When people talk about something they are bound to make mistakes. (To err is human.) But not everyone is able to correct these mistakes in a delicate way without hurting other people's feelings.

a) Read this dialogue. Note down the expressions in bold type the charac­ters use in correcting other people's misconceptions, wrong statements, mis­takes. Please, remember that correcting what people say and do involves a variety of communicative functions including disagreeing, making suggestions, expressing opinions, interrupting, etc.:

Chairperson: OK, students. Your attention, please! Sorry to interrupt your private conversations but our speaker is ready to

begin. May I introduce Mr Brown who's going to tell us a little about American education system if I am correct?

Mr Brown: Good morning, students! Now please let's get this straight from the start,I was invited here to speak about American holidays.

Chairperson: Iam sorry, there appears to have been a slight misunderstanding here.Am I mistaken in thinking you have been a head teacher for some 25 years in a deprived inner city area?

Mr Brown: Iam afraid you've got it all wrong,I'm not a teacher. Actually,I've not even been in a school since I was 16.

Chairperson: Oh, dear, this is most embarrassing.

Mr Brown: Forgive me for mentioning it, but these talks have been very badly organised, I was even given the wrong room number.

Chairperson: Sorry about that, I really can't understand what's been happening. Anyway, would you like to tell us about American holidays as you are here, may be starting with Halloween as it's October already. OK, students, please excuse the delay and listen carefully now.

Mr Brown: Originally, Halloween was a religious holiday. Today it is a day of fun and excitement. Children make faces in pumpkins (turnips are used in Britain) by removing the pulp and seeds and cutting holes in the shell for the eyes, nose and mouth. These pumpkins are called jack-o'-lanterns. A lighted candle is put inside to shine through the holes. Children dress up in costumes; sometimes, according to tradition, as ghosts, goblins, witches, vampires and werewolves; sometimes as pirates, sailors, ballerinas, folk heroes, etc. After dark, children walk around their neighbourhood, knocking on their neigh­bours' doors. They say "trick or treat", and their neighbours give them fruit or candy. Do you have any questions?

Question: Why do they say "trick or treat"?

Mr Brown: As far as I know, in the old days "trick or treat" had to perform songs and shifts for their neighbours. If the neighbours liked the performance, the children received a "treat" — again, fruit or candy. If not, the neighbours played a trick on the children — like throwing water on them.

Question: That doesn't sound like very much fun.

Mr Brown: Well, as a matter of fact,they don't do that any more.

Question: But if a child says “trick or treat", he still has to perform for his neighbours, right?

Mr Brown: Sorry, haven't I already mentioned that they don't perfgrm any more.

Question: Why do trick-or-treaters dress up as goblins and witches? Do they want to frighten people?

Mr Brown: Idon't think so. Remember, the trick-or-treaters are only children. In fact, their costumes are related to ancient traditions, according to which ghosts and witches walked the streets on the last day of October.

Question: What do adults do on Halloween? Do they dress up?

Mr Brown: Actually, most adults stay at home, waiting for children to knock on their door. I think I should point out, however, that teenagers and young adults often go to costume parties as ghosts, goblins and witches, too.

Question: And Halloween falls on the last Thursday in No­vember, doesn't it?

Mr Brown: If I may say so, I believe you've confused Hallo­ween with Thanksgiving. Halloween fails on the thirty-first of October.

Chairperson: Any other questions? (pause) No? Thank you very much, Mr Brown.

b) Summarize the dialogue.

c) Make a speech on the American tradition to celebrate Halloween.

6. Pair work. Make up and act out a dialogue discussing national holidays. Do library research and collect additional materials describing unusual national holidays. Use the expressions of correcting people, agreement and disagree­ment, etc.:

1. Staying with your friends in Georgia, you discuss the customs and traditions of a national holiday with your host/ hostess.

2. Be a host/hostess to a guest from Britain or the USA and discuss the beauty of Russian folk tradition in festivals. Point out the revival of traditions.

3. Exchange opinions with your partner on the multination­al character of our society and the advantages of enrichment for the various traditions in the multinational situations.

7. Group work, a) Read a letter from America:

The University of Pittsburg

Pittsburg, Pen. USA

15 November, 199...

Dearest Mary,

There is an air of great expectation here in the US. We are just through with Halloween fancy dress balls, but the season of holidays is in full swing. Thanksgiving Day is coming. And now that we are on the subject, let me tell you more about American holidays that impress foreigners so much.

Thanksgiving Day has a special significance for Americans because it is traced back to that group of people (pilgrims) who were among the first to come to the New World in search of freedom.

Late in the year 1620, a ship named the Mayflower brought 102 English men, women and children to the rocky coast of what is now Massachusetts, one of the 50 states of the United States of America. The ship's passengers were Puritans who had been prosecuted in Britain.

The winter was cold, and about half of the Pilgrims died. In the spring, with advice and help from the Indians the Pilgrims planted corn (known also as maize) and other crops.

In October 1621, to celebrate the good harvest, the Pilgrims held a feast which featured, among many other foods, wild turkey, which is native to North America. They called this their day of thanksgiving.

The story is told and retold every year to young children in schools. The holiday is called Thanksgiving Day, and is now observed on the fourth Thursday of November.

Thanksgiving Day is marked by families gathering together to enjoy a traditional dinner of roast turkey, and to speak to one another of the things for which they are thankful. Young people who are at college or live away from their families usu­ally come home for this dinner. If the parents are elderly, their adult children or some other relative will prepare the Thanks­giving feast.

Perhaps the most important day to a country is the Holiday that commemorates a national event. For many nations the date is the country's independence day.

For the Americans — it is the 4th of July, Independence Day. The Holiday recalls the signing of the Declaration of Inde­pendence on the 4th of July, 1776.

At one time, picnics with patriotic speeches and parades were held all over the United States on the 4th of July. They are still held in many places. It is also a day on which firework dis­plays fill the skies in the evening, and the flying of flags is com­mon.

In 1976 the bicentennial celebrations were held across the country.

A more recent holiday has been introduced, it is Martin Luther King Day. The Rev. Dr Martin Luther King, Jr. was a black clergyman who is ranked among the greatest of black Americans because of his crusade during the 1950s and 1960s to win full civil rights for his people. Preaching nonviolence, much in the same way as had Mohands K. (Mahatma) Gandhi of India Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke out and campaigned tirelessly to rid the United States of traditions and laws that forced on black Americans the status of second-class citizens. Among these laws were those in some states which required black people to take back seats in buses or which prevented voting by blacks. The world was shocked when Dr King was assassinated in 1968. Ever since, special memorial services have marked his birthday on January 15. By vote of Congress the third Monday of every January, beginning in 1986, is now a federal holiday in Dr King's honour.

Some holidays are observed in the custom by all Americans, for others, however, the customs can vary greatly. Those who feel strongly about the labour unions, for example, see Labor Day as a day on which to demonstrate labor solidarity in a public way. For others, Labor Day means a day off to go for a ride in a car, to go for a final summer swim or to hold a family get-together.

Sorry, but this is a very long letter indeed. Please, give my best wishes, love and season's greetings to all our family and friends.

Love,

Yours, Julia

b) Split into groups (3—4 each) and discuss the information of the Ameri­can holidays. One of the students is supposed to play the role of a person who doesn't know much, or doesn't care much for keeping traditions and observing holidays. Another is highly enthusiastic about them. Keep interrupting one an­other with questions to get more information about the holidays and traditions.

c) Make a round table discussion of the American holidays.

8. As you know the Americans and British have very much to common in their cultural traditions, for example Christmas and Halloween. But certain cele­brations originating in historical events are particular to only one country. An example: this is the British Bonfire Night.

a) Read the text:

Remember, remember, the fifth of November

Gunpowder Treason and Plot.

I see no reason why Gunpowder Treason

Should ever be forgot.

Guy

When one person says of another, "What a guy!" it isn't always meant as a compliment, and this can be explained by the history of the word. On November 5th in the year 1605 the famous Gunpowder Plot was perpetrated as a protest against the sharp enforcement of the anti-Catholic laws of King James I. The anniversary of this event is celebrated each year in Eng­land and is called Guy Fawkes Day in memory of the chief character in the drama. This fellow Fawkes took a house ad­joining the Houses of Parliament in London, tunneled through to the cellar, and concealed a nice fat charge of gunpowder in the coal bin. Unfortunately one of those conspirators betrayed their leader and this led to the discovery of the plot and Guy Fawkes being tortured and hanged. On this day it is customary in England to carry an effigy of Fawkes through the streets and then to burn it. 1) The children ask passers-by the traditional phrase "Have you got a penny for the guy, please?" collecting the money to buy fireworks with. In the evening on the 5th of November, the children have a big bonfire, eat roast chestnuts and let off the fireworks. 2) Many other people, besides Guy Fawkes, have been burned as dummies on November 5th... Na­poleon Bonaparte became a "Guy" many times during his life­time, and in 1945 a dummy of Hitler was burned on hundreds of fires all over Britain. 3) "Beefeaters" still search the cellars of the House of Commons and the House of Lords on the first day of a new Parliament, before members take their seats. They have always done so since 1605.

b) Make up a dialogue with your partner similar to the one on Halloween. Use conversational formulas of correcting people, agreement and disagreement.

Talking points. Group work.

a) Split into small buzz groups of 3-4 and get ready to represent a certain country's national customs and traditions at an international conference or festival.

b) Do some library research prior to the discussion.

c) Elect the chairperson to conduct and run the conference.

d) Delegate a speaker from a buzz group to take part in making a talk and a panel discussion.

Problems for Discussion

1. The advantages and problems of multinational states for the development of national traditions.

2. The continuity of folk tradition in modern world (pros and cons).

10. Do some library research and write a composition on the problem given below:

Family traditions in the urban communities and in the coun­try.

Unit Eight

TEXT

From: THURSDAY EVENING

By Ch. Morley

Christopher Morley (1890-1957), an American author, received unusual recognition early in his career. Among his widely known novels are Kitty Foyle and The Trojan Horse. In his popular short play Thursday Evening, Christopher Morley opposes the common mother-in-law stereotype with two very likable and charming women.

The scene is set in the small kitchen of the modest suburban home of Mr and Mrs Gordon Johns. A meal has recently been cooked, as is shown by a general confusion of pots and pans and dishcloths.

Laura, who is an attractive little woman aged about twenty-three, is in that slightly tense condition of a young hostess who has had a long and

trying day with house and baby, and has also cooked and served a dinner for four as both the grandmothers are visiting.

Both husband and wife are washing up. They are in good humour at first but every time one or the other refers to his or her mother the atmosphere becomes tense. Gordon, more than his wife Laura, takes pains to avoid a quarrel and changes the subject whenever he is aware of danger.

While scraping portions of food off the soiled plates Gordon picks out several large pieces of meat, lettuce, butter, etc., which he puts on one plate at one side. Later his wife sees the plate of odds and ends and scrapes its contents into the garbage pail.

Among other things Gordon says that he's a little worried about his mother as she hardly ate any of her salad. This time, it is Laura who tries honourably to avert the gathering storm by mentioning that Junior¹ drank out of a cup the first time. But even this seemingly encouraging event puts the two on the break of a quarrel. Gordon feels slighted because the cup used was the one Laura's mother had used, not his mother's.

Though he's been trying to tide over the mutually realized danger point, when Gordon begins hunting for the plate with "a lot of perfectly good stuff" he saved, a fierce quarrel breaks out.

Laura: Well, if you think I'm going to keep a lot of half-eat­en salad your mother picked

over —

Gordon (seizes garbage pail, lifts it up to the sink and be­gins to explore its contents. His fuse also is rapidly shortening): My Lord, it's no wonder we never have any money to spend if we chuck half of it away in waste. (Picking out various selec­tions.) Waste! Look at that piece of cheese, and those potatoes. You could take those things, and some of this meat, and make a nice economical hash for lunch —

Laura: It's a wonder you wouldn't get a job as a scavenger, I never heard of a husband like you, rummaging through the garbage pail.

Gordon (blows up): Do you know what the one unforgivable sin is? It's waste! It makes me wild to think of working and working like a dog, and half of what I earn just thrown away. Look at this, just look at it! (Displays a grisly object.) There's enough meat on that bone to make soup. Oh, ye gods, about half a dozen slices of bread. What's the matter with them, I'd like to know.

_____________

¹ Junior the younger, especially of two brothers or a father and son with the same first name. Gordon Johns's son is also named Gordon, he will be called Gordon Johns Junior. The parents simply call him Junior.

Laura: I think it's the most disgusting thing I ever heard of. To go picking over the garbage pail like that. You attend to your affairs and I'll attend to mine.

Gordon: I guess throwing away good, hard-earned money is my affair, isn't it?

Laura: You're always quick enough to find fault. You don't seem to know when you're lucky. You come back at night and find your home well cared for and me slaving over a hot din­ner, and do you ever say a word of thanks? No, all you can think of is finding fault. I can't imagine how you were brought up. Your mother —

Gordon: Just leave my mother out of it. I guess she didn't spoil me the way yours did you. Of course, I wasn't an only daughter —

Laura: I wish you had been. Then I wouldn't have married you.

Gordon: Isuppose you think that if you'd married Jack Davis or some other of those jokers you'd never have had to see the inside of a kitchen —

Laura: If Junior grows up with your disposition, all I can say is I hope he'll never get married.

Gordon: If he gets married, I hope it'll be to some girl who understands something about economy —

Laura: If he gets married, I hope he'll be man enough not to be always finding fault —

Gordon: Well, he won't get married! I'll put him wise to what marriage means, fussing like this all the time —

Laura: Yes, he will get married. He shall get married!

Gordon: Oh, this is too absurd —

Laura: He shall get married, just to be a humiliating example to his father. I'll bring him up the way a husband ought to be.

Gordon: In handcuffs, I suppose —

Laura: And his wife won't have to sit and listen to perpetual criticism from his

mother —

Gordon: If you're so down on mothers-in-law, it's queer you're anxious to be one yourself. The expectant mother-in-law!

Laura: All right, be vulgar, I dare say you can't help it.

Gordon: Great Scott, what did you think marriage was like, anyway? Did you expect to go through life having everything done for you, without a little hard work to make it interesting?

Laura: Is it necessary to shout?

Gordon: Now let me tell you something. Let’s see if you can ratify it from your extensive observation of life. Is there any­thing in the world so cruel as bringing up a girl in absolute ignorance of housework? Marriage ought not to be performed before an altar, but before a kitchen sink.

Laura (furiously): Iought to have known that oil and water won't mix. I ought to have known that a vulgar, selfish, con­ceited man couldn't make a girl happy who was brought up in a refined family. You're too common, too ordinary, to know when you're lucky. You get a charming, aristocratic wife and expect her to grub along like a washerwoman. You try to crush all the life and spirit out of her. You ought to have married an icebox — that's the only thing in this house you're really at­tentive to.

Gordon: Now listen —

Laura (will not be checked): Talk about being spoiled — why, your mother babies you so, you think you're the only man on earth. (Sarcastically) Her poor, overworked boy, who tries so hard and gets all fagged out in the office and struggles so nobly to support his family! I wonder how you'd like to run this house and bear a child and take care of it and cook a big dinner and be sneered at and never a word of praise. All you can think of is picking over the garbage pail and finding fault —

Gordon (like a fool): Ididn't find fault! I found some good food being wasted.

Laura: All right, if you love the garbage pail better than you do your wife, you can live with it. (Flings her dish towel on the floor and exits into dining-room.)

(Gordon stands irresolutely at the sink, and makes a few gloomy motions among the unfinished dishes. He glares at the garbage can. Then he carefully gathers those portions of food that he has chosen as being still usable, then puts them on a plate and, after some hesitation, puts the plate in the icebox. He is about to do some other things but then a sudden fit of anger seizes him, he tears off apron, throws it on the floor, and goes out, slamming door.

After a brief pause, Mrs Sheffield and later Mrs Johns enter the kitchen. They begin putting things to rights. They work like automatons. For perhaps two minutes not a word is said, and the two seem, by searching side glances, to be probing each other's mood.)

Mrs Johns: If it wasn't so tragic I'd laugh. (A pause, during which they work busily.)

Mrs Sheffield: If it wasn't so comic I'd cry. (Another pause.) I guess it's my fault. Poor Laura, I'm afraid I have spoiled her.

Mrs Johns: My fault, I think. Two mothers in-law at once is too much for any young couple. I didn't know you were here, or I wouldn't have come.

Mrs Sheffield: Laura is so dreadfully sensitive, poor child—

Mrs Johns: Gordon works so hard at the office. You know he's trying to get promoted to the sales department, and I sup­pose it tells on his nerves —

Mrs Sheffield: If Laura could afford to have a nurse to help her with the baby, she wouldn't get so exhausted—

Mrs Johns: Gordon says he wants to take out some more in­surance, that's why he worries so about economy. It isn't for himself; he's really very unselfish —

Mrs Sheffield (a little tartly): Still, I do think that sometimes — (They pause and look at each other quickly.) My gracious, we'll be at it ourselves if we don't look out! (She goes to the clothes-horse and rearranges the garments on it. She holds up a Lilliputian shirt, and they both smile.)

Mrs Johns: That darling baby! I hope he won't have poor Gordon's quick temper. It runs in the Johns family, I'm afraid. You know Gordon's father used to say that Adam and Eve didn't know when they were well off. He said that was why they called it the Garden of Eden.

Mrs Sheffield: Why?

Mrs Johns: Because there was no mother-in-law there.

Mrs Sheffield: Poor children, they haye such a lot to learn! I really feel ashamed, Mrs Johns, because Laura is an undisci­plined little thing, and I'm afraid I've always petted her too much. She had such a lot of attention before she met Gordon, and was made so much of, it gave her wrong ideas.

Mrs Johns: I wish Gordon was a little younger; I'd like to turn him up and spank him. He's dreadfully stubborn and tactless —

Mrs Sheffield: But I'm afraid I did make a mistake. Laura was having such a good time as a girl, I was always afraid she'd have a hard awakening when she married. But Mr Sheffield had a good deal of money at that time, and he used to say, "She's only young once. Let her enjoy herself!"

Mrs Johns: My husband was shortsighted, too. He had had to skimp so that he brought up Gordon to have a terror of wasting a nickel.

Mrs Sheffield: Very sensible. I wish Mr Sheffield had had a little more of that terror. I shall have to tell him what his policy has resulted in. But really, you know, when I heard them at it, I could hardly help admiring them. It brings back old times!

Mrs Johns: So it does! (A pause.) But we can't let them go on like this. A little vigorous quarrelling is good for everybody. It's a kind of spiritual laxative. But they carry it too far.

Mrs Sheffield: They're awfully ingenious. They were even bickering about Junior's future mother-in-law. I suppose she's still in school, whoever she may be!

Mrs Johns: Being a mother-in-law is almost as painful as be­ing a mother.

Mrs Sheffield: Ithink every marriage ought to be preceded by a treaty of peace between the two mothers. If they under­stand each other, everything will work out all right.

Mrs Johns: You're right. When each one takes sides with her own child, it's fatal.

Mrs Sheffield (lowering her voice): Look here, I think I know how we can make them ashamed of themselves. Where are they now?

Mrs Johns (goes cautiously to dining-room door, and peeps through): Laura is lying on the couch in the living-room. I think she's crying — her face is buried in the cushions.

Mrs Sheffield: Splendid. That means she's listening with all her ears. (Tiptoes to window.) I can't see Gordon, but I think he's walking around the garden —

Mrs Johns (quietly): If we were to talk a little louder he'd sit on the back steps to hear

it —

Mrs Sheffield: Exactly. Now listen! (They put their heads to­gether and whisper; the audience does not hear what is said.)

Mrs Johns: Fine! Oh, that's fine! (Mrs Sheffield whispers again, inaudibly.) But wait a moment Don't you think it would be better if I praise Laura and you praise Gordon? They won't expect that, and it might shame them —

Mrs Sheffield: No, no! Don't you see — (Whispers again, inaudibly.)

Mrs Johns: You're right Cunning as serpents and harmless as doves — (They carefully set both doors ajar.)

Mrs Sheffield: I only hope we won't wake the baby —

(They return to the task of cleaning up, and talk very loudly, in pretended quarrel. Then each one begins praising her own child and criticizing the other. Their last words are):

Mrs Sheffield: Yes, as Laura's mother I can't let her go on like this. A husband, a home, and a baby — it's enough to ruin any woman.

Mrs Johns: It's only fair to both sides to end it all. I never heard of such brutal hardships. Gordon can't fight against these things any longer. Throwing away a soupbone and three slices of bread! I wonder he doesn't go mad.

Mrs Sheffield: We've saved them just in time.

(They took at each other knowingly, with the air of those who have done a sound bit of work. Then they stealthily open the door at the rear, and exeunt up the back stairs.

There is a brief pause; then the dining-room door opens like an explosion, and Laura bursts in. She stands for a moment, wild-eyed, stamps her foot in a passion. Then she seizes one of the baby shirts from the rack, and drops into the chair by the table, crying. She buries her head in her arms, concealing the shirt. Enters Cordon, from porch. He stands uncertainly, evident­ly feeling like a fool.)

Gordon: I'm sorry, I — I left my pipe in here. (Finds it by the sink.)

Laura (her face still hidden): Oh, Gordie, was it all a mistake?

Gordon (troubled, pats her shoulder tentatively): Now listen, Creature, don't. You'll make yourself sick.

Laura: I never thought I'd hear such things — from my own mother.

Gordon: I never heard such rot. They must be mad, both of them.

Laura: Then you were listening, too —

Gordon: Yes. Why, they're deliberately trying to set us against each other.

Laura: They wouldn't have dared speak like that if they had known we could hear. Gordon, I don't think it's legal —

Gordon: I'm afraid the law doesn't give one much protec­tion against one's mothers.

Laura (miserably): I guess she's right. I am spoiled, and I am silly, and I am

extravagant —

Gordon: Don't be silly, darling. That's crazy stuff. I'm not overworked, and even if I were I'd love it, for you —

Laura: I don't want a nurse for Junior. I wouldn't have one in the house. (Site up, disheveled, and displays the small shirt she has been clutching.) Gordon, I'm not an amateur! I love that baby and I am scientific. I keep a chart of his weight every week.

Gordon: Yes, I know, ducky, Gordon understands.

Laura: Nobody can take away my darling baby —

Gordon: It was my fault, dear, I am obstinate and disagree­able —

Laura: Gordon, you mustn't work too hard. You know you're all I have (a sob) since Mother's gone back on me.

Gordon (patting her): I think it's frightful, the things they said. What are they trying to do, break up a happy home?

Laura: We are happy, aren't we?

Gordon: Well, I should say so. Did you ever hear me com­plain? (Takes her in his arms.)

Laura: No, Gordie. It was cruel of them to try to make trouble between us; but, perhaps, some of the things they said —

Gordon: Were true?

Laura: Well, not exactly true, dear, but — interesting! Your mother is right, you do have a hard time, and I'll try —

Gordon (stops her): No, your mother is right I've been a brute —

Laura: I'm lucky to have such a husband — (They are silent a moment.) You know, Gordie, we mustn't let them know we heard them.

Gordon: No, I suppose not. But it's hard to forgive that sort of talk.

Laura: Even if they did say atrocious things, I think they really love us —

Gordon: We'll be a bit cold and standoffish until things blow over.

Laura (complacently): If I'm ever a mother-in-law, I shall try to be very understanding —

Gordon: Yes, Creature. Do you remember why I call you Creature?

Laura: Do I not?

Gordon: There was an adjective omitted, you remember.

Laura: Oh, Gordie, that's one of the troubles of married life. So many of the nice adjectives seem to get omitted.

Gordon: Motto for married men: Don't run short of adjec­tives! You remember what the adjective was?

Laura: Tell me.

Gordon: Adorable. It was an abbreviation for Adorable Creature. (Holds her. They are both perfectly happy.) I love our little Thursday evenings.

Laura (partly breaks from his embrace): Sssh! (Listens.) Was that the baby?

SPEECH PATTERNS

1. It makes me wild tothink of working and working like a dog...

It made Jane mad to hear the news. It will make the child happier to have his sister with him.

2. a) All you can think of is finding fault.

All I could dreara of was going on a vacation.

All you can object to is the loss of time.

All we can hope for is the testimony of that witness.

b) All you can (have to) do is to tell the truth.

All he was able to do was to listen to them.

All you had to do was to give your consent.

All we can do is not to make a fuss about it.

c)All you can (have to) say is(that) you will never do it.

All I can say b I hope I'll never get married.

All I could say was that the matter was urgent.

All we were able to suggest was that you should not accept

the offer.