being asked | I/you/he/she/ we/they) had been asked | __________ | |
| Future | Active | I/he/she/we/ you/they will ask | I/he/she/we/you/ they will be asking | I/you/he/she/ we/they will have asked | I/you/he/she/ we/they will have been asking |
| Passive | I/he/she/it/we/ you/they will be asked | __________ | I/you/he/she/ it/ we/they will have been asked | __________ |
Упражнение 1.Выберите правильную форму глагола – сказуемого в следующих предложениях:
1. Она не покупала эти товары в прошлом году.
1. hadn’t bought 2. don’t buy 3. didn’t buy 4. doesn’t buy
2. Мы сдаем экзамены два раза в год.
1. take 2. are taking 3. have taken 4. are taken
3. Мы выполнили лабораторную работу до того, как пришел профессор.
1. have done 2. did 3. had done 4. had been doing
4.Я окончил школу два года назад.
1. had left 2. left 3. have left 4. was left
5. Вчера в это время я сдавал вступительные экзамены.
1. took 2. had taken 3. had been taken 4. was taking
6. Я уже написал курсовую работу.
1. have written 2. wrote 3. had written 4. am written
7. Грамматику объясняют на каждом уроке.
1. explained 2. is explained 3. is being explained 4. has explained
8. Мы будем сдавать экзамены в январе.
1. will be taking 2. will take 3. will be taken 4. will have taken
9. Не мешай ей, она читает.
1. reads 2. are reading 3. read 4. is reading
10. Если она придет, мы будем стряпать торт.
1. will come 2. come 3. comes 4. will have come
11. Повестка дня обсуждается сейчас.
1. is discussed 2. discussed 3. is being discussed 4. is discussing
12. Дом будет строиться моими родителями.
1. will build 2. will be built 3. will have built 4. will have been built
13. Я буду переводить английскую статью завтра в это время.
1. will be translating 2. will translate 3. will be translated 4. will have translated
14. Новая школа построена будет построена к 1 сентября.
1. will have build 2. will build 3. will be built 4. will have been built
15. Он напишет доклад к 25 декабря.
1. will have written 2. will write 3. will be writing 4. will have been written
Упражнение 2.Употребите правильную видовременную форму глагола в скобках:
1. I (to watch) TV from 7 to 9 p.m. yesterday.
2. He (not to go) to the Academy the day before yesterday.
3. The newspapers (to bring) every day.
4. She just (to come).
5. You ever (to write) letters abroad?
6. Don’t enter this room! Students of economics department (to examine) there.
7. I will go to Great Britain if my mother (to give) me money.
8. Ann (to do) her homework before her parents came.
9. My father (to come back) from his business trip next week.
10. She (to visit) her parents every weekend.
11. Look! Our monitor (to speak) to the dean.
12. Our teacher always (to speak) English at the lesson.
13. The scientists (to discover) this star this year.
14. She just (to write) a letter to her granny.
15. Soon I (not to depend) on my parents.
16. I (to finish) cooking by the time my aunt comes home.
17. I can’t give you this article. It (to translate) by my students now.
18. I (to enter-поступить) the Academy 4 months ago.
19. The house (to build) by my father by July of the next year.
20. He (not to see) the rector yesterday.
Упражнение 3.Переведите на английский язык.
1. Я всегда хотел изучать английский язык
2. Они знают друг друга уже десять лет.
3. Он уже час следит за игрой.
4. Эта статья была написана до того, как вы делали доклад.
5. Этот дом еще строится.
6. Мы очень рады видеть вас. Мы ждали вас целый год.
7. Он ищет тебя весь день. Где ты была все это время?
8. Они пишут сочинение уже два часа.
9. Письма были оставлены на столе.
10. Когда будет написана ваша книга?
11. Моя сестра была больна уже несколько дней, когда я узнала об этом.
12. Когда я пришла домой, обед уже был приготовлен.
13. Сколько лет вы работаете в этой академии?
14. Нас встретят на станции?
15. Этот перевод будет закончен через несколько дней.
16. Об этом случае много говорят в нашем квартале.
17. Когда он пришел домой, мы уже ушли в кино.
18. Я буду делать эту работу завтра.
19. Я буду делать эту работу в 6 часов вечера завтра.
20. Я сделаю эту работу к 6 часам вечера завтра.
21. Этот балет был создан сто лет назад.
Упражнение 4.Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы правильной видовременной форме.
Surfing the Net.
People who have been grown up/have grown up with the Internet just begin/have begun to realize what its possibilities are/are being. However, the idea that a relatively new method of communication also requires/is required a new set of formal and informal rules of behavior largely is ignored/was ignored. Take, for example, the many teenage girls who discover/have discovered the Buckingham Palace website and have been sent/ have been sending Prince William ‘very friendly’ emails. William’s grandfather, the Duke of Edinburgh certainly has not been impressed/has not impressed by the emails he has been received/has been receiving. He says that most of the messages he has sent/has been sent asks/are asking whether he is/was the name of a public house.
(Matrix Intermediate Student’s book. Oxford University Press)
ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ
(TEST YOURSELF)
1. They know /have been knowing/ have known/ has known each other since childhood
2. She is in the library. And she is translating/ has been translating/had translated/ was translating an article from English.
3. It rained/ had rained/ have been raining/ has been raining since early morning.
4. They have left/ left/will leave/ leave the theatre an hour ago.
5. She was written/ was writing/ has written /wrote a letter when the phone rang.
6. When he came home the room was cleaned/ was cleaning/ had cleaned/had been cleaned.
7. What you have… done /have… been doing/were… doing /has…. been doing when I phoned you?
8. This book had been translated/was translated/ has been translated/was translating
into Russian two years ago.
9. This question is discussed /will be discussed/ will discuss/will be discussing tomorrow.
10. I have seen/have been seeing/ saw /was seeing some good films recently.
11. I was meeting / met/ had met/have met Alex at a party a couple of weeks ago.
12. Some rare books keep/keeps/were kept /are kept in the National Library.
13. When he came home his parents has had/had/were having/was having dinner.
14. They have played tennis for an hour/ had been playing tennis for an hour/have been played tennis for an hour/ were playing tennis for an hour when it stated to rain.
15. Who wants/want/ is wanting/have wanted to take part in the discussion?
16. Many of his novels made/make/ will make/have been made into films.
17. This book was first published/is first published/did first publish/ was first being published in 1960.
18. I was reading/ read/had read/ have been reading the book all day.
19. We was taught /are taught/ is taught/taught English by Mrs. Brown.
20. This time tomorrow I will swim/will have swum/will be swimming /will have been swimming in the sea.
UNIT 6
ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ
(TEST YOURSELF)
1. Can/may/will/would you tell me the time, please?
2. I didn’t pass my exam yesterday. I’ll need/must/have to/should take it again on Monday.
3. You mustn’t have/needn’t have /can’t have /might have phoned before you visited me.
4. We have finished our work and now we may/are able to/could/can go home.
5. Could/would/may/shall you like to have dinner with me tonight?
6. He took a taxi and could/would/was able to/might get to the station in time.
7. May/can/need/shall I help him? – Of course, we must/have to/need/are to help our friends.
8. I don’t know anything about it. You must have/should have /have to/may have consulted a specialist before doing this work.
9. He is to/must/has to/should speak at the conference tomorrow. He has already written his speech.
10. Parents must/should/are to/ought to spend more time with their children.
11. Good morning, Mr. Smith! Can/may/could/will you drive me to town?
12. Can/may/shall/will I have a look at your new picture? – No, you can’t/may not/mustn’t/needn’t. I haven’t finished it yet.
13. Will you/shall you/are you able to/should you speak louder, please? I can’t hear you.
14. I was able to/ had to/ used to/ was going to live in the country when I was a child, and I don’t like noisy cities.
15. You mustn’t/shouldn’t/don’t have to/couldn’t go with us if you don’t want to.
16. The weather is changing. You must/should/ought to/had better stay at home.
17. What are you doing here? You must/are supposed/have /need to be at school now.
18. I know you don’t like musicals, but you can/must/may/will like this one.
19. Have you eaten all the cake? You are supposed/are going to/would/must be sick!
20. You can/might/are able to/may use my library any time you need it.
UNIT 7
Условные предложения
(Conditional sentences)
| Zero conditional | If +present tense, present tense. If+ past tense, past tense. | Нулевой тип ус-ловных предложе-ний. Этот тип описывает универ-сальные ситуации, в которых выпол-нение условия из придаточного предложения не-избежно повлечет за собой результат, указанный в главном предложении. | If I eat fish, I get ill. If I didn’t eat my meals, Mom got cross. |
| First conditional | If/as soon as/unless/until/in case/provided/when + present tense, will infinitive. | Первый тип услов-ных предложений в английском языке отвечает за «реальное» условие действия, представленного в предложении. | If it rains, I won’t go out. If your sister’s going to be there, I’ll definitely go. |
| Second conditional | If + past tense, would (might, could) + infinitive. Note! We use were, not was after if. | Второй тип услов-ных предложений в английском языке выражает маловероятное условие, которое может относиться как к настоящему, так и к будущему времени. | If I were you I would apply for the job. If I went to Africa, I might see wild elephants. |
| Third conditional | If + had + participle II, would have+ participle II. | Третий тип услов-ных предложений в английском языке характеризуется своим отношением к нереальным дей-ствиям. В этих предложениях не-реальное условие относится к про-шедшему времени, а значит, вы-полнению не подлежит никоим образом. | If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you. (But the real situation was that she didn’t know he was in hospital.) |
Упражнение 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме.
1. If he is free tomorrow, he certainly (to come) to our party. 2. If you (not to buy) coffee, we will drink tea. 3. If you spoke English every day, you (to improve) your language skills. 4. If you get a "five", your mother (to be) happy. 5. If he (to learn) the poem, he would not have got a bad mark. 6. If you gave me your dictionary for a couple of days, I (to translate) this text. 7. If I (to he) a musician, I should be very happy. 8. If Barbara (to get) up at half past eight, she would have been late for school. 9. If she had told them it was her birthday, they (to give) her a birthday present. 10. If I had more time, I (to read) more books. 11. If they had come home not very late, they (to listen to) the President's speech last night. 12. I will wait for you until you (to come).
Упражнение 2.Продолжите следующие предложения.
1. If you took more exercise, ___ .
2. I’d feel very hungry if ____.
3. If I didn’t go to work tomorrow, ___ .
4. Would you go to the party if ___ ?
5. If you bought some new clothes ___
6. Would you mind if ___?
Упражнение 3.Составьте предложения, соответствующие предложенным ситуациям, начиная их с “If…” .
Ex.: He doesn’t speak very clearly – that’s why people don’t understand him.
- If he spoke more clearly people would understand him better.
1. That book is too expensive, so I’m not going to buy it.
2. We don’t go out very often because we can’t afford it.
3. Margaret wasn't injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.
4. You didn't have any breakfast - that's why you're hungry now.
5. I didn't get a taxi because I didn't have any money on me.
Упражнение 4.Переведите на английский язык.
1. Если бы я знал немецкий, я бы поговорил с ней. 2. Если бы мне не нравился этот певец, я бы не посещала все его концерты 3. Если бы он был более уверен в себе, он бы постарался познакомиться с этой девушкой. 4. Если бы я не был так занят, я бы с удовольствием помог тебе. 5. Если бы он был более внимательным, он бы не сделал столько ошибок. 6. Если бы она была действительно уехала заграницу, ее брат сказал бы мне об этом вчера. 7. Вы бы знали намного больше, если бы регулярно читали книги. 8. Если он ее любит, то скоро сделает ей предложение.
ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ
(TEST YOURSELF)
1. I will phone you when I came/come/will come/would come back.
2. If you pass your exams you would enter/would have entered/will be entering/will enter the University.
3. I would tell him the news if I see/saw/will see/would see him.
4. Could you look after my dog while I will be/am/was/be away?
5. If I had finished writing the paper in time I will have gone/will go/had gone/would have gone to bed earlier.
6. As soon as I get/got/will get/would get tickets I will phone you.
7. I would buy a car if I save/saved/would save/have saved enough money.
8. If they go/went/had gone/would go by car they would have saved time.
9. If I spend/spent/would spend/will spend much time in the sun I have a high temperature afterwards.
10. In case you forget my telephone number write it down/wrote it down/will write it down/writes it down in your pad.
11. I would have come /will have come/will come/would come sooner if you had phoned me.
12. I will wait after/until/as soon as/if you come.
13. The secretary will call you in case/when/as soon as/while you forget about the meeting.
14. Keep in touch while/as soon as/till/until you come.
15. If I were/was/will be/am you I would pay attention to this suggestion.
16. If he came/had come/has come/comes in time he would have watched this interesting film.
17. If I were rich I would have gone/would go/will goy/went on a voyage round the world now.
18. If I didn’t do my homework my mother didn