A short glossary of native words

Above (a-bufan)

About (a -butan)

Even (aefen), German Aben(d)

After (aefter)

Ought (azan) OHG eigan

Own (azen), German eigen

Each (aelc), German jeglich(er)

One (an), German ein, Lat. unus, Gothic ains

Any (aenis), German einige

Ask (ascian), OHG eiskon, Russian искать

Awake (a-wacan), German erwachen

Bone (ban), German Bein

Burn (baernan), German brennen

Boat (bat), German boot

Bathe (baioan), German baden

Be (beon), German bi (n), Lat. fieri, Russian быть

Beard (beard), German bart, Lat. barba, Russian борода

Become (be-cuman), German bekommen

Bed (bed), German Bett

Begin (be-zinnan), German beginnen

Behind (be-hindan), German hinten

Believe (be-lyfan), German glauben

Bright (beorht), ON bjartr

Bear (beran), German (ge)-baren

Beast (beste), Lat. bestia

Buy (byczan), ON buggean, Gothic bindan

Bind (bindan), German binden, Gothic bindan

Birth (ze-byrd), German Gerburt

Bite (bitan), German beiben

Bitter (bitor), German bitter

Blind (blind>blynd), German blind

Blood (blod),German Blut

Book (boc), German Buch, Gothic boka, Lat. fagus, Greek phegos

Busy (bisiz), Dutch bezig

Body (bodiz),OHG potah

Board (bord), ON boro, Dutch bord

Broad (brad), German breit

Bread (bread), German Brot

Break (brecan), German brechen

Bird (brid), German Brut

Brown (brun), German braun

Care (caru), Gothic kara-печаль

Gold (ceald), ON kala, German kalt, Latin gelu

Choose (ceosan), German keisen, Latin gustare, Greek geuein

Keep (cepan)

Child (cild)

Kind (cyninz), German Konig, ON konungr, Russian князь

Cloth (clao), German Kleid

Know (knawan), Latin noscere, Greek gignoskein, Russian знать

Craft (craeft) German Kraft

Can (cunnan) German konnen

Queen (cwen), Gothic gens, Greek gyne, Russian жена

Quick (cwic), Greek bios, Latin vivus, Russian живой

Day (daez), German Tag, Gothic dags

Dead (dead), German tot, Gothic daups

Deep (deop), German tier, Gothic dius, Russian дух, душа

Dark (deorc), OHG tarch

Doom (dem), German tum

Do (don), German tun, Russian деть (<дъть)

Drink (drincan), German trinken, Swedish dricka

Drop (dropa), German tropfen

Dare (durran), OHG turran

Dwell (dwellan), OHG twellen – медлить, мешать

Eight (eahta), German acht, Latin octo, Greek okto, Slav. осмь

All (eal), German all, ON allr

Old (eald), German alt

Ear (eare), German Ohr, Latin auris, Russian ухо

Arm (earm), German Arm, ON armr, Slav. ormo (рамо)

East (east), German ost, Latin aurora, ON austr

Easter (eastru), German Ostern

Even (efne)

End (ende), German Ende

Earnest (eornost), German ernst

Earth (eoroe), German Erde, ON jord

Eat (eatan), German essen, ON eta, Latin edere, Russian есть

Father (faeder), German Vater, ON faoir, Gothic fadar, Latin pater, Greek pater, Sansckr. pitar

Fair (faezer), OHG fagar, ON fagr

Fear (faer), German Gefahr

Fare (faran), German fahren, Russian переть

Fast (faest), German Fest

Fat (faet), German feist

Fold (fealdan), German falten

Feed (fedan), OHG fuoten

Feel (felan), German fuhlen

Fee (feoh), German Vieh, Latin pecus

Four (feower), German vier, Latin quattuor, Russian четыре

Feather (feoer), German Feder, Greek pteron, Russian птица

Five (fif), German funf, Latin quinque, Greek pente, Russian пять

Fell (fyllan), German fallen

Find (findan), German finden

Finger (finzer), German Finger

Fire (fyr), German Feuer, Greek pur, Russian пиро-

First (fyrst), German Furst - князь

Fish (fisc), German Fisch, Gothic fiscs, Latin piscis

Flesh (flaesc), German Fleisch, ON flesk - свинина

Fly (fleozan), fliegen, OHG fljuga

Flat (flet),German Flotz - пол

Flight (flyht), German Flucht - бегство

Flood (flod), German Flut, Greek plotos - плавучий

Float (flota), German Floss, fließen, Greek ple(w)ein), Russian плыть

Folk (folc), German Volk, ON folk

Follow (folzian), German folgen

For (for), German vor (fur), Latin pro, Russian про

Forgive (for-zifan), German vergeben

Forget (for-zytan), Gerrman vergessen

Frost (forst, frost), German Frost

Foot (fot), Germ. Fuß, Lat. pes, Greek pous, Russian - под

Free (freo), Germ. frei, Goth. freis

Friend (freond), Germ. Freund, ON frǽndi - родич, Russian - приятель

Fowl (fuzol), Germ. Vogel

Full (ful), Germ. voll, Goth. fulls, Lat. plenus, Russian - полный

Game (zamen), OHG gaman, ON gaman

Go (zan), Germ. gehen

Ghost (zast), Germ. Geist

Year (zear), Germ. Yahr

Young (zeonz), Germ. jung, Lat. juvencus, Russian - юный

Yard (zard), Germ. Gerte, Russian - жердь

Girl (gyrel)

Glad (zlǽd), Germ. glatt, Lat. glaber, Russian - гладкий

Glass (zlǽs), Germ. Glas

God (zod), Germ. Gott, ON guo, Goth. guo

Good (zod), Germ. gut, ON goor, Goth. goos, Russian - годный

Gold (zold), Germ. Gold, Goth. gulo, Russian - золото

Grey (zrǽz), Germ. grau, On grar

Grass (zrǽs), Germ. Gras

Great (zreat), Germ. groß

Green (zrene), Germ. grun

Greet (zretan), Germ. grußen, ON grotian

Ground (zrund), Germ. Grund

Have (habban), Germ. haben, ON hafa

Whole (hal), Germ. heil, Goth. hails, Russian - целый

Holy (haliz), Germ. heilig, ON heilagr

Health (haelou) спасение, Modern English - здоровье

Home (ham), Germ. Heim, ON heimr, Goth. haime

Hand (hand), Germ Hand, Goth. handus, ON hond

Hot (hat), Germ. heiß

Hat (hǽt), ON hottr

He (he) Dutch he

Head (heafod), Germ Haupt, ON, haufoo, Goth. haubio

High (heah), Germ. hoch, ON har, Goth. hauhs, ON haugr, Russian - курган

Hold (healdan), Germ. halten, ON halda, Goth. haldan

Half (healf), Germ.Halb, ON halfr, Goth.halbs

Heap (heap), Germ.Haufe

Hard (heard), Germ.hart, ON haror, Greek.kratus

Harm (hearm), Germ.Harm, ON harmar

Heavy (hefiz), OHG hefiz, ON hofugr

Hell (hel) Germ. Holle, Goth.halja

Help (helpan) Germ.helfen, Goth.hilpan

Hen (hen), Germ. Hahn, Lat. canere - петь; Russian - петух; Old Slavonic - пътель

Heaven (heofon), Germ.Himmel, ON himinn

Heart (heorte), Germ.Herz, ON hjarta, Lat.cor, Greek kardia; Russian - сердце

Hide (hydan)

Hear (hyran), Germ.horen, Goth. hausjan, Greek akouein; Russian - акустика

Loaf (hlaf), Germ. Laib, Goth. hlaifs; Russian - хлеб

Lady (hlǽfdize) - hlaf+dize - несящая хлеб; Gothic di an - месить

Lord (hlaford) - hlaf+weard - хранить хлеб

Laugh (hlyhhan), German lachen, Goth. hlahjan

Loud (hlud), Germ. laut, Russian - слыть, слово, слух

Lat. cluere - слыть, зваться;Greek kle(w)os, kluein - слышать

Hood (hod), Germ, Hut

Hole (hol), Germ.hohl

Hope (hopian), Germ. hoffen

Horse(hors), Germ.Ross (hros), ON hross

Ring (hrinz), Germ. Ring, ON hringr, Old Slav. Russian - круг

Ring (hrinzan), ON hringja - звенеть

Rush (hryscan), Germ. rauschen - шелестеть

Roof (hrof), ON hro, Russian - кров

Hound (hund), Germ. Hund, Lat. canis, Greek kuon

Hundred (hund-red), Germ. Hundert, Russian сто, Lat. centum, Greek (he)-katon, Sanskr. catam

Hunger (hunzor), Germ. Hunger, ON hungr

Honey (huniz), Germ. Honig, ON hunang

Hunt (huntian)

House (hus), Germ. Haus, ON hus

Wheat (hwǽte), Germ. Weizen, Goth. hwaiteis, Germ. Weizen

White (hwit), Germ. weiß, ON hvitr, Russian - светлый

I (ic), Germ. ich, Goth. ik, Lat. ego, Russian - азъ(я)

Idle (idel), Germ. eitel

Evil (yfel), Germ. ubel

Load (laedan), Germ. leiten

Leave (lǽfan), Germ bleiben, Goth (bi)-laibjan, ON leifa

Lame (lama), Germ. lahm, ON lami

Land (land), Germ. Land, ON land, Goth. land

Long (lanz), Germ. lang, ON langr, Lat. longus

Let (lǽtan), Germ. lassen, ON lata, Goth. letan

Lay (leczan), Germ. legen

Lie (leozan), Germ. lugen, Russian - лъгати

Light (lecht), Germ. Licht, Lat. lux, Greek leukos, Russian - луч

Light (leoht), Germ. leicht, ON lettr, Goth. leichts

Learn (leornian), Germ. lernen

Lat (lettan)

Live (libban), Germ. leben, ON lifa

Like (lician), OHG lihhen, ON lika

Lip (lippa), Germ. Lippe, Swedian lapp, Lat. labia, Russian - лепет

Little (lytel), ON luttil, Dutch lutel, OHG luzzil

Lock (loc), Germ Loch

Look (locian)

Lose (losian)

Love (lufian), Germ. lieben

May (mazan), Germ. mogen, Russian - мочь

Man (man), Germ. Mann, ON maor

Mean (mǽnam), Germ. meinen

Many (maniz), Germ. manch, Russian - многий

Milk (meolc), Germ. Milch, Goth. miluks

Meet (metan), ON moeta

Meat (mete), ON matr, Goth. mats

Much (micel), Goth. mikils, Greek megas

Middle (middel), Germ. Mittel

Might (mihtiz), Germ. machtig

Mild (milde), Germ. mild, ON mildr

Mind (ze-mynd), Goth. gamunds, Russian память

Murder (myroran)

Miss (mis), ON missir

Mood (mod), Germ. Mut, Goth. mo s

Mother (modor), Germ. Mutter, Lat. Mater, Greek meter, Sanskr matar,

Russian мать

Moon (mona), Germ. Mond, Lat. mensis, Greek mens

Month (monao), Ger. Monat, Goth. meno s

Must (mob), Germ. mub

Mouse (mus), Germ. maus, Lat. mus, Russian мышь

Mouth (muo), , Germ. Mund, ON munnr, Goth. munos

Naked (nacod), Germ nackt, Goth. naqa s, Russian нагoй

Needle (naedl), Germ. Nadel, ON nal

Name (nama), Germ. Name, Goth. namo, Lat nomen

Neighbour (neah-ze-bur), Germ. Nachbar

Need (nyd), Germ. Not, ON nauor, Russian нужда

Night (niht), Germ. Nacht, Goth. nahts, Russian ночь, Lat. nox

New (niwe), Germ. neu, Lat. novus, Greek neos, Russ. новый

Enough (ze-noz), Germ. genu

North (noro), Germ . Nord

Nose (nosu), Germ. Nase, ON nos, Russian нос

Now (nu), Lat. nu(nc), Russian ны(не)

Over (ofer), Germ. uber, ober, Greek huper, ON yfir, Goth ufar

Often (oft), Germ. oft, Goth. ufta

Penny (penninz), Germ. Pfenig, ON penningr

Play (plezian)

Pull (pullian), Low Germ. pulen, Danish dial. pulle

Road (rad), OHG reita, ON reio

Read (rae-dan), Germ. raten, ON raoa

Ready (rae-de), ON greior, OHG reiti

Red (read), Germ. rot, ON rauor, Goth. rau s, Greek eruthros, Russian рдеть, Ukranian рудий

Rest (rest), Germ. Rast, Goth. rasta

Ride (ridan), Germ. reiten, ON rioa

Right (riht), Germ. Recht, ON rettr, Lat. rectus

Run (rinnan), Germ. rinnen, ON rinna

Rock (roccian), ON rukkian, Danish rokke

Roast (roost), OHG rost

Root (rote), ON rota, Lat. radix

Rough (ruh), Germ. rauh

Sea (sae), Germ. See, ON saer, Goth. saiw

Sad (saed), Germ . satt, Latin sat(is), Russian сытый

Silly (saeliz), Germ. selig – блаженный

Sand (sand), Germ. Sand, ON sandr

Song )sanz), Germ Sang

Sore (sar), Germ. sehr

Sorry (sariz), Swedish sarig – больной

Soul (sawol), Germ. Seele

Shake (scacan), ON skaka

Shame (scamu), Germ. Scham

Sheep (sceap), Germ. Schaf

Sharp (scearp), Germ. Scharf

Show (sceawian), Germ. schauen

Shoot (sceotan), Germ. scheißen

Shilling (scillingz), Germ. Schilling

Shine (scinan), Germ. scheinen

Thank ( ancian), Germ. danken, ON akka

There ( aer), Germ. da

That ( aet),

Think ( enkan), Germ. denken, ON ekka

Thief ( eof), Germ. Dieb

Thick ( icce), Germ. dick

Thing ( inz), Germ. Ding, ON ing

Throw ( rawan), Germ. drehen

Three ( ri, ry, reo), Germ. drei, Lat. tres, Russ. три

Thousand ( usend), Germ. tausend, Goth. usundi, Russ. тысяча

Under (under), Germ. unter, ON undir

Up (up), Germ. auf

Our (ure), Germ . unser

Out (ut), Germ. ous

Woe (wa), Germ. Weh

Wake (wacan), Germ. wachen, ON vaka

Watch (wǽccan), Germ. wachen

Wander (wandrian), Germ. wandern

Weapon (wǽpu), Germ. Waffe

Wash (wascan), Germ. waschen

Wet (waetan), ON vatr

Water (wǽter), Germ. Wasser, Greek hudor, Lat. unda, Russian - вода

We (we), Germ. wir (uns), Lat. nos, Sanskr. nas, Russian - нас

Ward (weard), Germ. Wart, ON wart

Way (wez), Germ. Weg, ON vegr

Work (weorc), Germ. Werk, ON verk, Greek ergon<wergon

Was (were) - (wesan), Germ. ist, Greek esti, Sanskr. asti, Lat. sum, Russian - есмь

West (west), Germ. West, ON vestr

Wide (wid), Germ. weit

Wife (wif), Germ. Weib, ON vif

Will (willan), Germ. wollen, Lat. velle, Russian - велеть

Wild (wilde), Germ. wild, ON villr

Win (winnan), Germ. gewinnen

Wind (wind), Germ. Wind, Lat. ventus, Russian - ветер

Winter (winter), Germ. Winter, Danish vinter

Wise (wise), Germ. Weise

Wit (wit), Germ. Witz

Word (word), Germ. Wort, Lat. verbum

World (woruld), Germ. Welt

Write (writan), Germ. reißen, ON rita

Wood (wudu), OHG witu, ON vior

Widow (wuduwe), Germ. Wittwe, Lat. Vidua, Russian - вдова

Wound (wund), Germ wunde

Wonder (wundrian), Germ. wundern

Some cognates in Indo-European and Germanic language

APPLE BATH BE

French	pomme	bain	etre
Spanish	manzana	bano	estar
Italian	mela	bagno	essere
Portuguese	maca	banho	ser
Romanian	mar	baie	fi
German	Apfel	Bad	sein
Dutch	appel	bad	zijn
Swedish	apple	bad	vara
Danish	ǽble	bad	vǽre
Norwegian	eple	bad	vǽre
Polish	jablko	kapiel	byc
Czach	jablko	koupal	byti
Serbo-Croat.	Jabuka	kupanje	biti
Hungarian	alma	furdo	van
Finish	omena	kylpy	olla
Turkish	elma	banyo	olmak
Indonesian	apel	mandi	ada
Esperanto	pomo	bano	esti
Russian	yabloko	kupanya	bit
Greek	mi'lon	ba'nio	i'me
Arabic	tufaha	hammam	yakoun
Hebrew	tapuach	ambat	haya
Yiddish	eppel	bod	sein
Japanese	ringo	nyunyoku	aru
Swahili	tofao	majiyakuoga	-wa
BLOOD		BLUE	BOOK
German	Blut	bleu	Buch
Dutch	bloed	blauw	boek
Swedish	blod	bla	bok
Danish	blod	bla	bog
Norwegian	blod	bla	bok

LISTS OF BORROWINGS

CELTIC WORDS IN ENGLISH

Bannock, brat, bin, brock, cart, cradle, crocca, dun, dunn, dale, torr, bard, bog, brogue, fun, glib, lough, shamrock, tory, cosy, glen, loch, mackintosh, plaid, reel, slogan, raid, whiskey, cromlech, crowd, flannel, kick, wee, billy, bonny.

Winchester, Exeter, Glouscester, Salisbury, Stratford-on-Avon, Thames, Duncomb, Tornhill, Cardigan, Edinburgh, Lincoln, Carlisle.

EARLY LATIN BORROWINGS

Street	mile	pound	cup	box
wall	acid	monger	dish	mint
pit	chest	inch	kettle	turnip
pea	pine	plum	poppy	radish
onion	mill	plant	chalk	copper
kitchen	linen	line	purple	sack
sock	candle	sponge	mule	dragon
elephant	ass	oyster	turtle	butter
cheese	chester	port	fountain	tower
mountain	wine

SCANDINAVIAN WORDS IN ENGLISH

Anger	bore	die	flake	happy	scant
	bag	cake	dirt	flat	harsh	scold
	band	clip	drag	fog	hip	scrape
	bark	club	drown	freckle	hug	scream
	bask	clumsy	egg	gape	kid	screech
	big	cock	fast	gasp	law	scrub
	bond	cosy	fellow	get	leg	shrill
	booth	crawl	fidget	gift	loft	skate
	bound	crook	fir	gloss	nag	ski
	bow	cub	fit	guess	odd	skill
	bulk	cut	fizz	gun	rag	skin
	bunch	dash	flag	happen	rotten	skirt
	sky	slave	snug	stern	take	their
	them	they	thrust	till	ugly	want
	window	wing

FRENCH WORDS IN ENGLISH

Government

Court, crown, council, empress, govern, reign, realm, sovereign, country, power, minister, parliament, people, nation, feudal, peer, baron, marquis, duke, prince.

Law

Just, judge, jury, suit, sue, summon, course, session, attorney, accuse, crime, traitor, damage, heritage, property, injury, case, marriage, prove, false, heir, defend, prison, robber, rich, poor, poverty, money, interest, rent.

Art and Architecture

Art, beauty, colour, image, design, figure, ornament, paint, arch, tower, pillar, column, aisle, choir, abbey, cloister, palace, castle, mansion.

Army and Navy

Army, navy, peace, enemy, arms, battle, combat, siege, defense, retreat, soldier, guard, spy, captain, lieutenant, sergeant, danger.

Fashion, Meals, Social Life

Fashion, dress, gown, cloak, coat, frock, collar, veil, train, embroidery, button, kerchief, mitten, boots, blue, brown, scarlet, jewel, ornament, brooch, diamond, ruby, pearl.

Dinner, supper, appetite, taste, salmon, oyster, beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, toast, biscuit, salad, tart, jelly, roast, boil, stew, fry, plate, saucer, fruit, comfort, joy, delight, pleasure, ease, sport, cards.

SPANISH WORDS IN ENGLISH

Corrida	sombrero	squadron	tomato
torrero	doublon	filibuster	cocoa
bolero	peso	tortilla	banana
flamenco	armada	vanilla	quadroon
senor	caudillo	potato	creole
don	infanta	maize	cannibal
hidalgo	junta	barbecue	embargo
mantilla	guerrilla	chocolate	plaza
padre	rodeo	corral	machete
lasso	mustang	cigar	risk
caravel	contraband	canoe	hurricane
hammock	jaguar	poncho	quinine
canyon	cafeteria	tango	caramel

ITALIAN WORDS IN ENGLISH

studio	aria	contralto	scenario
concert	finale	soprano	fiasco
opera	piano	soprano	pantaloon
serenade	viola	solo	corridor
sonata	violoncello	duet	gallery
ambassador	portfolio	racket	cash
bank	credit	bank	bark
manager	spaghetti	macaroni	pizza
volcano	grotto	citadel	balcony
casino	mosaic	barricade	colonel

ARABIC WORDS IN ENGLISH

Admiral alcohol apricot candy carat check chess coffee cotton crimson lemon sofa sugar talc zero

albatross giraffe zebra azimuth zenith henna jasmine sandal spinach elixir matrass atlas damask mohair typhoon

algebra soda allah caliph Koran Moslem minaret talisman cable magazine harem kaif Khan risk assassin

GERMAN WORDS IN ENGLISH

Bismuth cobalt nickel wolfram aspirin blitz jaeger

yodel sauerkraut lagerbeer vermouth schnaps poodle kirsch

marzipan rucksack carouse waltz swindler lobby vaneer

iceberg kindergarten blitzkrieg luftwaffe bunker gestapo volkssturm

Blood and iron (Blut und Eisen) iron rations (Eiserne Ration) mailed fist (gepanzerte Faust) place in the sun (Platz an der Sonne)

song without words (Lieder ohne Worter) homesickness (Heimweh) time-spirit (Zeitgeist) masterpiece (Meisterstuck)