The functions of Participle I in the sentence.
Participle I may have different syntactic functions.
1. Participle I as an attribute.
Participle I Indefinite Active can he used as an attribute; in this function it corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие.
The fence surrounding the garden is newly painted.
Забор, окружающий сад, недавно покрашен.
We admired the stars twinkling in the sky.
Мы любовались звездами, мерцавшими на небе.
In some cases, Participle I in the function of an attribute is rendered in Russian by a clause.
He came back and stood irresolute on the steps leading down to the street.
(Cusack)
Он вернулся и стоял в нерешительности на лестнице, которая вела на
улицу.
In the function of an attribute Participle I can be in pre-position and in post-position, i. e. it can precede the noun it modifies and follow it. Participle I in pre-position hardly ever has accompanying words.
The gate-keeper surveyed the retreating vehicle. (Hardy)
Привратник смотрел на удалявшийся экипаж.
Participle I in post-position as a rule has one or several accompanying words.
They dined outside upon the terrace facing Vesuvius. (Hlchens)
Они пообедали на террасе, выходившей к Везувию.
Through the massive sunlight illuminating the hall at Robin Hill,the July
sunlight at five o’clock fell just where the broad staircase turned.
(Galsworthy)
Сквозь массивную стеклянную крышу, освещавшую холл в Робин
Хилле, лучи июльского солнца в пять часов падали как раз на поворот
широкой лестницы.
Participle I Indefinite Passive is very seldom used as an attribute.
There was one line being laid out to within a few blocks of his new home...
which interested him greatly. (Dreiser)
Его очень интересовала линия, которую прокладывали в нескольких
кварталах от его нового дома.
Participle I Perfect Active and Passive is not used attributively. Attention should be paid to the fact that Participle I in the function of an attribute cannot express priority; therefore it often happens that when in Russian we have причастие in English we find a finite verb. Such is the case with the Russian действительное причастие прошедшего времени expressing priority; it is rendered in English by an attributive clause.
Татьяна, с великим равнодушием переносившая до того мгновения все
превратности своей жизни, тут, однако, не вытерпела, прослезилась.
(Тургенев)
Tatyana, who had until that moment borne all the ups and downs of her life
with great indifference, broke down, however, on this and burst into tears.
(Translated by Domb)
Бульба повел сыновей своих в светлицу, откуда проворно выбежали две
красивые девки-прислужницы, прибиравшие комнату. (Гоголь)
Bulba bade his sons follow him into the little guest-chamber, whence two
pretty serving-wenches, who had been arranging the room, ran out.
(Translated by Baskervllle)
A clause, not a participle, is generally used in English even when the Russian действительное причастие прошедшего времени expresses an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.
Базаров закурил трубку и подошел к ямщику, отпрягавшему лошадей.
(Тургенев)
Bazarov lit his pipe and went up to the driver, who was unharnessing the
horses. (Translated by C. Garnett)
Матушка, знавшаянаизусть все его обычаи... всегда старалась засунуть
несчастную книгу подальше. (Пушкин)
My mother, who knewall his habits, used to thrust the obnoxious volume into
some remote hiding-place. (Translated by J. and T. Litvinov)
Occasionally, however, in rendering the Russian действительное причастие прошедшего времени, a participle is used in English. This is often the case when действительное причастие прошедшего времени refers to no particular time.
Заря уже занималась на небе, когда Соломин постучался в калитку
высокого забора, окружавшегофабрику. (Тургенев)
Dawn was already beginning in the sky when Solomin knocked at the gate in
the high fence surroundingthe factory. (Translated by C. Garnett)
Потом он обратил внимание посетителей на висевшуюнад его головой
картину, писанную масляными красками. (Тургенев)
Then he drew the attention of his guests to a picture hangingabove his head,
painted in oils. (Translated by C. Garnett)
In many cases an attribute expressed by Participle I is detached, i. e. it acquires a certain independence in the sentence; the connection between the attribute and the word it modifies is loose. A detached attribute is usually separated by a comma.
It was the entrance to a large family vault, extending under the north aisle.
(Hardy)
Это был вход в большой фамильный склеп, простиравшийся под
северным приделом храма.
2. Participle Ias an adverbial modifier.
All the forms of Participle I may be used as an adverbial modifier. Participle I Indefinite expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb and corresponds to the Russian деепричастие несовершенного вида; Participle I Perfect, expresses an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb and corresponds to the Russian деепричастие совершенного вида. In some cases Participle I in the function of an adverbial modifier is rendered in Russian by an adverbial clause. Participle I can be an adverbial modifier:
(a) oftime.
Approaching Malta Street, Soho,Soames thought with wonder of those
years in Brighton. (Galsworthy)
Приближаясь к Мальта Стрит в Сохо, Соме с удивлением думал о годах,
проведенных в Брайтоне.
Having closed the drawing-room door on him,Isabel awaited a little,
absorbed in her own thoughts. (Collins)
Закрыв за ним дверь гостиной, Изабелла подождала немного,
погруженная в свои мысли.
Having reached the classroom, she became the object of many questions.
(Collins)
Когда она вошла в класс, ее стали засыпать вопросами.
As has already been stated, with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to enter, to seize, to look out, to turn and some others, Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant. In Russian деепричастие совершенного вида is used in such cases.
Anna... hearing his step, ran to the foot of the stairs to meet him. (Eliot)
Анна... услышав его шаги, побежала вниз по лестнице встретить его.
Arriving therethe visitor found everything that should be found at old
manors. (Coppard)
Приехав туда,гость нашел все то, что обычно находят в старых
поместьях.
Enteringher room that evening, Elfride found a packet for herself on the
dressing-table. (Hardy)
Войдя вечером в свою комнату, Элфрид нашла на туалетном столе
сверток.
Seizing ink and writing paper,she began to write... (Galsworthy)
Схватив чернила и бумагу, она начала писать.
Turning slowlyshe went to her room. (Eliot)
Медленно повернувшись, она пошла в свою комнату.
If the action expressed by Participle I Indefinite Active is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb, the conjunction when or while is often used.
...it was possible for Urquhart, when making his toilet,to survey with pride
an original willow pattern tea service. (Cronin)
Экхарт мог, пока он одевался, с гордостью любоваться чайным сервизом
с настоящим китайским рисунком.
While waiting for the water to boil,he held his face over the stove.
(London)
Дожидаясь, когда закипит вода, он наклонился над печкой.
N o t e. — Participle I Indefinite of the verb to be is not used as an adverbial
modifier of time. Clauses of the type ‘Когда он был ребенком’, ‘Когда он
был в Ленинграде’, may be translated When a boy, When he was a boy,
When in Leningrad, When he was in Leningrad.
(b) of cause.
Being of a more slender figure than Mr. Jarndyce,and having a richer
complexion, Mr. Skimpole looked younger. (Dickens)
Так как мистер Скимпоул был стройнее мистера Джарндайса и так как
цвет лица у него был лучше, он выглядел моложе.
Having been a little in that line myself, I understood it. (Shaw)
Так как я сам раньше некоторое время работал в этой области, я
понимал, это.
(c) of manner and attendant circumstances. In this function Participle I Indefinite is mostly used.
She balanced herself on the curbstone and began to walk carefully, setting
heel to toe,heel to toe,and counting her steps.(Heym) (ADVERBIAL
MODIFIER OF MANNER)
Она встала на край тротуара и осторожно пошла вперед, переступая с
пятки на кончики пальцев и считая свои шаги.
Gwendolen was silent, again looking at her hands. (Elliot) (ADVERBIAL
MODIFIER OF ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES)
Гвендолен молчала, разглядывая свои руки.
It is not always easy to discriminate between an adverbial modifier of manner and an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
He has been in three revolutions fighting on the barricades.(Shaw)
Он принимал участие в трех революциях, сражаясь на баррикадах.
(d) of comparison. In this function Participle I is introduced by the conjunction as if or as though.
This was said as if thinking aloud. (Gaskell)
Это было сказано так, как будто он думал вслух.
...he was still on his guard, as though waiting for a further question from me.
(Du Maurier)
Он все еще был настороже, словно ожидая, что я задам ему еще один
вопрос.
3. Participle I as a predicative.
In this function Participle I is used but seldom; it is usually rendered in Russian by an adjective.
The effect of her words was terrifying.
Впечатление, произведенное ее словами, было страшно.
The whole damned day had been humiliating. (Priestley)
Весь этот ужасный день был унизительным.
4. Participle I as part of a complex object.
I saw that young man and his wife talking to you on the stairs. (Galsworthy)
Я видел, как этот молодой человек и его жена разговаривали с вами на
лестнице.
5. Participle I as part of a compound verbal predicate.
Presently other footsteps were heard crossing the room below. (Hardy)
Вскоре они услышали, что через комнату внизу прошел еще кто-то.
(For detailed treatment of Participle I as part of a complex object and part of a compound verbal predicate see § 10, 11.)
6. Participial phrase as parenthesis.
Here we always find a participial phrase; a single participle is not used in this function.
Generally speaking, I don’t like boys. (Dickens)
Вообще говоря, я не люблю мальчиков.
Judging by appearances, Mr. Bowmore looked like a man prematurely
wasted and worn by the cares of a troubled life. (Collins)
Судя по внешности, мистер Баумор был человек преждевременно
состарившийся и измученный тяготами жизни.