Обменяйтесь душами в свадебном поцелуе.
Да, именно поцелуй символизирует обмен душами между новобрачными. В древние времена римляне целовались при заключении крупных сделок. Именно поцелуй придавал сделке юридическую силу. Хорошо, что в современном мире достаточно рукопожатия! Поскольку, невеста, выходившая замуж в английской церкви, должна была сначала поцеловать министра (священника) прежде, чем она 
целовала жениха.
Вы когда-нибудь задавались вопросом, почему американцы носят обручальное кольцо на среднем пальце левой руки?
Древние греки верили, что вена в этом пальце бежит непосредственно к сердцу. Сам обряд обручения дошел до наших дней благодаря Папе Римскому Иннокентию III, который в XIII веке ввел период ожидания между обручением и браком, и также обязал молодых использовать обручальные кольца на свадебной церемонии.
Почему "тост"?
Слово "тост", т.е. когда пьют за кого-то - пришло к нам из старой французской традиции, в которой кусок поджаренного хлеба (тост) клали в чашу с вином для аромата. Гости передавали чашу, и каждый пробовал вино с тостом. Вся эта традиция кажется довольно антисанитарной, но что-то волнующее в ней определенно есть.
Брошенная подвязка.
В День свадьбы невеста обязательно бросает в воздух какую-нибудь вещь на удачу: щепотку риса, букет цветов или подвязку. Традиция бросать подвязку появилась в старые добрые времена, до того, как подвенечные платья стали стоить почти как маленькие автомобили. Незамужние девушки отрывали кусочки от свадебных платьев для того, чтобы привлечь удачу и выйти замуж.
В Англии существовала еще более странная традиция. Мужчины кидали свои носки в жениха, и первый, кто попадет ему в нос, женится следующим.
Почему во время свадебной церемонии невеста традиционно стоит слева, а жених справа.
Эта традиция уходит корнями в далекие темные времена, когда каждый настоящим мужчина носил при себе меч, чтобы защитить себя и свою невесту. Его правая рука всегда должна была быть свободной, чтобы он мог с легкостью обнажить меч в случае опасности.
Свеча Единства.
Вероятно самая яркая свадебная традиция американцев - это зажигание свечи единства - когда два огонька превращаются в одно единое пламя.
Хинди.
На традиционной индусской свадьбе нет белых платьев. Невеста здесь носит сари. Причем на Свадьбу невеста приходит в сари, приготовленном ее родителями, а уходит, в сари, подаренном ей женихом.
Ислам.
Это старая Исламская традиция - красить руки молодых хной в ночь перед Свадьбой - к сожалению, не часто используется теперь. Мало того, что украшенные руки выглядят очень красиво и помогают новобрачным узнавать друг друга, так еще эти украшения (menhdi) позволяют определить, кто в семье главный. Если жених не сможет прочитать свое имя на ладони у невесты, значит, она будет главой в их семье.
Unit 3.
People Around Me. My Friends and Myself
A life without a friend is a life without a sun.
German proverb
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
English proverb
Recommended grammar:
Determiners. Articles and nouns. Be worth doing. Present tenses. Word order.
BUILDING-UP YOUR VOCABULARY
Who is a Friend?
Some have a lot of friends and some have just a few. Some meet and talk with their friends almost every day. Others see them just once a month. There are friendships that end because a person moves away, and there are friendships that last across long distances and over many years until the end of life.
And who is your friend? Americans and Canadians have special relationship with people they consider their good friends.But they often use the simple word friendloosely. (That is why some visitors sometimes get the false impression that North Americans do not have deep friendships.) North Americans call many people their friends – even people they’ve known for a short time or people they see once in a blue moon (=very rarely, not frequently). In fact, they sometimes refer to any person they get along with (do not fight with) as a friend.
Which of the following people would you call a friend?
1. Someone you met about five years ago. The two of you get along well. You spend time together whenever you can. You talk a lot about different things: work, studies, hopes, and problems.
2. Someone you met about three months ago. You work in the same office, and once or twice a month you play badminton (or some other sport) together. You usually talk about work and activities.
3. Someone you’ve known from childhood. You went to school together, but you rarely see each other. You send each other a card on birthdays or at Christmas. When you do see each other, you usually talk about the past.
a. acquaintances b. classmates c. co-workers
D. colleagues e. neighbours
1. Mary and Kate live in the same block of flats. They are both married and have children who play together.
2. Mary and Bruce often see each other at political meetings. They were introduced at a meeting about two months ago, and they usually talk for a few minutes before or after the meetings.
3. Bruce and Lang both work part-time at the same store. Sometimes they have the same work schedule.
4. Lang is taking an evening class at the university. In his class, he often talks to Kate, who is also taking the class.
5. Kate goes to school at night, but during the day she runs a medical lab. Right now she is working closely with Barb (who works at a different lab) on an important new project.
| acquaintance compatriot confidant colleague foe partner materival associate bosom pal companion old flame pen palfair weather friend |
1. to know someone/ to meet someone 2. a friend/ a colleague
3. a friend/ a girlfriend
4. a girlfriend/ a female friend
5. a partner/ a couple
6. a close friend/ a best friend
7. a friendship/ a relationship
intelligent stupid tense even-tempered crafty
optimistic bright envious introverted clever
foolish able sensitive easy-going sincere
smart half-witted dumb sociable ill-mannered
cunning shrewd simple honest discourteous
silly relaxed sensible brainless pessimistic
cruel trustworthy gifted daft gregarious
talented reliable jealous brainy dim
argumentative sly extroverted quarrelsome
| intellectual ability | attitudes towards life | attitudes towards other people |
ambitious bossy communicative faithful honest
imaginative jealous logical mature organized
patient possessive reasonable responsible selfish
sensitive sociable tidy vain
| un- | im- | in- | ir- | il- | dis- |
determined - obstinate, stubborn, pig-headed
thrifty/ economical - miserly, mean, tight-fisted
self-assured - self-important, arrogant, full of oneself
assertive - aggressive, bossy
original - peculiar, weird, eccentric, odd
frank/direct/open - blunt, abrupt, brusque, curt
broad-minded - unprincipled, permissive
generous - extravagant
innocent - naïve/naïve [na:'i:v]
ambitious - pushy
| 1. clever, intelligent 2. inquisitive, very curious 3. rich, wealthy 4. cruel 5. stupid, unintelligent 6. young, inexperienced 7. old (of a person) 8. very clumsy, awkward 9. impudent 10. stubborn 11. too weak to leave one’s bed 12. terrifying 13. conceited, vain, boastful 14. tense, excited 15. ill, not well 16. covered with bruises 17. reading all the time18. very nervous 19. too careful with money 20. kind and generous21. feeling superior to everyone else22. too aggressive23. easily controlled by others24. unsociable25. direct and practical, with no pretensions | a. all thumbs b. bedriddenc. pigheadedd. black and blue all overe. brainy f. hair-rising g. cheeky h. heartless i. keyed up j. long in the tooth k. nosy l. off colourm. overbearing n. thick o. well off p. wet behind the earsq. a bookwormr. a doormats. down to eartht. pushyu. standoffishv. a tightwadw. uppityx. uptighty. warm-hearted |
Social types: wet blanket Don Juan ['don'd3u:әn] gate crasherwall flower social climber good mixergossip chatterbox femme fatalelife and soul of the party A. He’s very lively and the centre of any group he is in. People always have a good time with him. He is the ... .B. She is confident and interested in other people. She likes to meet different kinds of people. She is a ... .C. She is so negative and boring. She has a depressing effect on any group of people she is in. She is a ... .D. He goes to parties and other occasions without an invitation. He just walks in. He is a ... .E. Unfortunately, nobody asks her to dance. She just stands there hoping. She is a ..F. She just can not stop talking. She goes on and on excitedly, about totally unimportant things. She is a ... .G. She loves to discuss and pass on news or rumours about people’s private lives. She is a … . H. She is dangerously attractive to men. Half the men she meets fall in love with her. But she never falls in love with anyone. She is a ... .I. He knows he is attractive to women. They always fall for him. He has a lot of girl friends. He is a ... .J. She is very conscious of her social position. She is always trying to improve it by meeting ‘upper-class’ people. She is a ... . 
1. A word that begins with p and means the opposite of public:_____2. A verb that begins with s and means ‘give something away’:_____3. Another way of saying older:_________4. A synonym for meet: _______5. A two-word phrase that means without planning to: __________6. A synonym for similar that starts with a: _______________7. A synonym for confused that starts with p: _____________ “Die Friends” and “Eating Friends”by David C.Cooke The Thais do not usually ask questions of a personal nature, though in some Asian countries this is considered not only quite proper but polite. The Thais feel, instead, that if anyone wishes to tell them anything about his private life, he will do so without being questioned. This sometimes strikes Westerners as a lack of interest, but to the Thais it is only proper courtesy. One day I was out with Manoon Wongkomolshet and we met a friend of his. The two men talked for a few minutes before saying good-bye. When Manoon and I were alone again, he told me he had gone to school with the other man and had known him for many years. I asked “Does he have many children?” “I don’t know”, Manoon replied. “He never told me, and I never asked.” Friendships play an important role in the life of the Thai people. Among men, friends are often described as ‘die friends’ or ‘eating friends’. The ‘die friendship’ is an ideal that is not often realized today, however, for it requires a willingness to sacrifice for the sake of the friend. Instead of using each others’ names, men often refer to each other as Pee or Nong. Pee means Younger Brother. There is also a similar friendship between girls. One night at a party I was introduced to a young lady who had come in with another girl. The one I was talking with was named Kanjan, and I found out later that the other girl was named Soy. As Kanjan and I talked, I asked her about Soy, and she said, “She is my sister. We came to Bangkok from the north, and we are living together here.” Several days later I encountered Kanjan again, by accident, in a store. She was alone, and I asked her about her sister. “My sister is fine,” she said. “But she could not come shopping with me. She had something else to do.” After a while I said, “You know, I would never have taken you two for sisters. You really don’t look anything alike. I don’t see any similarity at all.” “We don’t have the same mother and father,” Kanjan said. “That is the reason.” “But you said you were sisters,” I replied, puzzled. “How can that be?” 
“Because all Thai people consider all other Thai people to be their brothers and sisters,” she said. “Soy and I would do anything for each other. We may not have had the same mother and father, but that does not matter. We are as close as true blood sisters could ever be.”1. We began to speak angrily to each other. _______________2. A lot of things about us are the same. __________________3. When you know her better. __________________________4. We like the same kinds of things. _____________________5. We laugh at the same things. _________________________6. We have a good relationship. ________________________7. I can depend on her. _______________________________8. We contact each other regularly. _____________________9. We stopped going out together. _______________________ Just Good Friends? I’ll never forget our first meeting because it was quite romantic. I had two tickets for a concert in London, but at the last moment the girl who was going to go with me couldn’t come. So I went to the concert hall early to get my money back for one of the tickets. Paulina was standing in the queue. We started talking, and I found out that she was there for the same reason. My tickets were better than hers so I suggested that we sat in my seats and we gave her tickets back. After the concert we went for a drink and we’ve been friends ever since then. We’ve known each other for two years. After the first meeting we started going out together and we fell in love. Everything went really well at first, but after six months we started to argue a lot and finally we broke up, but we stayed close friends, which isn’t always easy. I think we get on well mainly because we’ve got the same sense of humour. We’ve got a lot in common – we like and dislike the same people and things, and we’ve got the same tastes in music. Our personalities are quite similar, too. Paulina seems quite shy when you first meet her, but when you get to know her, she’s really extrovert and funny. I think I call her my ‘best friend’ because she’s a person I can talk to about anything and I know I can trust her. Our friendship is very important to me. Nowadays, we only see each other about once a month because she’s studying at university and I’m working in London, but we keep in touch by e-mail all the time. Some people are surprised when I say that my best friend is a woman, especially my ex-girlfriend. But I think it’s perfectly possible for us to be ‘just good friends’, although maybe when one of us finds a new partner, it’ll be more difficult. I hope not. ACQUIRING COMMUNICATION SKILLS 
1. It's easy to deal with people who are ... .(cheerful, honest, polite, frank, fussy, efficient, rude, impatient, suspicious, foolish, cruel, obliging, unfair, stubborn, selfish) 2. I hate it when people ... .(have good manners, have bad manners, interrupt others, are not punctual, are too curious, don’t respect their elders, interfere with other people’s affairs, are always joking) 3. I think he is the right man for the job because he is ... .(lazy, efficient, hard-working, disciplined, absent-minded, capable, careless, attentive, impatient, smart, well-read, well-educated, well-traveled, stubborn, sociable) 4. When you get to know him better, you’ll see he’s … .(intelligent, selfish, naive, good for nothing, tight-fisted, hot tempered, forgetful, fussy, stubborn, pompous) 5. He ... and I like it about him.(has a subtle sense of humour, is a Don Juan, is a chatterbox, is the life and soul of the party, is understanding, always does what he promises, never lies, is a man of his word) 6. She ... and I don't like it about her.(pokes her nose in other people’s affairs, takes advantage of other people, likes to show off, thinks too much of herself, is always up to mischief, is too careless, stops at nothing when she wants to get something, thinks she is a femme fatale, is very self-confident) 7. You overestimate him. He's not so … as you think. (clever, bright, hard working, polite ) 8. I don't like the way she ... . (treats her friends, speaks to me, sings, dances, speaks English) 
A: - What do you think of your new colleague? What is he like?- The right man for the job: experienced and pleasant to deal with. B: -Why don't you like to work with young Donaldson?- He is incompetent and inefficient and has no experience at all. He does everything in the wrong way. Besides he is very fussy and messy.- In this case, please, help me to find someone else.- With pleasure. C:- Do you want to work with old Brown? I think, he is very supportive, understanding and he always gives you a hand when things go wrong.- That's just great. Unlike my assistant, he is competent and efficient. The right man for the job and a pleasant companion. D:- Peter is late.- Really? I don't believe my ears.- That's certainly unlike him.- Yes, he is so punctual. E: - Barbara is late.- That's she all over. It's like her.- Yes, she always keeps people waiting. F:- Every nation has a reputation of some kind. For instance, everybody believes that the French are light-minded and the Germans are punctual.- What kind of people are the English?- They are unlike the Americans. Snobs, cold, reserved and conservatives.- But that's not true.- Of course, not. But we are talking about their reputation. 
frank keeps confidence loyal warm and affectionate intelligent supportive
has a sense of humour willing to make time for me
is a good conversationalist independent
| questions | notes |
| Who is your best friend? How long have you known each other? How did you meet? | |
| Why is s/he your best friend? Why do you get on well? Do you ever argue? What about? Who is usually the first to make it up? | |
| How often do you see each other? How do you keep in touch? |
Rule 1: Become genuinely interested in people.
Rule 2: Smile.
Rule 3: Remember that a man’s name is to him the sweetest and most important sound in any language.
Rule 4: Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves.
Rule 5: Talk in terms of other man’s interests.
Rule 6: Make the other person feel important – and do it sincerely.
Are you a Good Socializer
Answer these questions.
1. When you are introduced to a stranger, do you normally become tense?
2. Do you try to be the centre of attention of groups?
3. Do you consider yourself a successful person, socially speaking?
4. Do you find it difficult to demonstrate in public some of your personal skills (such as telling jokes, dancing, singing ...)?
5. Do you have problems when speaking in public?
6. Are you happy/satisfied with your own image?
7. Would you eat alone in a crowded restaurant?
8. Do you feel quite skilled at socializing?
9. Do you accept praise gracefully and naturally?
10. During meetings/encounters with strangers, do you listen more than speak?
11. Do you show your feelings to friends you don't know very well yet?
12. Do you go red when someone shouts at you in public?
13. Do you feel inferior when introduced to an important person?
14. Do you often think that your contributions to a debate can be relevant?
15. When you are going to be presented in public, do you sweat, shake a bit, and feel insecure ?
16. Would you be able to imitate a famous person?
Calculate your score.
- If you said YES to questions 1, 5, 10, 12, 13 and 15, give yourself a point for each YES.
- If you said NO to questions 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14 and 16, give yourself a point for each NO.
Interpretation of the score:
- If you scored less than 6, your ability to make friends is acceptable.
- Between 6 and 10, you have/have had difficulty relating to other people socially.
- More than 10 points, new situations and getting to know new people is hard for you.
There is nothing in the whole world, Lord, like having one true, enjoyable, understanding friend. No one is ever so lonely when he doesn’t have a friend. To find one, all you have to do is to go out and help somebody. Now and then say to a friend, “I love you”. Those words weren’t meant only fro sweethearts. They are just as significant, beautiful and life-enhancing when said to a dear friend. A true test of friendship: If you died, which of your friends would you trust to clean out your drawers? When I talk, my friend listens. When my friend talks, I listen. That’s one of the reasons we’re friends. Friends are like bracelets charms. If you truly love and enjoy your friends, they are part of the golden circle that makes life good. If you want more friends, smile more! I’ve never known anyone who smiled a lot who didn’t have a lot of friends. Friends are too precious to lose – even when they disappoint us. Lord, help me to forgive this friend – it is only because I need and love her. (And because I’d want her to forgive me!) Friends are worth forgiving. The heart has many doors, of which friendship is but one. Don’t be too quick to bolt them.
Questions:
1. What ways of making friends do you know? Are they different from those described in the text? How often do you say “I love you” to your friends?
2. Think of the test of friendship mentioned in the text. Would any of your friends stand the test? Describe his/her qualities.
3. Are friends really worth forgiving? Do you forgive your friends? Are there any reasons why you may never forgive your friend?
Would you …
· Drive him/her to work every day
· Take care of his/her children
· Lend him/her a large sum of money
· Give up your job for him/her
· Forgive him/her for doing something very mean to you
· Die for him/her
How to give an opinion:
Personally I think …
In my opinion …
From my point of view …
My view is that …
If you ask me / If you want my opinion/ As I see it …
I am not really sure if …
I wouldn’t agree. (direct way)
You can’t be serious! (informal)
How to agree with an opinion:
I take your point. (informal)
I couldn’t agree more. (direct)
I’m with you on that. (informal)
Yes, I entirely/quite agree with you there/ on that. (formal)
Yes, that’s how I feel/ how I see it. (formal)