Особенности перевода страдательного залога

От сочетания глагола с существительным

Типа take care of

В английском языке форму страдательного залога могут принимать фразеологические сочетания глагола с существительным. Такие сочетания представляют со­бой смысловое единство и при переводе на русский язык обычно передаются или соответствующим глаго­лом, или эквивалентным сочетанием глагола с сущест­вительным. Например, make an attempt — пытаться, делать попытку.

В страдательном залоге эти сочетания образуют кон­струкции двух видов.

1) Подлежащим является существительное, входящее
в данное сочетание:

Care must be taken to lower the temperature. Надо стараться понизить температуру. Следует принять меры (следует проследить за тем), чтобы понизить температуру.

2) Подлежащим оказывается существительное — не
член данного сочетания. Все сочетание остается в группе
сказуемого, глагол принимает форму страдательного за­
лога, конструкция замыкается предлогом, закрепленным
за сочетанием, но не связанным непосредственно с по­
следующими членами предложения:

These effects were taken care of by a corresponding choice of weights.

Эти явления были учтены путем соответствующего выбора весов.

Правильный перевод в обоих случаях возможен толь­ко после того, как будет найдено фразеологическое со­четание и подобран к нему соответствующий русский эквивалент.

Лексика

Запомните значения следующих сочетаний слов:

call attention (to) } } — обращать (чье-либо)

draw attention (to) } внимание на; привле-

кать внимание к

give attention (to) }

} — уделять внимание pay attention (to) }

exercise influence (on) — оказывать влияние на

make attempt — делать попытку, пытаться

make (an) effort — делать усилие, стараться

make mention (of) — упоминать о

make reference (to) — упоминать, ссылаться на

make use (of) — использовать

place emphasis (on) — подчеркивать, выделять

show preference (to) — оказывать предпочтение

take account of — учитывать; принимать

во внимание

take advantage of — учитывать; использовать

take care of — заботиться; стараться;

учитывать

take care + инфинитив — остерегаться; принимать
(или that) меры предосторожности

take notice of — замечать; обращать вни-

мание на

take opportunity — пользоваться, воспользо-

ваться случаем

take steps + инфинитив — принимать меры, пред­принимать шаги

упражнение Переведите следующие предложения:

1 Special attention has been called to the research work.

2. Use is made of a simple model of a molecule.

3. Steps are taken to diminish friction.

4. Account should be taken of the low melting point of
this substance.

5. Advantage is often taken of the effect of temperature
on solubility.

6. Care is to be taken to remove all the impurities.

7. Care is taken not to heat this substance.

8. An attempt was made to measure samples by imme­
diately raising the temperature.

9. Attention was also given to the electron microscopic
observations.

10. An effort is made to incorporate the data into the
existing model.

11. Emphasis is made on the evolution of the other
surface emission methods.

Повторение различных способов и особенностей перевода страдательного залога

Упражнения

I

Переведите следующие предложения, подбирая правильные рус­ские эквиваленты к английскому страдательному залогу:

1. It is believed that in many instances the explanations
have been clarified.

2. Physicists were compelled to conclude that the discharge
from the cathode must consist of a stream of particles of
some sort electrically charged.

3. None of the data on plastic state have been presented
at the conference.

4. The experimental facts can be explained by this
supposition.

5. A discussion of X-ray spectra has been omitted, as it
can be found in almost any advanced text on physics.

6. The process of separating or concentrating small
amounts of the radioelements may, in general, be very
conveniently followed by measurement of the activity.

II

Переведите следующие предложения. Выделите глаголы с пред­логами:

7. The importance of water to living things is so evident,
that it need not be insisted on here.

8. The invention of the nitrogen-filled lamp has been
followed by the argon and neon lamps for special purposes.

9. The behaviour of gas stream during expansion is
influenced by a variety of circumstances.

10. Many compounds can be decomposed, when they are
heated or when they are acted upon by other forms of
energy, into simpler compounds or into their constituent
elements.

11. The properties of metals are often strongly influenced
by even small admixtures of other metals or nonmetals.

12. The presence of slight traces of hydrogen peroxide,
in the atmosphere is accounted for by the action of ultraviolet
light upon the moist oxygen.

13. From their very nature, charged particles are influenced
by electric fields.

14. Many methods for detection of uranium have been
proposed for use under various conditions and only a few
can be referred to here.

15. Neutron capture by a nitrogen nucleus is sometimes
followed by the immediate emission of a proton.

16. The method described above is the most accurate
and should be followed.

17. The electrons were pictured as very small charged
bodies, which generated the field in free space and conversely
were acted upon by forces due to the field.

18. The recognition that isotopes could exist was first
forced upon chemists from the study of the radioactive
elements.

III

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на со­четания глагола с существительным и предлогом:

19. Mention has already been made that gold is slowly
attacked by fused hydrates and alkali metal hydroxides,
forming aurates.

20. When allowance is made for differences of mass and
size some gas-mixtures give disproportionately small values.

21. Care must be taken in handling radioactive materials
as painful and even dangerous burning may result from
prolonged exposure to the rays.

22. Solutions of sulphurous acid always contain sulphates
unless care is exercised to exclude air.

23. Care should be taken in the laboratory not to inhale
hydrogen sulphide.

24. Steps are taken to increase the production of our
plants.

25. There is no doubt that in the course of further
development of all sciences extensive use will be made of
modern computing machines.

26. Chemical methods of purifying water are given much
attention to at present.

IV

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на формы страдательного залога:

27. For practical reasons atomic weights have been
referred, not to hydrogen equal to 1, but to oxygen equal
to 16.

28. The rate at which radioactive elements decompose is
unaffected by change in t° or by the presence of other
elements in combination with the radioactive element.

29. Many of these elements are present in such
infinitesimal amounts that they can hardly be thought of even
as traces.

30. This motion is always present; it is the same for
various particles of appropriate size but of different nature,
and it is not influenced by outside vibrations of currents in
the fluid.