Text 1 Higher Schools in Russia
There are a lot of higher schools in Russia where young people can get higher education. Every year a lot of students enter Universities. Universities train specialists in the natural and exact sciences and the humanities. Specialized Institutes and faculties train specialists for one of the fields of culture and various branches of national economy, such as power engineering, mining, construction, mechanical engineering and many others. The head of each University is Rector. There are several faculties at each Institute. Each faculty has a number of specialized departments and is headed by a dean. The academic year always begins on the first of September and is divided into two terms. Students take exams at the end of each term. The complete course of studies usually lasts 4 - 5 years. At every Institute there is a reading hall and a library where the students can take the necessary books as well as books for reading. Study rooms are now equipped with TV sets, computers, etc.
The first and second year students study general engineering subjects. Students have lectures and practical hours. They attend lectures on different subjects: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Foreign Languages, etc. They have hours of practical training in the well-equipped laboratories of the Institute. So lectures and seminars alternate with laboratory work, discussions, consultations, research work and their self- training. This provides a basis for the study of special subjects and the organization of practice. Today a student must obtain a large amount of new information¹. This enables² future specialists to get good professional knowledge and to apply it to practice, to use modern methods of scientific research, advanced production technology³, its organization and management.
The aim of higher education is not only to provide the students with the necessary knowledge, but also to develop them creatively. Thousands of specialists graduate from institutes and universities and get diplomas every year. Some of them work in the various branches of industry, while others carry on research work in different research institutes. Training highly-skilled specialists with a wide theoretical outlook is the main task of higher education.
Notes: 1. получить большое количество новой информации
2. это дает возможность
3. передовая технология производства
Text 2 Higher Education in Great Britain
There are 46 universities, 30 polytechnics and numerous colleges in England and Wales. They all provide a wide range of courses from lower-level technical and commercial courses to advanced courses for those who want to get higher-level posts in commerce, industry and administration.
Of the 46 universities in Great Britain, 35 are in England, 8 in Scotland, 1 is in Wales and 2 are in Nothern Ireland. The leading universities in England are Oxford, Cambridge and London. English universities greatly differ from each other. They differ in date of foundation, history, tradition, general organization, methods of instruction, size, etc. British Universities are comparatively small. The approximate number is 7,000 - 8,000 students, most universities having under 3,000 students, some even less than 1,500 students.
The typical academic programme for university students is composed of a varying number of courses or subjects within a field of specialization. The academic activities for each subject fall into lectures, at which attendance is not always compulsory, seminars, tutorials, laboratory work and examination. They provide the means by which students prepare themselves in specialized field of knowledge.
Text 3 Our University
We are students of the University. Our University was founded in 1974. In those days the student body did not exceed¹ 400 persons. At present the student body of the University exceeds 11,000 persons. The University occupies several buildings. The main building was completed in 1985. It houses the library with a spacious reading hall, a computer centre, many classrooms and well - equipped labs, a fine gym, a canteen, etc. The head of the University is Rector. Each faculty is headed by the dean. The course of studies lasts 5 years. Many of our teachers and instructors are outstanding specialists in various fields of technology and science. Some of them are graduates of our University.
There are several institutes at the University. We study at the Institute of Construction and Ecology. It trains civil engineers whose profession embraces many fields. A civil engineer constructs and reconstructs residential and industrial buildings, bridges, schools, palaces of culture, theatres, hospitals, tunnels, dams, etc.
The Institute has 17 classrooms and 9 laboratories. At the Institute the students specialize in Building Construction, Road Building (construction, maintenance and repair), Real Estate Management and Environmental Protection (land, water and air pollution and protection and other ecological problems).
Our second - year students work for a month² and ten days on construction sites³, where they gain certain experience. The graduates work at the plants and research Institutes. We can also find the graduates of our University at every major construction site.
Notes: 1. количество студентов не превышало;
2. втечениемесяца
3. строительнаяплощадка
Text4Russia
Russia (the official name — the Russian Federation) is the largest country in the world. The country is situated in Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Asia. It occupies about 1/6 of the Earth surface. Its total area is over 17 million square kilometres.
Our land is washed by 12 seas, most of which are the seas of three oceans: the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. In the south and in the west the country borders on fourteen countries. It also has a sea-border with the USA.
The country has a great variety of flora and fauna. There are numerous forests, plains and steppes, taiga and tundra, highlands and deserts in our land. The highest mountains are the Altai, the Urals, and the Caucasus. There are over 2 million rivers in the Russian Federation. The longest of them are the Volga, the Ob, the Yenisei, the Lena and the Amur. Our land is also rich in various lakes. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.
On the Russian territory there are 11 time zones. The climate conditions are rather different: from arctic and mild (moderate) — to continental and subtropical. Our country is one of the richest in natural resources countries in the world: oil, natural gas, coal, different ores, ferrous and non-ferrous metals and other minerals. It is one of the highly developed industrial powers in the world. The main industrial branches are machine-building, aircraft, aerospace, automobile, textile, chemical and others.
The Russian Federation is a multinational state. It comprises many national districts, several autonomous republics and regions. The population of the country is over 140 million people. More than 100 different nations and nationalities live in the Russian Federation. Russian is the official language of the state. The national symbols of the Russian Federation are the state white-blue-red flag and 2-headed Eagle.
The Russian Federation is a constitutional state headed by the President. The President controls only the executive branch - the government, but not the Supreme Court and Federal Assembly. The country government consists of 3 branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative power belongs to the Federal Assembly comprising two chambers: the Council of Federation (upper Chamber) and the State Duma (lower Chamber). Each chamber is headed by the Speaker.
The executive power belongs to the Government (the Cabinet of Ministers) headed by the Prime Minister. The judicial power belongs to the system of Courts comprising the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and federal courts.
The foreign policy of the Russian Federation is that of international cooperation, peace and friendship with all nations of the Globe irrespective of their political and social systems.
Moscow is the capital of our Motherland. Its population is over 10 million people. It is the largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial center of the country and one of the most beautiful cities on the globe.
Text 5 Great Britain
Great Britain (the official name — The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland or UK — for short) is situated on the British Isles which lie to the north-west of the continent of Europe.
The country is washed by the North and Irish Seas, the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel. North and West of the country are highlands, South and East — lowlands. The highest mountains of the UK are the Grampians in Scotland, Ben Nevis is the highest peak (1, 342 metres).
There are many rivers in the country - the Thames, the Shannon, the Avon, the Clyde and others. The longest river is the Severn, the Thames is of great economic importance. There are many beautiful lakes in Great Britain. The most famous lakes are in North-West England. This part of the country is called the Lake District.
The climate of Great Britain is influenced by the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, the Atlantic Ocean and the seas. The climate is mild, not very cold in winter and never very hot in summer. The mild and damp climate is very good for agriculture.
Great Britain is a highly developed industrial power. It is rich in some mineral resources: coal, iron ores, oil, gas and some metals. The most important industrial cities are Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds, Manchester, Glasgow, Liverpool and others. The country is known as one of the world largest producers and exporters of electronics and machinery, chemicals and textile, various aircraft and navigation equipment. Among the main industrial branches are also heavy (iron and steel) industry, coal-mining, automobile, ship-building, metallurgical industry and woolen industry.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the Queen. But her power is not absolute, it is limited by the Parliament. The British Parliament consists of 2 chambers: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The British Government is headed by the Prime Minister — the leader of the party having the majority in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister appoints the ministers to compose the government.
England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland constitute the UK. The total area of Great Britain is over 244 thousand square kilometers. The population of the UK is over 57 million people.
The capital of the country is London. It is the largest political, cultural and industrial centre of the country and one of the largest ports of the world. Its population is over 11 million people.
Семестр 2
Форматекущегоконтроля
Контрольнаяработа № 2
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (К УПР. I
| Lobachevsky'sgeometry had revolutionizedmathematics and the philosophy of science. | Геометрия Лобачевского произвела коренное изменение в математике и философии науки. |
| hadrevolutionized - Past Perfect Active отглагола to revolutionize. |
ВАРИАНТ 1
I.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведитепредложения.
1. Soviet chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems.
2. Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetration into space.
3. He doesn’t miss practical classes.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений
1. At some of the London Underground stations there are lifts, others have escalators.
2. Any student of our group can speak on the history of London.
3. No park in London is as popular as Hyde Park.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведитепредложениянарусскийязык.
1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.
2. Mass can also be defined as a measure of inertia.
3. Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.
4. Plastics should be reinforced by different kinds of fibres (to reinforce - усиливать, укреплять).
IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова IT
1. It is hot in summer.
2. The term “engineering” is used in many specialities. It has many meanings.
3. Is it necessary to study the languages?
4. It is proved that light needs time to travel any distance.
V. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 7-й абзацы текста. Перепишитеиписьменнопереведите 1,2,3,6 и 7-йабзацы.
LONDON
1. London is the capital of Great Britain. It lies in the South East of England on both banks of the river Thames. London is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest port and industrial town in England. London is more than twenty centuries old.
2. The heart of the capital is the City. The territory of the City is only about one square mile, but it is the financial and business centre of the country. It contains almost all important English banks and offices.
3. The West End of London is famous for its beautiful monuments and palaces, fine parks, fashionable shops and big hotels. The East End is quite different from the West End. It is the district of factories, plants and docks. The narrow streets and poor houses of the East End present a contrast to the homes of the rich people in the West End.
4. There are many places of interest in London. One of them is Trafalgar Square with the Nelson monument 185 feet high. Buckingham Palace is the royal residence. Westminster Abbey is one of the most beautiful buildings in London. It contains the memorials of many famous citizens of Britain.
5. Across the road from Westminster Abbey are the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British government.
6. The Tower of London is one of the most interesting places in London. It was a fortress, a royal residence, a prison, now it is a museum.
7. London is famous for its green parks. Hyde Park is the most popular of them. It is the greatest park in London as well.
8. London is the centre of the country's cultural life. There are many picture galleries and museums there. The National Gallery houses a priceless collection of paintings. The famous British Museum is one of the best museums in the world. In the library of the British Museum Karl Marx worked at his "Capital", V.I. Lenin worked there too. There he gathered the material for his work on "Materialism and Empiriocriticism".
VI. Прочитайте 4-йабзациответьтеписьменнонавопрос:
What is one of the most beautiful buildings in London?
ВАРИАНТ 2
1.Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведитепредложения.
1. Today scientists are still looking for the substance as a source of energy.
2.Could you speak English a year ago?
3. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений
1. Some 350 people attend a yachting school in Tallinn.
2. Does he know any foreign language?
3. Any exhibit of this museum is valuable.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведитепредложениянарусскийязык
1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.
2. The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.
3. These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination.
4. The chemists may use the reactor to analyse various substances fortheir exact composition.
IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова IT
1. The main building was completed in 1985. It houses the library.
2. It is necessary for all the students to know the fundamental laws of mechanics
3. It often rains in autumn and snows in winter.
4. It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.
V. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста
TALLINN.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-й и 2-й абзацы
1. Tallinn is the capital of Estonia. It is an industrial town. Half of all the industrial products of the Republic comes from Tallinn's enterprises. They produce a great variety of articles such as electric motors, electrotechnical equipment, furniture, skis, toys, fabrics, perfumes, drugs, sweets, tinned foods, etc. The industrial output of Tallinn's enterprises increases steadily. This increase is the result of high labour productivity due to mechanization, automation and the application of modern technology.
2.Tallinn is an old city. It retains many features of its architecture and landscape and its cozy atmosphere. The streets of the Old Town are very narrow, the buildings are ancient, many of them date back to the 15th century. Nowadays they have all modern conveniences and house museums, theatres, shops and restaurants. The Old Town is the seat of the Republic'sgovernment, several Ministries and the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences. The area of the Old Town makes up less than one per cent of Tallinn's territory.
3.Thousands of Tallinn's residents live in new districts. Each of them has attractions of its own: one district borders on thick pine groves, another faces a lake, a third offers a magnificent view on the Gulf of Finland. The district of Mustamae is one of the youngest in the city. Almost a quarter of Tallinn's population resides in the district. At Mustamae there are two institutes: the Tallinn Polytechnical Institute and the Chemistry Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonia. There are also numerous schoolhouses, kindergartens and service centres there.
4.Tallinn has Europe's Gold Medal for preservation of architectural relics. Perhaps no other city of Northern Europe preserves the beauty of its past so lovingly. With its charming mixture of the old and the new Tallinn creates an unforgettable impression.
VI. Прочитайте 4-й абзац и ответьте письменно на вопрос:
Why does Tallinn create anunforgettable impression?
ВАРИАНТ 3
1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведитепредложения.
1. The reactor is fast becoming a major source of heat and electricity.
2. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in the Universe.
3. They tested this new machine last week.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений
1. No student of that group studies Spanish.
2. Some five hundred people were present at the meeting.
3. Have you any books on chemistry?
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык
1.The application of digital (цифровой) computers should include all forms of automatic control in science and industry.
2. Laser light can be used to transmit power of various types.
3. These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.
4. Ethylene gas may be obtained by cracking petroleum.
IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова IT
1.It is necessary to study foreign languages.
2. It is a new subject. We shall study it for two years.
3. Unlike many other big cities, it isn’t very noisy.
4. The successes in chemistry made it possible to obtain a lot
of new materials.
V. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы
MOSCOW
1. Moscow is the capital of our Motherland. It was founded more than 800 years ago. Its population is over 10 million people. It is the largest political, economic, scientific, cultural and industrial center of the country and one of the most beautiful cities on the globe.
2. Moscow covers an area of about 880 square kilometres. It is situated in the centre of the European part of the country on the Moskva River. Railways, numerous airlines and a system of canals link the city with all parts of Russia, with major cities of Europe and with all the countries of the world. The city has an up-to-date transport system. The quickest and the most convenient form of transport is the Metro famous for its marble-walled stations, which connects all districts, carrying more than 5 million passengers daily.
3. One of the oldest monuments of the past is the Kremlin built many centuries ago. The Great Kremlin Palace, completed in 1849, is the most imposing structure within the Kremlin. There are more than 150 museum and exhibitions – Kremlin Cathedrals, the Academy of Arts and many others – are filled with historical and artistic treasures. The Tretyakov Art Gallery and Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts are highly popular with visitors from other cities. The Tretyakov Art Gallery founded in the 18th century has a wonderful collection of Russian Art. The Museum of Fine Arts contains works of prominent European artists and those of ancient East, Greece and Rome.
4. Moscow has over 3,200 libraries. The State Lenin library is the largest in the world. Its collection contains over 25 million volumes. Moscow is famous for its drama, opera and ballet. The Moscow Art and Vakhtangov theatres, the Bolshoy and Maly theatres have won universal recognition. The Moscow Chaikovsky Conservatoire is the country’s leading school of music.
5. Red square is one of the most beautiful squares in the world. On the southern side of Red Square is St Basil's Cathedral, a masterpiece of ancient Russian Architecture, famous for its unique architecture and coloured domes.
V. Прочитайте 1-й абзац и ответьте письменно на вопрос:
When was Moscow founded?
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведитепредложения.
1. Quantum mechanics has greatly influenced the nuclear theory.
2. The problem of the structure of matter is constantly occupying the minds of many scientists.
3. The scientist wrote this article not long ago.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений
1. Any monument in Volgograd has its own history.
2. Nobody knew anything about this experiment.
3. The names of some streets and squares are living history of the heroic city.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Heat can be divided into three different types.
2. A great number of plastics should find their applications in the electrical industry.
3. Chemical means had to be used for the separation of compounds into their elements.
4. The existence of an X-ray laser in the future may be possible.
IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова IT
1. It is ten o'clock.
2. It has become evident that ecological problems can be solved only on the global level.
3. It is difficult to speak English.
4. Itis necessary to obtain accurate data on the possibility of living and working in space.
V. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы
LONDON
1. London is the capital of England. It is a very old city and the number of sights is rather great. London is well-known for its museums and art galleries. The Tower of London was used as a fortress, a palace and a prison in the past. Now it is a museum of armour. The most popular sight is the strongly guarded room in which the Crown Jewels are displayed.
2. Trafalgar Square with some elegant fountains is one of the most beautiful squares. It is situated in the centre of London. Trafalgar Square was named so in honour of Nelson’s victory at Trafalgar. In the middle of the square stands a tall column, 185 feet high, with the figure of Nelson on the top. The column is guarded by four bronze lions. St. Paul’s Cathedral is the most striking building in the City. It was designed by Christopher Wren, England’s greatest architect. St. Paul’s Cathedral with its huge dome and rows of columns is a fine specimen of Renaissance architecture.
3. The British museum contains a priceless collection of different things: sculptures, coins, ancient manuscripts, drawings, paintings, etc. The British museum is famous for its library – one of the richest in the world. The National Gallery contains one of the finest collections of paintings in the world. All schools of art are represented here. The Tate Gallery is the gallery of British Painting and of Modern Foreign Art.
4. The Houses of Parliament are situated on the North bank of the Thames. The two graceful towers stand high above the city. The highest of the two, the Clock Tower, contains the largest clock in the country and the famous bell Big Ben. Not far from the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey, a very beautiful church which is famous for its architecture and its stained glass. Many outstanding English statesmen, poets and painters are buried in the Abbey.
VI. Прочитайте 1-й абзац и ответьте письменно на вопрос:
What is the most striking building in the City?
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведитепредложения.
1. Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day.
2.Astronomers find that the day is increasing by 0.002 seconds each century.
3. Scientists achieved surprising results in the development of electronics.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1.We saw no old building in Novopolotsk.
2. Almost any building of Moscow is attractive.
3. There are some educational institutions in Tomsk.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите
1. We can think of heat as a special form of kinetic energy.
2. A computer should solve complicated problems many millions of times faster than a mathematician.
3. New types of plastics had to be obtained for space technology.
4. You will have to repeat the material of the lectures before the exam.
IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова IT
1. It is late.
2. We are students of a civil engineering institute. It trains civil engineers.
3. It is impossible to live without water.
4. In the Middle Ages it was supposed that the Moon had a smooth crystalline surface.
V. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы
MOSCOW’S FUTURE
1. The face of Moscow has changed in recent years. Considerable attention is paid to the city centre. According to the General Plan Moscow will become one of the most beautiful cities in the world. One can gain a better appreciation of the beauty of the Moskvariver with its graceful curving embankments surrounded by the new tall buildings so clearly visible from different parts of the new city.
2. According to this plan Moscow is divided into 8 zones. Each zone will have its centre and all these centres will be connected with the main one. New wide thoroughfares have come into being. Old houses of no artistic value are to be replaced by new ones. In keeping with tradition, the south - western section will house mostly higher schools, research institutes and design bureaus.
3. Rows of full-grown lime trees have sprung up on either side of the streets. The green spaces in the city will be greatly extended. Many small parks with a mass of trees and bushes, carpets of flowers and fountains have appeared. New parks will be laid in Moscow. Particular attention is paid to the forest and green belt around the city that will serve as a link between the urban and natural landscape, improve the climate and make the city more attractive. There is no other city whose appearance changes so quickly as that of Moscow. Architects and builders are successfully carrying out the great task of reconstruction of Moscow.
VI. Прочитайте 4-й абзац и ответьте письменно на вопрос:
What part of Moscow is paid considerable attention to?