I. Программа. Целевая установка
I. Программа. Целевая установка
Развитие и улучшение заочного и вечернего высшего и среднего специального образования имеют важное значение в современных условиях для обеспечения производства высококвалифицированными специалистами. Важную роль в этом играет владение иностранным языком. Оно является неотъемлемой частью современной подготовки специалистов высшими учебными заведениями. Основной целью обучения специалистов английскому языку в неязыковом вузе является достижение ими практического владения этим языком, что предполагает при заочном обучении формирования умения самостоятельно читать литературу по специальности вуза с целью извлечения информации из иноязычных источников.
Данная программа предусматривает, главным образом, самостоятельную работу студентов. Работа под руководством преподавателя рассчитана на 16-20 учебных часов в год, которые используются для групповых занятий различного характера (установочные, контрольно-закрепительные и опрос).
II. Структура курса
| Группа | Аудиторные занятия (час) | СРС (час) | Консультации (час) | Контрольные работы | Зачёт | Экзамен |
| ГРЗ ГБЗ МПЗ ЭГЗ | № 1,2 № 1,2 № 1,2,3,4 № 1,2 | 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 |
III. Требования
Зачёт. К зачёту допускается студенты, выполнившие контрольные работы № 1 и 2 (3 и 4) и сдавшие тексты в объёме, предусмотренном программой (по профилю вуза).
Для получения зачёта студент должен уметь:
1. Прочитать со словарём незнакомый текст на английском языке, содержащий изученный грамматический материал.
Форма проверки – письменный или устный перевод.
Норма перевода – 600-800 печатных знаков в час письменно или 1000-1200 знаков в час устно.
2. Прочитать без словаря текст, содержащий изученный грамматический материал и 5-8 незнакомых слов на 500-600 печатных знаков.
Форма проверки понимания – передача содержания прочитанного на русском языке.
Время подготовки – 8-10 минут.
Экзамен. К экзамену допускается студенты, имеющие зачёт за 1-3 семестра, выполнившие письменные контрольные работы и сдавшие полный материал по чтению за 2 курс.
На экзамене по английскому языку проверяются умения:
1. Читать со словарем текст по специальности вуза. Форма проверки понимания – письменный или устный перевод.
Норма перевода – 1000 печатных знаков в час письменно.
2. Читать без словаря текст, содержащий изученный грамматический материал и 5-8 незнакомых слов на 600-800 печатных знаков.
Время подготовки – 8-10 минут.
Список литературы
1. Андрианова Л.Н., Багрова Н.Ю., Ершова Э.В. Учебник английского языка для заочных технических вузов и факультетов. М., 1972.-1980, 1988,2001.
2. Шляхова В.А., Любимова Т.Д. Английский язык. Методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов технических специальностей высших учебных заведений. М., 2001.
3. Людвигова Е.В., Баженова С.М., Павлова Э.С., Седов Д.Г. Учебник английского языка для вузов заочного обучения. М., 1982.
4. Морозенко В.В. Английский язык для экономистов. М., 1986.
5. Новицкая Т.М., Кучин Н.Д. Практическая грамматика английского языка.
Грамматические комментарии к выполнению контрольных заданий № 1
Контрольное задание № 1
Упражнение № 1
Окончание – s может обозначать:
1) множественное число существительных:
a book – books a shelf - shelves
a city – cities a match – matches
London is one of the largest cities in the world.
2) глагол в 3-м лице единственного числа в Present Indefinite:
I, you, we, they read a book
Ho: He, she, it reads a book
Hyde Park covers 360 acres.
3) притяжательный падеж имени существительного (отвечает на вопрос «чей?»)
My sister’s room – комната моей сестры;
The students’ classroom – аудитория студентов.
London is the centre of the country’s cultural life.
Упражнение № 2
Конструкция «существительное + существительное + существительное» представляет собой цепочку определений, в которой все существительные определяют последнее существительное (т.е. отвечают на вопрос «какой?»). Начинать перевод таких цепочек следует с последнего существительного, которое является главным в данной цепочке.
Например:
Bridge construction – строительство моста.
Bridge construction problem – проблема строительства моста.
Bridge construction problem solution – решение проблемы строительства моста.
Volgograd is now a five sea port. - Волгоград сейчас – порт пяти морей.
Упражнение № 3
Упражнение № 4
Упражнение № 5
Indefinite Tenses Active
Времена группы Indefiniteобозначаю часто повторяющееся, обычное действие (I go to the Instituteevery day). В данных временах не определяется конкретный момент, в который выполняется действие, т.к. важен не момент, а сам факт выполнения действия.
Например:
Yesterday I saw an interesting TV programme. - Вчера я смотрел интересную TV - программу. (В данном предложении важно, не когда это происходило, а то, что программа была интересная.)
Спряжение глагола ‘to be’ – быть, являться, находиться
| Местоимения | Present | Past | Future |
| I You He, she, it | Am Are is | Was Were was | Shall be Will be Will be |
| We You they | are | were | Shall be Will be Will be |
Образец выполнения 1
My brother’s sons are students. – Сыновья моего брата – студенты.
Brother’s – притяжательный падеж имени существительного;
Sons, students – множественное число существительного.
Образец выполнения 2
This room is smaller than that one . – Эта комната меньше, чем та.
Smaller – сравнительная степень от прилагательного small.
Образец выполнения 3
No park in London is – Никакой парк Лондона
as popular as Hyde park - не популярен так, как Гайд парк.
No – отрицательное местоимение.
Образец выполнения 4
In a few days she will – Через несколько дней
Leave for Moscow - Она уедет в Москву.
Will leave – Future Indefinite Active от неправильного глагола «to leave».
Вариант I
1. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3 – го лица единственного числа имени существительного;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного My brother’s sons are students. – Сыновья моего брата – студенты.
Brother’s – притяжательный падеж имени существительного;
sons, students – множественное число существительного.
1. The British Isles consists of four countries.
2. The UK is one of the world’s smallest countries.
3. The foundation of London dates back to AD 50.
Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,000 square kilometres.
The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast respectively. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech ‘Great Britain’ is used to mean the United Kingdom. The capital of the UK is London.
The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest -- east, center and south-east -- is a vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343m).
There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.
The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.
The UK is one of the world’s smallest countries. Its population is over 58 million. About 80% of the population is urban.
The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.
The UK is a constitutional monarchy. In law, the Head of State is the Queen. In practice, the Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the House of Commons.
There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties. The Conservative party is the ruling party nowadays. The Prime Minister is (was) John Major.
Вариант II
1. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3 – го лица единственного числа имени существительного;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного My brother’s sons are students. – Сыновья моего брата – студенты.
Brother’s – притяжательный падеж имени существительного;
sons, students – множественное число существительного.
1. The surface of the British Isles varies very much.
2. There are a lot of factories, workshops and docks here.
3. London in one of the world’s largest cities.
London
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial center.
It’s one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 9 million.
London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world.
Traditionally it’s divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. They are very different from each other and seem to belong to different towns and epochs.
The heart of London is the City, its financial and business center. Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Baily. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps the most striking of them in St. Paul’s Cathedral, the greatest of British churches. St. Paul’s Cathedral has always dominated the center of London. It stands on the site of former Saxon and Norman churches. They latter were destroyed in the Great Fire and the present building, completed in 1710, is the work of the eminent architect Sir Christopher Wren. It is an architectural masterpiece.
The Tower of London was one of the first and most impressive castles built after the Norman invasion of England in 1066. Since the times of William 1 various kings have built and extended the Tower of London and used it for many purposes. The Tower has been used as a royal palace, an observatory, an arsenal, a state prison, and many famous and infamous people have been executed within its walls. It is now a museum.
Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, or the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Parliament. The Parliament of the UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of just over 1,000 members of the different grades of nobility dukes, marquesses, earls, viscounts and barons. In the House of Commons there are 650 members. They are elected by secret ballot by men and women aged 18 and over.
Every Parliament is divided into Sessions. Each of these may last a year and usually begins early in November. The Clock Tower, which contains the hour-bell called Big Ben, is known the world over. The bell is named after Sir Benjamin Hall.
Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen.
The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is the symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs, and theatres are situated there. There are splendid houses and lovely gardens belonging to wealthy people.
Trafalgar Square is the geographical center of London. It was named in memory of Admiral Nelson’s victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson’s Column stands in the middle of the square.
The East End is the poorest district of London. There are a lot of factories, work- shops and docks here. The streets are narrow, the buildings are unimpressive. The East. End is densely populated by working class families.
Вариант III
1. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3 – го лица единственного числа имени существительного;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного My brother’s sons are students. – Сыновья моего брата – студенты.
Brother’s – притяжательный падеж имени существительного;
sons, students – множественное число существительного.
1. He always watches TV on Sundays.
2. The UK is known as one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery.
3. His lectures are very interesting.
The British Parliament
The British Parliament is the oldest in the world. It originated in th 12th century. The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons and the Queen as its head. The House of Commons plays the major role in law-making. It consists of Members of Parliament (called MPs for short). Each of them represents an area in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. MPs are elected either at a general election or at a by-election following the death or retirement. Parliamentary elections are held every 5 years and it is the Prime Minister who decides on the exact day of the election. The minimum voting age is 18. And the voting is taken by secret ballot. The election campaign lasts about 3 weeks.
The British parliamentary system depends on politicals parties. The party which wins the majority of seats forms the goverment and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister chooses about 20 MPs from his party to become the cabinet of ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular area in the goverment. The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and "shadow cabinet". The leader of the opposition is a recognized post in the House of Commons. The parliament and the monarch have different roles in the goverment and they only meet together on symbolic occasions, such as coronation of a new monarch or the opening of the parliament.
In reality, the House of Commons is the one of three which has true power. The House of Commons is made up of six hundred and fifty elected members, it is presided over by the speaker, a member acceptable to the whole house. MPs sit on two sides of the hall, one side for the governing party and the other for the opposition. The first 2 rows of seats are occupied by the leading members of both parties (called "front benches"). The back benches belong to the rank-and-life MPs. Each session of the House of Commons lasts for 160-175 days. Parliament has intervals during his work. MPs are paid for their parliamentary work and have to attend the sittings.
As mention above, the House of Commons plays the major role in law making. The procedure is the following: a proposed law ("a bill") has to go through three stages in order to become an act of parliament, these are called "readings". The first reading is a formality and is simply the publication of the proposal. The second reading involves debate on the principles of the bill, it is examination by parliamentary committy. And the third reading is a report stage, when the work of the committy is reported on to the house. This is usually the most important stage in the process. When the bill passes through the House of Commons, it is sent to the House of Lords for discussion, when the Lords agree it, the bill is taken to the Queen for royal assent, when the Queen sings the bill, it becomes act of the Parliament and the Law of the Land.
The House of Lords has more than 1000 members, although only about 250 take an active part in the work in the house. Members of this Upper House are not elected, they sit there because of their rank, the chairman of the House of Lords is the Lord Chancellor. And he sits on a special seat, called "WoolSack" The members of the House of Lords debate the bill after it has been passed by the House of Commons. Some changes may be recommended and the agreement between the two houses is reached by negotiations.
Вариант IV
1. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3 – го лица единственного числа имени существительного;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного My brother’s sons are students. – Сыновья моего брата – студенты.
brother’s – притяжательный падеж имени существительного
sons, students – множественное число существительного.
1. Session of the British Parliament usually begins early in November.
2. The Westminster Abbey is also known for its Poet’ s Corner.
3. One of the greatest treasures of the Abbey is the oaken Coronation Chair made in 1300.
Private Education
Seven per cent of British Schoolchildren go to private schools. There are 3 levels of private schools: primary schools (age four to eight), preparatory schools (age eight to thirteen). At the age of 13 children take an examination. If they pass it, they go to public school, where they usually remain until they are 18. Many preparatory and most public schools are boarding schools, the children live at school during the school terms. But though these schools are called public, they are, in fact, private and it can be very expensive to send a child to such a school.
The most famous public schools have a long history and tradition. It is often necessary to put a child’s name on a waiting list at birth to be sure he or she get a place. Children of wealthy or aristocratic families often go to the same public school as their parents and their grandparents. Eton is the best known of these schools.
It is situated in Eton, a town about 20 miles west of London, on the River Thames. The school was founded in 1440 by King Henry 4, and some of the original buildings are still standing. Many famous figures from British public life were educated at Eton. Immediately opposite Eton, across the Thames, is Windsor, a town which is closely associated with Eton.
Windsor Castle, the largest castle in England and a favourite home of the Royal family, dominates the skyline the town.
Traditionally, public schools were always single-sex schools but now many of them are becoming co-educational, both boys and girls attend the school. Eton, however, still remains a public school for boys only.
Вариант V
1. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3 – го лица единственного числа имени существительного;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного My brother’s sons are students. – Сыновья моего брата – студенты.
Brother’s – притяжательный падеж имени существительного;
sons, students – множественное число существительного.
1. In the UK the Queen reigns, but does not rule.
2. Mountains in Britain are not very high.
3. Most of London’s places of interest are in the West End.
Sports in Great Britain.
1. Who is your most favorite English writer?
2. The more you read special literature, the more you know the subject.
3. Your translation is better than mine.
Sports in Great Britain
The British are known to be great sport-loves, so when they are neither playing, nor watching games, they like to talk about them. Many of the games we play now have come from Britain.
One of the most British games is cricket. It is often played in schools, colleges, universities and by club teams all over the country. Summer isn’t summer without cricket. To many Englishmen cricket is both a game and a standard of behaviour. When they consider anything unfair, they sometimes say: “That isn’t cricket”.
But as almost everywhere else in the world, the game, which attracts the greatest attention is Association football, or soccer. Every Saturday from late August till the beginning of May, large crowds of people support their favourite sides in football grounds. True fans will travel from one end of the country to the other to see their team play. There are plenty of professional and amateur soccer clubs all over Britain. International football matches and the Cup Finals take place at Wembley.
Rugby football is also very popular and mainly amateurs play it. Next to football, the chief spectator sport in British life is horseracing. A lot of people are interested in the races and risk money on the horse, which they think will win. The Derby is perhaps the most famous single sporting event in the whole world.
Britain is also famous for motorcar racing, dog-racing, boat-racing, and even races for donkeys. The famous boat race between the teams of Oxford and Cambridge attracts large crowds of people.
A great number of people play and watch tennis. Tennis tournaments at Wimbledon are known all over the world. The innumerable tennis courts of Britain are occupied by people between the ages of 16 and 60 who show every degree of skill – from practically helpless to the extremely able.
The British also like to play golf, baseball, hockey, and grass-hockey. Various forms of athletics, such as running, jumping, swimming, and boxing are also popular. You can sometimes hear that there are no winter sports in England. Of course the English weather is not always cold enough to ski, skate, or toboggan, but winter is a good season for hunting and fishing.
Indeed sport in one form or another is an essential part of daily life in Britain.
Контрольное задание № 2
Упражнение № 1
Indefinite tenses passive
| Present | Past | Future |
  Am Is asked Are written |  To be + Participle II Was asked Were written | (-ed, 3ф-ма глагола) shall be as ked will be written |
Упражнение № 2
1) Participle I – причастие настоящего времени.
To work + ing = working – работающий, работая.
а) While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the earth. – Бомбардируя верхние слои атмосферы, космические лучи достигают поверхности земли (bombarding-обстоятельство).
б) The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom. – Мельчайшая частица, имеющая все характеристики элемента, называется атом (having - определение).
2) Participle II – причастие прошедшего времени образуется:
а) у правильных глаголов - + ed: asked – спрошенный;
б) неправильных глаголов – 3 форма: written – написанный.
When heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume. – Нагретый до определённой температуры, этот сплав увеличивается в объёме.
Упражнение № 3
Образец выполнения № 1
1) Today scientists are still looking for the substance as a source of energy. – Сегодня ученые все ещё ищут вещество в качестве источника энергии.
Are looking – Present Continuous Active.
2) The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors. – На интенсивность этого процесса влияют много факторов.
Is influenced – Present Indefinite Passive.
Образец выполнения № 2
Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing. – Нейлон был первым синтетическим волокном, используемым в одежде.
Used – Participle II, определение.
Образец выполнения № 3
These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination. – Эти металлические детали пришлось подвергнуть рентгеновскому исследованию.
Had to – эквивалент модального глагола must.
Вариант I
USA
The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometers. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea-boarder with Russia.
The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal Area where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is more than 270 million.
If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley which is located in Alaska.
America’s largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA.
The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental. The south has a subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring typhoons. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.
The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It’s the world’s leading producer of copper and oil and the world’s second producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most important manufacturing industries are aircraft, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, armaments, furniture and paper.
Though mainly European and African in origin, Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations, including Chinese and native Americans.
The largest cities are: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San-Francisco, Washington and others.
The United States is a federal union of 50 states, each of which has its own government.
The seat of the central (federal) government is Washington, DC. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the judicial. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic, though there’s hardly any difference between their political lines.
Вариант II
Washington
The city of Washington, the capital of the United States of America is located in the District of Columbia (DC for short). Many people consider Washington DC to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It is filled with many parks, wide streets and impressive buildings. In the center of the city, in Capitol Park, visitors' eyes focus on the Capitol, where Congress meets to make laws. Many visitors come to Washington DC to see the White House. It is the greatest attraction for many of them. The White House, the official residence of the President, is situated at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. The largest room in this building of over the hundreds room is the East Room, scene of many state receptions, balls and musicals. Other famous rooms are: the Green Room, the Blue Room, the Red Room, which are used for afternoon teas and for receptions held before state dinners. The Blue Room, the most formal of these "colors" room is an oval-shaped room connecting the Green and the Red Rooms. On the second floor, the floor with the family quarters and quests rooms, is the Lincoln Room, which one served as an office for president Lincoln but today serves as an honor guest room. In this room Lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation of 1863.
Other landmarks in Washington DC include memorials to three Presidents: The Washington Memorial, The Lincoln Memorial and The Jefferson Memorial; The Library of Congress, The National Gallery of Art, The John F. Kennedy center for the Performing Arts. The Capitol is in the very center of Washington. It is located on the Capitol Hill, the highest point in the city. The Capitol is the highest building in Washington. There is a law in Washington not to build buildings higher than the Capitol. The corner stone of the Capitol was laid by George Washington on Sep 18th, 1793. The Capitol is the seat of the government of the United States of America.
Вариант III
New York
New York City isn’t the capital of USA and it isn’t the capital of New York State, but residents of the “Big Apple” considering their city the capital of the globe. It is because New York is the home of the United Nations and the largest investment market in the world.
When first immigrants came to this land, they bought Manhattan Island for $24 from local Indians. Then they founded there a first colony and now when people in New York talking about New Yorkers they usually talk about people, who live on Manhattan.
New York has five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, and the Bronx. The Bronx is famous for a zoo, which is situated there.
Manhattan is the center of New York City. Near 1 million people live here, but over than 5 million come here to work from all parts of the city every day. The main street, Broadway, is also here. And there are a lot of other famous streets which known nationwide. Wall Street is famous for finance. Madison Avenue means advertising, and Fifth Avenue is famous for world-class shopping. There is a famous crossing Times Square. It famous for Theatre district, there are more than thirty theaters there, and every evening they play their plays.
Central Park is also there. There you can see people walking their dogs, having a rest or playing games.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art is the most famous art museum in New York. It has great collection from all over the world. It’s located in Central Park.
There are a lot of famous neighborhoods on Manhattan. The Village is famous for some poets and writers, who wrote about it. SoHo is an enclave of artists. Harlem has a priceless musical heritage. And the China Town with its main street – Canal.
Most of New York’s skyscrapers are located on the island of Manhattan. There are such buildings as Art Deco Chrysler Building and there were twin towers of the World Trade Center.
One of the famous building in the world is the Statue of Liberty. It was built in 1886. It was a present from the people of France. About 12 million immigrants passed through New York when they came to America. When you come to New York by sea the first thing, which you will see it is the Statue of Liberty, America’s symbol of freedom!
Вариант IV
The US Educational System
The US educational system is very decentralized and schools very greatly from states state.
Every resident pays a school tax to the school district he/she lives in, no matter he/she has school children or not. School education in the United States is free and parents are free to choose a school for their children. But if parents send their child to a school of another school district they have to pay the sum equivalent to the school tax directly to the school the child goes to. There are also a lot of private schools, mainly religious, and parents have to pay for them. The cost is $ 5,000 - $ 10,000 a year.
There is no home education in the United States. Each invalid is supposed to attend school. School provides all the necessary conditions for them to study.
The school system structure in the United States looks like this. Children start going to school at the age of five. First they go to eight-year elementary school and then to high school or if they go to five- or six-year elementary school, they then attend three- or four-year middle school, and then high school. Teenagers study at high school four years and graduate from it at the age of eighteen.
The completion of high school is called graduation. In order to graduate, students must accumulate a certain amount of credits during their four years at school. Credits are points given for every subject that is passed successfully. In addition to that, students must successfully complete specific subjects required by the state or local educational authorities, such as US history, English, mathematics and physical education. This may vary from state to state.
Over 60% of school graduates continue their education in two- or four-year colleges or universities. At least 10% of high school students are allowed to finish school at the age of 16.
A school year starts at the beginning of September or at the end of August and ends in late June or early July, just before the Independence Day, and is divided into three terms/trimesters or four quarters. School children have winter and spring breaks for two or three weeks and summer vacation for six up to eight weeks.
American schools today house a large number of students but making friends can be difficult, as the same group of students does not attend all the classes. In order to encourage meeting and knowing a broader population at school, special emphasis is placed on so-called extracurricular activities where interests, rather than academic ability, bring students together.
Extracurricular activities are the many club meetings, music or drama rehearsals, and sport practice sessions that take place in American high school in the afternoon after classes. These meetings are a very important part of high school life, since they are a link between different groups of students who are placed in various academic programs. Students who usually would not meet in the classroom get to know each other in areas of common interest. They give students the opportunity to further their specific interests in various fields and to spend their free time together.
Even though they are not mandatory, many students get involved in different extracurricular activities. Since students spend a lot of time participating in various activities, school becomes the center of social life for students. They not only go to school to study the material presented in class, but they also meet together to socialize and to pursue their interests.
U.S. colleges and universities offer a vide variety of programs ranging from highly academic courses to very practical ones. Students can be educated not only for academic professions, but also for technical professions, such as mechanics, nursing, medical technology, computer technology and book-keeping.
In universities young people study four years to get bachelor’s degree. If one wants to get master’s degree he/she must study two years more and do a research work. If one has master’s degree, studies more, does a research work and passes an oral, comprehensive examination he/she gets doctor’s degree (PhD).
Вариант V
Henry Ford
Ford, Henry (1863-1947), American industrialist, best known for his pioneering achievements in the automobile industry.
Ford was born on a farm near Dearborn, Michigan, on July 30, 1863, and educated in district schools. He became a machinist's apprentice in Detroit at the age of 16. From 1888 to 1899 he was a mechanical engineer, and later chief engineer, with the Edison Illuminating Company. In 1893, after experimenting for several years in his leisure hours, he completed the construction of his first automobile, and in 1903 he founded the Ford Motor Company.
In 1913 Ford began using standardized interchangeable parts and assembly-line techniques in his plant. Although Ford neither originated nor was the first to employ such practices, he was chiefly responsible for their general adoption and for the consequent great expansion of American industry and the raising of the American standard of living. By early 1914 this innovation, although greatly increasing productivity, had resulted in a monthly labor turnover of 40 to 60 percent in his factory, largely because of the unpleasant monotony of assembly-line work and repeated increases in the production quotas assigned to workers. Ford met this difficulty by doubling the daily wage then standard in the industry, raising it from about $2.50 to $5. The net result was increased stability in his labor force and a substantial reduction in operating costs. These factors, coupled with the enormous increase in output made possible by new technological methods, led to an increase in company profits from $30 million in 1914 to $60 million in 1916.
In 1908 the Ford company initiated production of the celebrated Model T. Until 1927, when the Model T was discontinued in favor of a more up-to-date model, the company produced and sold about 15 million cars.
In the period from 1937 to 1941, the Ford company became the only major manufacturer of automobiles in the Detroit area that had not recognized any labor union as the collective bargaining representative of employees.
Early in 1941 Ford was granted government contracts whereby he was, at first, to manufacture parts for bombers and, later, the entire airplane. He thereupon launched the construction of a huge plant at Willow Run, Michigan, where production was begun in May 1942. Despite certain technical difficulties, by the end of World War II (1945) this plant had manufactured more than 8000 planes.
Ford was active in several other fields besides those of automobile and airplane manufacturing. In 1915 he chartered a peace ship, which carried him and a number of like-minded individuals to Europe, where they attempted without success to persuade the belligerent governments to end World War I. He was nominated for the office of U.S. senator from Michigan in 1918 but was defeated in the election. In the following year he erected the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit at a cost of $7.5 million. In 1919 he became the publisher of the Dearborn Independent, a weekly journal, which at first published anti-Semitic material. After considerable public protest, Ford directed that publication of such articles be discontinued and that a public apology be made to the Jewish people.
Advancing age obliged Ford to retire from the active direction of his gigantic enterprises in 1945. He died on April 7, 1947, in Dearborn. Ford left a personal fortune estimated at $500 to $700 million, bequeathing the largest share of his holdings in the Ford Motor Company to the Ford Foundation, a nonprofit organization.
Структура курса
| Группа | Ауд. Занят. | СРС | Консультации | Контр.раб. | Зачет Экзамен |
| ГРЗ ГБЗ МПЗ ЭГЗ | №3,4 №3,4 №3,4 №3 | 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 |
Требования
ЗАЧЕТ. К зачету допускаются студенты, выполнившие контрольную работу №3 и сдавшие тексты в объеме, предусмотренном программой (по профилю вуза).
Для получения зачета студент должен уметь:
1. Прочитать со словарем незнакомый текст на английском языке, содержащий изученный грамматический материал.
Форма проверки – письменный или устный перевод.
Норма перевода – 600-800 печатных знаков в час письменно или 1000-1200 печатных знаков в час устно.
2. Прочитать без словаря текст, содержащий изученный грамматический материал и 5-8 незнакомых слов на 500-600 печатных знаков.
Форма проверки понимания – передача содержания прочитанного на русском языке.
Время подготовки – 8-10 мин.
ЭКЗАМЕН. К экзамену допускаются студенты, имеющие зачет за 1 курс, выполнившие письменные контрольные работы и сдавшие учебный материал по чтению за 2 курс.
На экзамене по английскому языку проверяются умения:
1. Читать со словарем текст по специальности вуза.
Форма проверки понимания – письменный или устный перевод.
Норма перевода – 1000 печатных знаков в час письменно.
2. Читать без словаря текст, содержащий изученный грамматический материал и 508 незнакомых слов на 600-800 печатных знаков.
Форма проверки понимания – передача содержания прочитанного на русском языке.
Время подготовки – 8-10 мин.
Список литературы:
1. Андрианова Л.Н., Багрова Н.Ю., Ершова Э.В. Учебник английского языка для заочных технических вузов и факультетов. М., 1972, 1980, 1988, 2001.
2. Шляхова В.А., Любимова Т.Д. Английский язык. Методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов технических специальностей высших учебных заведений. М.,2001.
3. Людвигова Е.В., Баженова С.М., Павлова Э.С., Седов Д.Г. Учебник английского языка для вузов заочного обучения. М.,1982.
4. Морозенко В.В. Английский язык для экономистов. М.,1986.
5. Новицкая Т.М., Кучин Н.Д. Практическая грамматика английского языка.
Спряжение глагола to be
| Местоимение | Present | Past | Future |
| I | am | was | Shall be |
| You | are | were | Will be |
| He,she,it | is | was | Will be |
| we | are | were | Shall be |
| you | are | were | Will be |
| they | are | were | Will be |
INDEFINITE TENSES
| PRESENT | Past | Future | Passive |
| Ask Asks( he,she,it) | Asked wrote | Shall ask Will ask | To be +Participle II |
CONTINUOUS TENSES
| ACTIVE PASSIVE |
| To be+Participle I(-ing) to be+being+ParticipleII(-ed,3форма) |
PERFECT TENSES
| ACTIVE | PASSIVE |
| Have + ParticipleII(-ed,3форма) | Have+been+ParticipleII |
To be
1) глагол-связка: I am a student.
Смысловой глагол ( быть, находиться): The book was in the bag.
2) to be to – должен ( эквивалент модального глагола must – обозначает договоренность или план):
The train is to start at noon. – Поезд должен отправиться в полдень.
We were to meet at the airport. – Мы должны были встретиться в аэропорту.
3) вспомогательный глагол (во временах Continuous и в Passive Voice):
I am reading a book now. – Я читаю книгу сейчас. (Continuous)
I was asked some questions. – Мне задали несколько вопросов. (Passive Voice)
To have
1)смысловой глагол (иметь): He has one sister.
2) вспомогательный глагол (во временах Perfect):
He has done this work. – Он сделал эту работу.
3)have to (эквивалент модального глагола must) – быть вынужденным, приходиться (в силу обстоятельств):
He had to buy another newspaper. – Ему пришлось купить другую газету.
To do
1) Смысловой глагол (делать) – Do this work at once! – Сделай эту работу немедленно!
2) Вспомогательный глагол (в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях):
We do not like this film.
Do you speak English?
Упражнение 3
Неличные формы глагола
Инфинитив: To measure volume we must know the dimensions of a body. – Чтобы измерить объем, мы должны знать размеры тела.
Причастия: Participle I (-ing): The man writing the letter is my brother.
Participle II (-ed, 3 форма) – The letter written by my brother is on the table.
Герундий: глагол+ing (обозначает процесс) – I like reading. – Я люблю чтение.
Упражнение 4
Participle I.
Вариант 1
Вариант 2
Вариант 3
Вариант 4
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels-including coal, oil, and natural gas-are sources of energy that humans have taken advantage of over thousands of years. About 90 percent of the world's energy consumption comes from fossil fuels. These were created by the decomposition of primitive organisms, buried in sand and mud, and compressed
under the weight of accumulating layers. Over millions of years, temperatures and pressures changed the organic matter into coal, oil, and gas. Deposits of these resources are now found below ground in many areas of the world.
Combusting fossil fuels with oxygen releases water, carbon dioxide, and other substances into the environment. In the case of coal, these substances include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which have been shown to be responsible for acid rain. To control these emissions, today's coal-fired power plants are equipped with scrubbers, filters, collectors, electrostatic precipitators, and other devices. Natural-gas-fired power plants release virtually no sulfur dioxide, but require controls to limit their nitrogen oxide emissions.
Smog is created by a photochemical reaction of sunlight with hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and other molecules emitted in car exhaust. To control smog, oil companies have reformulated gasoline, and automakers have designed cars that burn gasoline more cleanly and efficiently, with better filtering mechanisms. The results: tailpipe emissions from the average new car contain 95 percent less hydrocarbons than they did in the 1960s.
Global climate change is another environmental issue linked to fossil fuel use. As a greenhouse gas, the carbon dioxide released in the combustion of fossil fuels traps infrared radiation from the earth that would otherwise radiate out to space. This effect is believed to raise the heat of the earth's atmosphere. Planting more trees is one way to remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, since trees need carbon dioxide as part of photosynthesis. Other greenhouse gases-like methane and carbon dioxide-come from animals and industry practices.
Oil spills in the oceans can damage coastal and marine plants and wildlife. Double-hulled tankers and rigorous safety practices are highly effective in preventing spills and limiting damage. Since 1990, more than 99.999 percent of oil delivered by tankers to the U.S. reached its destination without incident.
Вариант 5
Oil
Oil comes from crude oil, which is a mix of hydrocarbons with some oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur impurities. One barrel of oil (42 U.S. gallons) can provide about 6 million Btu. Crude oil reserves are found all over the world, but the Middle East alone has about 63 percent of the known reserves. Of the oil consumed in the United States, most is used in transportation, and much of the rest goes to industrial, commercial, and residential uses. Crude oil is used to produce not only a range of fuels, but also petrochemical ingredients for plastics, inks, tires, pharmaceuticals, and a host of other products.
High-tech oil exploration technology and practices have led to the discovery of as many new reserves as have already been used. To make the most of this valu
able resource, energy producers are developing more efficient refining methods, product makers are finding more efficient ways to use petrochemicals, and manufacturers are developing more efficient cars. New techniques of locating and extracting oil from the earth are also making it possible to recover oil that was once too expensive to produce.
Oil is usually recovered by drilling wells through the non-porous rock barrier that traps the oil. In general, about 30 percent of the oil trapped can be eco
nomically recovered by pumping. "Secondary" recovery can remove another 10 percent, by flooding the well with high-pressure water or gas. Another 10 percent can sometimes be recovered with "tertiary" methods that heat the oil to scrub it out. About half of the oil is left trapped in the rock. Oil producers are continually seeking economical ways to recover more of this oil.
The oil refining process separates crude oil into different hydrocarbons and removes impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, and heavy metals. The first step is fractional distillation, a process that takes advantage of the fact that different hydrocarbons boil at different temperatures. In a tall tower called a fractionating column, crude oil is heated until it boils. Horizontal trays divide the column at intervals. As the oil boils, it vaporizes. Each hydrocarbon rises to a tray at a temperature just below its own boiling point. There, it cools and turns back into a liquid.
The lightest fractions are liquefied petroleum gases (propane and butane) and the petrochemicals used to make plastics, fabrics, and a wide array of consumer products. Next come gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel. Heavier fractions make home heating oil and fuel for ships and factories. Still heavier fractions are made into lubricants and waxes. The remains include asphalt.
The refining process then continues, with heavy fractions converted into lighter fractions. In most cases, "cracking" processes are used to transform large (heavy) hydrocarbon molecules and make the smaller, lighter molecules such as gasoline and jet fuel. Better refining technologies have made it possible to produce over 21 gallons of gasoline from a 42-gallon barrel of crude oil-a remarkable ad
vance over the industry's early days, when a barrel of oil yielded just 11 gallons of gasoline.
Контрольное задание №4
Упражнение 1. Сложные формы инфинитива
| Passive | Continuous | Perfect |
To be + ParticipleII Обозначает будущее время или долженствование: The text to be translated is very difficult. Наши рекомендации |