Total: 2,000 calories average daily intake
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Food at the top of the pyramid - fats, oils, and sweets should be eaten only sparingly. People need protein in moderate amounts in their diets, so the upper middle section of the pyramid contains two groups of food that supply protein: milk, yogurt, and cheese; and meat, poultry, fish, dried beans, eggs and nuts. Nutritionists recommend that people eat two to three servings of these foods a day. Most people need to eat more fruit and vegetables, represented in the two lower middle sections of the pyramid. People should eat three to five servings of vegetables and two to four servings of fruit a day. The base of
the pyramid consists of grains, the food group that should be eaten the most (six to eleven servings a day), including bread, cereals, rice, and pasta.
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a) Cholesterol and Health
Cholesterol (=fatty substance found in the body tissue and blood of all animals)only becomes a problem when you have too much of it, and it starts to promote the production of a fatty plaque (=unwanted substance that forms on the surface of the arteries)that can clog the arteries. Interruption of blood flow to a main heart vessel can cause a heart attack; a blocked blood vessel on the way to the brain could cause a stroke.
Some say that cholesterol-rich foods such as eggs, shellfish and offal should be banished from the diet, but these foods don’t significantly raise cholesterol levels. The cholesterol in them is broken down quite efficiently and then excreted (=got rid of from the body), so they are fine to eat in moderation.
Fibre (=substance in food that travels through the body as waste, helping digestion)produces substances that help to clear the blood of bad cholesterol and acts as a buffer, so less fat is brought into contact with blood vessels and less is absorbed. Fibre also keeps bad cholesterol within the gut(=tubes that carry from the stomach)from where it can be excreted.
b) The Balanced Diet
FAT
1) Which do you usually eat? 7) How many times a week do you eat
butter 3 high or medium-fat cheese?
margarine 2 five or more 3
nothing 0 three to five 2
once or twice a week 1
2) Which do you usually use for occasionally/never 0
cooking?
meat fat, butter, margarine 3 8) How many times a week do you eat
vegetable oil 2 chocolate?
corn, sunflower, olive 1 six or more 3
three to five 2
3) How many times a week do you eat once or twice 1
chips? occasionally/never 0
five or more 3
two to four 2 9) How often do you eat meat?
once 1 twice a day 4
occasionally/never 0 once a day 2
most days 1
4) How often do you eat cream or ice- never 0
cream?
Every day 3 10)How many times a week do you
Several times a week 2 eat sausages/meat pies/burgers?
About once a week 1 Six or more 3
Less than once a week/never 0 Three to five 2
Once or twice 1
5) Which type of milk do you drink? Occasionally/never 0
full fat 3
semi-skimmed 1 11) If you have a choice of how to
skimmed/none 0 cook meat, how do you cook it?
fry 3
6) What type of cheese do you eat grill with adding oil 2
most of? grill without adding oil 1
high-fat (Cheddar, Stilton) 4
medium-fat (Camembert, Edam, Brie) 3 12) How many times a week do you
low-fat (cottage) 2 eat cakes, biscuits, or desserts?
variety 3 six or more 3
three to five 2
once or twice 1
occasionally/never 0
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FIBRE
1) What kind of bread do you eat? 4) How many times a week do you
wholemeal 3 eat rice or pasta?
white 1 six or more 4
mixture 2 three to five 3
once or twice 2
2) How many slices of bread do you eat occasionally/never 0
a day?
six or more 4 5) How many times a week do you eat
three to five 3 boiled, mashed or jacket potatoes?
one or two 1 six or more 5
none 0 three to five 3
once or twice 2
3) How many times a week do you eat occasionally/never 0
cereal?
six or more 4
three to five 3
once or twice 2
occasionally/never 0
TOTAL
If your fat total was less than your fibre total, well done.
If your fat total was about the same as your fibre total (within one or two points), try to cut down on fat.
If your fat total was greater than your fibre total, you need to make changes in your diet.
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Alcohol
The attitude to alcohol in Britain is ambivalent. On the one hand, it is accepted and welcomed as an integral part of British culture. The local pub plays an important role in almost every neighbourhood, and pubs, it should be noted, are predominantly for the drinking of beer and spirits. The nearest pub is commonly referred to as “the local” and people who go there often are known as “regulars”. The action in some popular television soaps in Britain revolves around a pub. Even a certain level of drunkenness is acceptable. Provided this does not lead to violence, there is no shame attached to it.
On the other hand, the puritan tradition has led to the widespread view that drinking is something potentially dangerous, which should therefore be restricted, in terms of both who can do it and where it can be done. Most people, including regular drinkers, consider that it would be wrong to give a child even half glass of beer. When, in 1993, research was published showing that nearly 70% of fifteen-year-old children in the country drank some alcohol in an average week, it was generally agreed that this was a serious social problem.
People cannot be served in pubs until the age of eighteen and they are not even allowed inside one (unless it has a special children’s certificate) until they are fourteen. For many people, drinking is confined tо pubs. Wine or beer is not as much a part of home life as it is in some other European countries. Most cafés are not allowed to serve even beer.
For most of the twentieth century, pubs operated under strict laws, which limited their opening hours. These have recently been relaxed. Moreover, many more types of shops now sell alcohol than previously. However, this lessening of the negative attitude tо alcohol has been balanced by increasing concerns about its impact on health and safety. There are government-sponsored guidelines, which state the maximum amount of alcohol it is advisable for people to drink in a week without endangering their health. Although millions of people pay little attention tо these, the general feeling that alcohol can be bad for you has increased. Moreover, the laws against drinking and driving have been strengthened and are fairly strictly observed.
Nevertheless, alcohol, especially beer, is an important part of the lives of many people. Notice, for example, the mass rush across the Channel after customs duties were changed in 1992. Beer was much cheaper in France and people were allowed to bring back almost as much as they liked. It was calculated that in that first year the single European market cost the British government about £250 million in lost taxes on alcohol.
Questions:
a) What is the attitude to alcohol in Britain?
b) What role do pubs play in Britain?
c) How do the British bring up their children in respect of alcohol?
d) Is the situation with beer in Britain similar or different to that in Russia? What do you think about drinking beer? Discuss in class your suggestions, complaints, regrets, or misunderstandings.
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1. Shall I make you a cup of coffee, Mary? a. Help yourself to a cream cake.
2. May I take my coat off? b. Certainly. Here you are.
3. (you open a door for someone to c. No, thanks. I’m driving.
go through)
4. Would you mind passing the salt, d. After you, please!
5. Do you need any help? e. No, thanks. I’ve had enough.
6. I’m so hungry. f. Yes, please.
7. Would you like a drink? g. So do you.
8. Do have some more ham, please. h. Yes, please do.
9. You look wonderful today. i. It’s all right, thanks. I can manage.
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Model: Would /Could/ Can/ Will you … please.
1. Pass the sugar. 4. Have another glass of pineapple juice.
2. Have another helping of pudding. 5. Fix me a gin and tonic.
3. Help yourself to the French fries. 6. Have another whisky.
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a) A: Would you likea cup of tea?
B: No, thank you. I’d rather not. I’d prefer to havesome coffee, if you’ve got some.
Hints:
glass of cider - a Coke; a slice of Swiss roll - a tomato sandwich;
a sausage roll - an apple pie; a cream cake - a fruit flan; some brandy - mineral water.
b) A:This strawberry flan is absolutely delicious.
B:Yes,it looks it. I wouldn’t minda slice myself.
Hints:
cucumber sandwiches - one; fruit cake - a slice; ice-cream - one;
meringue - a piece; hot chocolate - a cup; white wine - a glass.
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I’d rather + verb
I'd prefer to + verb
1. eat the caviar/ eat the Swiss chocolate
2. have a dessert/ have a main course
3. have the steak rare/ have the steak well-done
4. have a glass of mineral water/ have a glass of champagne
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Model:make you a cup of tea—> - Shall I make you acup of tea?
- Yes, please. I'd love one. / No, thank you.
Hints:
fix you some Irish coffee; make you a cup of hot chocolate; fetch you a glass of champagne; fix you a screwdriver; put the kettle on for a pot of tea; switch the TV on; give you a hand with the dishes.
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- Well, come on in.
- You’ve done a great job.
- You look wonderful today.
- Can I hang your coat up for you?
- Have some more shrimp cocktail, please!
- Shall I fix you a drink?
- Would you mind passing the cream, please?
- Could I have some brandy, please?
- Help yourself to some more pudding!
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a) you want some sugar for your coffee
b) your neighbour passes you the water
c) the hostess offers you some more cheesecake
d) you do not want any more roast beef
e) you want to offer your guests some salad
f) you show your guest into the room
g) you need a spoon
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