A list of some less familiar terms

Asyndetic sentence:a sentence whose clauses are not connected either by a conjunction or by any other connective (compare Syndetic sentence)

Complex sentence:a sentence containing one or more subordinate clauses

Composite sentence:a sentence consisting of more than one clause, whether compound or complex

Compound sentence:a sentence consisting of two or more co-ordinated clauses

Correlation:a name suggested for the grammatical category which finds its expression in the difference between non-perfect and perfect forms, e. g. took / had taken

Functional sentence perspective:division of a sentence into its theme (the starting point) and rheme (the new information supplied)

Junction:a connection of two words or phrases without any predicative relation between them, as in a new house, a barking dog

Nexus:any connection of two words or phrases with a predicative relation between them, as in he spoke; I heard him speak

Opposition:any relation between two grammatical forms differing in meaning and in external signs, e. g. street / streets; take / took

Rheme:that element of a sentence which contains the new information; opposed to theme (see also Functional sentence perspective)

Stative:a part of speech expressing the state a subject is in, and characterised by the prefix a-, e. g. asleep, ablaze, astir

Syndetic sentence:a composite sentence whose clauses are connected either by a conjunction or by some other connective (mainly a relative pronoun or relative adverb)

Theme:that element of a sentence which contains the starting point, as opposed to rheme (see also Functional sentence perspective)

SUBJECT INDEX

ABLAUT 357

ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION 260—263

ADJECTIVE 23, 26, 29, 58-65

adjectivisation of nouns 64—65

degrees of comparison 58—61

prepositions and adjectives 150— 151

special meaning of the superlative 62—63

substantivisation 63—64 ADVERB 25, 31—32, 146-148

~ and proposition 153

~ or particle 162—163 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES 286—302

~ of concession 297—298

~ of manner and comparison

298-301

~ of place 287—288 ~ of purpose 296—297 ~ of result 295—296 ~ of time 288—292 causal ~ 292—293 conditional ~ 293—294 other types 301—302

ADVERBIAL MODIFIER 211—216, 225—

230, 243—246

loose ~ 236—237 AGREEMENT 175—176 ALTERNATION 18, 25

APPOSITION 231, 237 loose ~ 237, 307

APPOSITIONAL CLAUSES 303—304 ARTICLE 49—57

absence of the ~ 55—57

definite ~ 52—53

definite ~ with the superlative

61-62 difference between the definite

and the indefinite ~ 54—55 indefinite ~ 53—54 number and meaning 50—51

ASPECT 76—85

common ~ 80, 84—85

continuous ~ 76—85 ASYNDETIC COMPOSITE SENTENCES

331-335

different types of mixed sentences 326—327 ATTRIBUTE 28—31, 72, 73, 213—216,

221-224

loose ~ 235—236 ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES 284—285, 307,

313, 320-321 AUXILIARY VERBS 25, 35 CASE 24, 28-29, 41-47, 66-69,

355-356

~ in pronouns 66—69

common ~ 42

genitive ~ 24, 42—48

objective ~ 66—69 CLAUSE 270—274

~ of alternative agreement 301

~ of consequence 295

~ of exception 302

~ of manner and comparison 298-301

~ of proportionate agreement 301

adverbial ~ 286—302

appositional ~ 303—304

contact ~ 320

declarative ~ 365—366

object ~ 279—284

parenthetical ~ 304—305

predicative ~ 276—277

relative ~ 271, 273—274

subject ~ 275—276

that- ~ 308—310 COLLECTIVE NOUNS 39—41 COMPLEX SENTENCE 269—274, 319 COMPOSITE SENTENCE 264—265

syndetic ~ 264—265 COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES 317 COMPOUND NOMINAL PREDICATE

207—210

COMPOUND SENTENCES 265—268 COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE 204—

207 CONJUNCTION 32—33, 34, 156—159

prepositions and conjunctions 157-159

phrases equivalent to prepositions and conjunctions 179— 181

types of conjunctions 316

CONJUNCTIONAL PHRASES 178—181

CONTINUOUS ASPECT: see Aspect

CO-ORDINATED AND SUBORDINATED CLAUSES 316

CORRELATION 93—94

DECLARATIVE CLAUSES 265—266

DERIVATION OF WORD FORMS (TYPES OF) 24—26 analytical types 25—28 suppletive formations 26 synthetic types 24—25

DIRECT ADDRESS 231-232, 247

ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES 252—253

ENDINGS 23—25

FORM 27

FORMAL WORDS 34—35

FUNCTION 28

Subject Index

FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE 191 — 197

GERUND 130—132, 135—136 GOVERNMENT 176 GRAMMAR AND STYLE 354—359 GRAMMATICAL STATEMENTS 9—10 HIGHER SYNTACTICAL UNITS 346—348 HOMOGENEOUS CLAUSES 314 HOMONYMOUS FORMS 137—143

INDIRECT SPEECH 282, 334—336 INFINITIVE 130—132

~ as adverbial modifier 227— 229

~ sentences 251—252

INFLECTION 23—24

INFORMS 25, 31, 130—132, 135—136

INSERTED CLAUSES 325—327 INSERTIONS 233—235 INTERJECTION 33—34, 166—167 INTERROGATIVE FORMS 126—127

JUNCTION 260

LOOSE PARTS 235-236

MEANING 27—28

MODAL WORDS 33, 164—165

MOOD 99-113

imperative ~ 101 —102

indicative ~ 99—101

~ and tense 110—113 MORPHEME 21—23, 49 MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSES OF VERBS:

see VERB MORPHOLOGY 11—13, 21—26, 355—358

NEGATIVE FORMS 125—126 NEXUS 260

NOTIONAL WORDS 34—35 NOUN 28, 36—48, 355—356

adjectivisation 64—65

case 41—47

collective nouns 39—40

nouns of multitude 39—40

number 36—41 NOUN CLAUSES 271

NUMBER 24, 36-41, 47-48, 123-

~ in nouns 28, 36—41, 47—48

~ in pronouns 69—70

~ in verbs 123—125

NUMERAL 30, 72—73

OBJECT 28-30, 31, 211-213, 217- 221 257 259

OBJECT CLAUSES 279-284, 307-308 prepositional ~ 282—283

OBJECTIVE PREDICATIVE: See PREDICATIVE

ONE-MEMBER SENTENCES 250—251

infinitive sentences 251—252 OPPOSITION

ORDER OF SENTENCE PARTS: see WORD ORDER

PARALLELISM OF SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS 310—312

PARENTHESES 233—235 loose ~ 237

PARENTHETICAL CLAUSES 304—305,

PARTICIPLE 24

~ or gerund 135—136

continuous ~ 131

second ~ 132—135 PARTICIPLE SENTENCES 202—204 PARTICLES 32—33, 160—163, 247—249 PARTS OF A SENTENCE 187—190,

198—247

main parts 198—210

predicate 198—210

secondary parts 211—230

subject 198—200

PARTS OF SPEECH 27—35 PERFECT 90—98 PERSON 123-125 PHRASES 171—181

~ equivalent to prepositions and

conjunctions 179—181 agreement 175—176 government 176

PLURALIA TANTUM 37—39

PREDICATE 198-210, 229-230, 238—

types 200—202 PREDICATIVE 28-30, 66-67, 73, 260

objective ~ 74, 260

PREDICATIVE PHRASES 172—173 PREFIXES 16—19

PREPOSITION 31-32, 35, 149-155, 157—159

phrases equivalent to prepositions and conjunctions 179-181 prepositions and conjunctions

31—32, 157—159 PRONOUN 26, 29-30, 66-72 case 66—69 classification 66 limits of the pronoun class 71—

number 69—70 types 70—71 PUNCTUATION 336—345

RHEME 192-197, 202, 240, 243-246, 252-253,282, 316

Subject Index

REPRESENTATION 351—352 REPRESENTED SPEECH 334—335

SECONDARY PREDICATION 257—263 SENTENCE 182—190

~ and clause 188—190

~ with a dependent appendix

255—257 ~ with homogeneous parts

254-255 ~ with secondary predication

257_ 260

classification 183—188 elliptical ~ 190, 252—253 imperative ~ 185—187 infinitive ~ 251—252 negative ~ 188—189 one-member ~ 250—251 participle ~ 202—204 parts of a ~ 189—190, 198—247 simple ~ 188—189 types of simple ~ 189—190 SEQUENCE OF TENSES 328—332 SINGULARIA TANTUM 38—39 SOUND ALTERNATION 18, 25

STATIVE 30—31, 74—75

STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 10—11

STYLE 354—359 SUBJECT 28—29

SUBJECT CLAUSES 275—276, 306—307 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES 270—274,

320-321

SUBORDINATE STATEMENTS 272—274 SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES 272

SUBSTITUTION 252—253

SUFFIXES 15—17, 23, 46

SYNDETIC COMPOSITE SENTENCES

264—268 SYNTAX 12—15, 358—359

TENSE 86—88

general definition 86—87

THAT-CLAUSES 308—310

THEME 192—193, 196—197, 201— 202, 245-246, 281-282

TRANSITION FROM SIMPLE TO COMPOSITE SENTENCES 254—263

VERB 9—10, 15—16, 31—35, 76,

355—358

emphatic do-forms 127—128

interrogative forms 126—127

morphological classes 144—145

negative forms 125—126

number 123—124

person 123—124 VERBALS 130—136, 138, 141

second participle 132—135

tense and correlation 131—132

voice 132 VOICE 114—122

active and passive ~ 115

middle ~ 119-122

reciprocal ~ 118—119

reflexive~ 116—118 WORD-BUILDING 15—18 WORD ORDER 238—249

general points 238 secondary parts 241—249 subject and predicate 238—241

CONTENTS

Preface to the Second Edition............................................................................... 3

Preface to the First Edition..................................................................................... 3

Introduction.............................................................................................................. 5

Part One. Morphology

Chapter I. Essentials of Morphology ........................................................... 21

Chapter II. Parts of Speech............................................................................ 27

Chapter III. The Noun..................................................................................... 36

Chapter IV. The Article................................................................................... 49

Chapter V. The Adjective............................................................................... 58

Chapter VI. The Pronoun and the Numeral................................... 66

Chapter VII. The Stative ......:................................................. 74

Chapter VIII. The Verb: Aspect.................................................................... 76

Chapter IX. The Verb: Tense......................................................................... 86

Chapter X. The Verb: The Perfect................................................. 90

Chapter XI. The Verb: Mood......................................................................... 99

Chapter XII. The Verb: Voice ............................................. .114

Chapter XIII. The Verb: Person and Number. Other Morphological

Categories . ............................................ 123

Chapter XIV. The Verb: Verbals................................................................... 130

Chapter XV. The Verb: Polysemantic and Homonymous Forms . . 137 Chapter XVI. The Verb: The Problem of Morphological Classes . . 144

Chapter XVII. The Adverb ............................................................................ 146

Chapter XVIII. The Preposition..................................................................... 149

Chapter XIX. The Conjunction..................................................................... 156

Chapter XX. The Particle................................................................................. 160

Chapter XXI. Modal Words............................................................................ 164

Chapter XXII. The Interjection. Words Not Included in the Classification 166

Part Two.Syntax

Chapter XXIII. Phrases .................................................................................. 171

Chapter XXIV. The Sentence ........................................................................ 182

Chapter XXV. Functional Sentence Perspective......................................... 191

Chapter XXVI. Parts of a Sentence. The Main Parts . ............................. 198

Chapter XXVII. Secondary Parts.................................................................. 211

Chapter XXVIII. Secondary Parts in Detail................................................ 217

Chapter XXIX. The Apposition, Direct Address, Parentheses, and Insertions. Loose Parts 231

Chapter XXX. Word Order.............................................................................. 238

Chapter XXXI. One-member Sentences and Elliptical Sentences . . 250 Chapter XXXII. Transition from Simple to Composite Sentences . . 254 Chapter XXXIII. The Composite Sentence. Compound Sentences . . 264

Chapter XXXIV. Complex Sentences.......................................................... 269

Chapter XXXV. Subject Predicative Clauses.............................................. 275

Chapter XXXVI. Object Clauses and Attributive Clauses........................ 279

Chapter XXXVII. Adverbial Clauses............................................................ 286

Chapter XXXVIII. Appositional Clauses and Parenthetical Clauses . 303 Chapter XXXIX. Some General Remarks on Syndetic Composite Sentences............................................................................................... 306

Chapter XL. Asyndetic Composite Sentences. Inserted Clauses . . . 318

Chapter XLI. Sequence of Tenses................................................................. 328

Chapter XLII. Indirect and Represented Speech....................................... 331

Chapter XLIII. Punctuation .......................................................................... 336

Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 346

A List of Some Less Familiar Terms..................................................................... 362

Subject Index............................................................................................................ 363

Борис Александрович Ильиш