Attributive appositive clauses.

Attributive appositive clauses disclose the meaning of the antecedent, which is expressed by an abstract noun. An attributive appositive clause is not separated from the principal clause by a comma.

Appositive clauses are chiefly introduced by the conjunction that, occasionally by the conjunction whether or by the adverbs how and why. They are not joined to the principal clause asyndetically.

He stopped in the hope that she would speak. (Dickens)

And then she had a nightmare conviction that she’d lost her sense of direction

and was going the wrong way. (Lindsay)

I have a presentiment that he is bringing trouble and misery with him into the

house. (Collins)

With his former doubt whether this dry hard personage were quite in earnest,

Clennam again turned his eyes attentively upon his face. (Dickens)

There was no reason why she should not read it (the book). (Hichens)

Thus to Cytherea and Owen Gray the question how their lives would end

seemed the deepest of possible enigmas. (Hardy)

The use of relative pronouns in attributive relative clauses.

As has already been stated, attributive relative clauses are introduced by the following relative pronouns: who, which, that, as. In using these pronouns the following rules should be observed:

1. If the antecedent is a noun denoting a living being, who is mostly used.

Kate turned to the general, whowas near her, his face expressionless, yet

alert. (Lawrence)

2. If the antecedent is a noun denoting an inanimate object, wwhich is mostly used.

In this room, whichwas never used, a light was burning. (Dickens)

The castle, whichstood on the highest platform of the clustered hills, was

built of rough-hewn limestone. (Eliot)

3. The pronoun that may be used both when the antecedent is a noun denoting a living being and when it is a noun denoting an inanimate object. But it should be noted that the use of this pronoun in attributive clauses is limited; it is chiefly used in the following cases:

(a) if the antecedent is the pronoun all, everything or nothing.

All thatshe dreams comes true. (Dickens)

In a word, everything thatgoes to make life precious, that boy had. (Twain)

(b) if the antecedent is modified by an adjective in the superlative degree, by the adjective only, or by the indefinite pronoun any.

The door opened, and there entered to us, quietly, the most remarkable-l

ooking man thatI had ever seen. (Collins)

The Moonstone was the only object thatinterested him in the smallest degree.

(Collins)

Any evil thatpeople say of him is false. (Eliot)

N o t e. — In these cases (a, b) the attributive clause may be connected with

the principal clause asyndetically.

Time is all I want. (Dreiser)

Everything I could do to free myself came into my mind... (Eliot)

It was the worst Sunday he had spent in his life. (Dreiser)

I think she is the only really happy woman I have ever met with. (Collins)

4. If the antecedent is a noun modified by the demonstrative pronoun such the relative pronoun as is used.

For on the evening appointed for the Vauxhall party ... there came on such a

thunderstorm as only happens on Vauxhall nights, and asobliged the young

people, perforce, to remain at home. (Thackeray)

Adverbial clauses.

An adverbial clause performs the function of an adverbial modifier. It can modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb in the principal clause.

He stopped as Kravat came rushing out. (Heym)

He was getting on better than he’d expected. (Lindsay)

Frank... returned to the auction room as fast as his legs would carry him.

(Dreiser)

According to their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial clauses: adverbial clauses of time, place, cause (reason), purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, and comparison.

Adverbial clauses are joined to the principal clause by means of subordinating conjunctions; they are not joined to the principal clause asyndetically except sometimes adverbial clauses of condition.

An adverbial clause may precede the clause to which it is subordinated or follow it. In the first case it is separated from the principal clause by a comma, in the second, as a rule, no comma is used. An adverbial clause may also interrupt the principal clause, in which case acomma is used at the beginning and at the end of it.

When things are at the worst, they’re sure to mend. (Collins)

He was sipping the whisky and soda when she returned. (Cronin)

The first words, when we had taken our seats, were spoken by my lady.

(Collins)

If we have two or more homogeneous adverbial clauses they are separated from each other by a comma.

He (Oliver) was still the same gentle, attached, affectionate creature that he

had teen when pain and suffering had wasted his strength, and when he was

dependent for every slight attention and comfort on thosewho tended him.

(Dickens)

Adverbial clauses of time.

An adverbial clause of time shows the time of the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by the following conjunctions: when, while, whenever (когда бы ни), as, till, until, as soon as, as long as, since, after, before, now that (теперь, когда).

My mother died when I was eight years old... (Eliot)

...we must strike while the iron’s hot. (Galsworthy)

I shall hope to visit you whenever I happen to be in London. (Collins)

There was still a gleam of sunset in the west as he strolled along. (Cronin)

Jan waved till the taxi disappeared round the bend in the road. (Cusack)

After this, they conversed on different subjects until they arrived at their

journey’s end. (Dickens)

But as soon as I saw Susan I stopped noticing my surroundings. (Braine)

You can stay here as long as you want. (Hemingway)

She (June) had given him nothing of her company for a long time past, not in

fact, since she had become engaged to Bosinney. (Galsworthy)

There was scarcely time for him to swallow a cup of tea in the refreshment

room before the southbound train was signalled. (Cronin)

This is the claim I make on you, now that we have found each other. (Eliot)

In some cases an adverbial clause of time introduced by the conjunction as has the meaning of the gradual development of a process.

As dark night drew on, the sea roughened. (Ch. Bronte)

Adverbial clauses in sentences of the following type are also clauses of time:

Scarcelyhad his hands touched her head, when she sighed deeply. (London)

Hardlyhad they entered the house, when a violent thunderstorm broke out.

No soonerhad I wiped one salt drop from my cheek, than another followed.

(Ch. Bronte)

The peculiarity of such sentences is that the conjunctions when and than introducing adverbial clauses of time are correlated with the adverbs scarcely, hardly and no sooner in the principal clause.

N o t e 1. — The conjunction when introducing adverbial clauses of time

should not be confused with the adverb when introducing subject clauses,

predicative clauses, object clauses, and attributive relative clauses. Compare

the following examples:

And people love their homes, even when things are tough. (Gow and

D’Usseau) (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME)

The next thing to discover is when the paint was last seen without that smear.

(Collins) (PREDICATIVE CLAUSE)

Nothing told her when the eyes of her friend were for an instant fixed upon

her, when the mind of her friend for a moment wondered at the strange, new

look in her face. (Hichens) (OBJECT CLAUSE)

There were moments when I felt all the misery of my friendlessness, all the

peril of my dreadful responsibility. (Collins) (ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE

CLAUSE)

N o t e 2. — Adverbial clauses of time introduced by the subordinating

conjunction while should not be confused with independent clauses introduced

by the coordinating conjunction while.

There was a pause while he raised his cup and drank some tea. (Cronin)

(ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME)

His face was disturbed and troubled, while his clothes were disarranged and

untidy. (Conan Doyle) (INDEPENDENT CLAUSE)

Adverbial clauses of place.

An adverbial clause of place shows the place of the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of place are introduced by the conjunctions where and wherever (где бы ни, куда бы ни).

...I am quite comfortable where I am. (Wilde)

I looked where she pointed. (Collins)

...the street singers and players were making their nightly pilgrimage, pausing,

wherever they saw a lighted window or a dark figure on a balcony. (Hichens)

N o t e. — One should not confuse the conjunction where introducing

adverbial clauses of place with the adverb where introducing subject clauses,

predicative clauses, object clauses, and attributive relative clauses.

Deronda placed himself where he could see her... (Eliot) (ADVERBIAL

CLAUSE OF PLACE)

This must be where my sister lives. This is where she came for a temporary

lodging, soon after father’s death. (Dickens) (PREDICATIVE CLAUSE)

Artois wondered where they were going. (Hichens)(OBJECT CLAUSE)

He turned immediately towards the hearth where Silas Marner sat lulling the

child. (Eliot) (ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSE)

Adverbial clauses of cause.

An adverbial clause of cause (reason) shows the cause of, the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of cause are introduced by the conjunctions as, because, since, for fear (that); in official style they may also be introduced by the conjunctions on the ground that, for the reason that and some others.

As he had a liking for the spot, he seldom let a week pass without paying it a

visit. (Dickens)

Letters were infrequent in his world and not very welcome because more

often than not they contained bad news. (Priestley)

Since he had a certain talent for composition, his English master encouraged

him to write little pieces... for the college magazine. (Cronin)

He is suspicious and jealous for fear anyone else might want to share in his

power. (Lawrence)