Выражение долженствования, обязанности, необходимости

	Значение	В настоящем (Present)	В прошлом (Past)
have to be to	должен — вынужден, обстоятельства вынуждают, обязывают строгие предписания должен — моральный долг обязывает	Sorry, I have to go now. My train is leaving in a minute. At the West Point Military Academy the cadets have to obey very strict rules. We are students. We are to work hard.	I had to go yesterday — I was missing my train. When I was a cadet I had to obey very strict rules. We were to work hard when we were students.

Выражение умения, способности, возможности
производить действие и разрешения

Оборот	Значение	В настоящем (Present)	В прошлом (Past)
be able to be allowed to	физическая и умственная способность выполнить действие разрешение	She’s able toplay the piano. She isn’t able to play the piano because her hand hurts. Visitors are allowed to use the car park. Visitors are not allowed to use the car park.	She was able to play the piano when she was five. She wasn’t able to play the piano at yesterday concert because her hand hurt. Visitors were allowed to use the car park. Visitors were not allowed to use the car park.

Practice:

1. Переведите пары предложений и объясните различие между ними:

She could not cook such big dinner. — Она не могла приготовить такой большой ужин.

She need notcook such big dinner. — Ей не надо готовить такой большой ужин.

I cannot read French books. You need not read so many books.

They could not come in time. They need not come in time.

She could not buy that dress. She need not buy a new dress.

The boy cannot lock the door. The boy need not lock the door.

2. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски с помощью глагола to have to и следующих глаголов:

do, put, obey (подчиняться), run, look, polish, tell, stand, sit, memorize (запоминать), touch, get, go, tell, be.

Tom, a first year cadet at West Point, is writing a letter to his brother. West Point is the United States Army Military Academy. It is a very strict (жесткий, суровый) school, and there are many rules (правила) the cadets must obey.

Dear Joe,

How are you doing? Well, here I am at West Point. Life here is very difficult. We have to obey a thousand rules. A first-year cadet is nothing here. We … everything that an upperclassman tells us to do. Upperclassmen always tell the new cadets to do a lot of crazy things. For example, we … down our suitcases and pick them up again about fifty times. And we … up and down the stairs ten times.

Our uniform is very important. They … perfect at all times. I … my shoes about three times a day. If an upperclassman can’t see his reflection in our shoes, we … them again.

Cadets … at attention when they speak to upperclassmen. When we stand at attention, our chins … our chests. We even … at attention when we eat our meals. You won’t believe some of the other stupid things. We … the menu for lunch and dinner every day. When an upperclassman asks «What’s for dinner?» we … him: «Roast, chicken, potatoes, carrots, salad and apple pie, Sir». Also, if an upperclassman wants a Coke, we … to the soda machine and … a Coke for him.

Honor is important at West Point. Cadets … honest at everything they do. For example, if you know that another cadet lied or cheated on a test, you … the commander.

I don’t have time to write any more. I … to class now.

Please write to me. I’m very lonely here. It’s very different from high school and home.

See you at Christmas,

Tom.

Vocabulary.

Upperclassman — курсант старшего курса, reflection — отражение, stand at attention — стоять по стойке смирно, chin — подбородок, chest — грудь, honor — честь, lie — лгать, cheat — мошенничать.

3. Работайте с партнером. Ваш друг учится в университете и живет в общежитии. Расспросите о его обязанностях, используя следующие выражения:

Model:

— Do you have to come early to class?

— Yes, I do. Our classes begin at eight.

— Do you have to cook for yourself ?

— No, I needn’t. There is a canteen at the University.

To stay late, to attend lectures, to prepare for the seminars, to study two foreign languages, to wash the clothes, to work a lot at the library, to work part time, to work hard to get ready for exams.

4. Вставьте подходящий по смыслу глагол из списка: can, may, must, need

Why … not you understand it? It’s so easy!

You … not have bought this meat: we have everything for dinner.

We … not carry the bookcase upstairs. It’s too heavy.

We … not carry this sofa upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it.

5. Заполните пропуски в тексте глаголами из списка: can, can, can, must, must, required to, must not, should, allowed to, do not have to.

Overseas visitors … use their usual driving licences in New South Wales but … have proof that they are simply visiting. You are also … carry your licence with you whenever you are driving. You … drive without wearing a seat belt. Driving is not the ideal way to get around central Sydney, although a car … be very convenient for journeys into the suburbs and further afield. If you are planning to use a car you … purchase a good street directory. The city centre is often congested and it … be difficult to find a parking place. Look out for the blue and white ‘P’ signs. You … pay at a meter after 6.30 pm on weekends, on Saturday afternoons and all day Sunday.

At some intersections, which are clearly signposted, drivers are … make a left-hand turn at a red light after stopping, but … give way to pedestrians.

Modals III

Конструкции с модальными глаголами могут использоваться в следующих ситуациях:

чтобы попросить совета:

— Shall I take the exam now or wait till later?

— Should I go by car or by bus?

— Would you accept the job if you were me?

чтобы дать совет:

— You should get your hair cut.

— You should have had to drink less.

— You ought to use a dictionary.

— You ought to have revised a bit more.

попросить об услуге:

— Can/Could I ask you to do me a favor?

— Would you do me a favor? (более вежливо)

— Would you help me carry this bag?

— May I use your telephone?

— Will you please be quiet in here.

выразить готовность сделать что-то, предложить помощь, подать идею:

— Shall I help you clear the room?

— Can I give you a hand with your luggage?

— Would you like a lift to the railway station?

— Shall we open the window?

— We can stay in tonight if you like.

дать разрешение или отказать:

— You can have the day off.

— You can’t borrow my car tonight, because I need it.

— Could I leave the office early today?

— You may register for the exam until the end of September. (более официально)

Practice:

1. Прочитайте описание ситуации и задайте подходящие вопросы, пользуясь Shall I … или Shall we … .

1. Tomorrow is your husband’s/wife’s birthday and you don’t know what to present him/her with. Ask your friend for advice.

What … .

2. You’ve just seen a bag in a shop. You are not sure whether to buy it or not. Ask your friend for advice.

3. You and your family haven’t decided what to have for dinner. You say … .

4. Your boss wants you to call him/her up. You don’t know what time to call up. Ask him/her.

What … .

5. You’re going out. But there is a strong possibility that it will rain and you aren’t sure whether to take an umbrella or not. Ask your friend for advice.

6. You and your husband/wife are going to a restaurant. You haven’t decided whether to go by car or on foot. You say … .

2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя глагол needn’t.

Model: — Shall I do the shopping now?

— No, you needn’t. You can do it later.

1. — Shall I type this advertisement now?

— No, … . You … later.

2. — Shall I clean the flat today?

— No, … . You … tomorrow.

3. — Shall I go to the bank this morning?

— No, … . You … this afternoon.

3. Задайте вопросы к следующим ситуациям:

Model: — You want to borrow your friend’s camera. What do you say to him/her?

— Could I borrow your camera?

1. You have a car and you want to give your mother-in -law a lift. What do you say?

Can I ______________________________________?

2. You have to go to the railway station but you don’t know how to get there. Ask a passer-by.

Could you__________________________________?

3. You are at an interview. You want to smoke a cigarette.

May I______________________________________?

4. You want to invite your cousin to stay with you for the weekend.

Would you like_______________________________?

5. You want to leave work early because you have some important things to do. Ask a permission.

Mr. Goldsmith, do you think I______________________________?

6. Your neighbour is listening to loud rock music. Ask him politely to turn it down.

Do you think you____________________________?

The Passive Voice

Пассивный залог — The Passive Voice — употребляется:

— с большинством переходных глаголов (глагол + прямое дополнение), когда само действие более важно, чем субъект этого действия (производитель):

This helicopter was designed in Russia;

— когда производитель действия неизвестен:

The manuscripts were found in 19^th century;

— если информация о субъекте действия важна, то она вводится предлогом by:

This wedding cake will be baked by the best cooks.

Образование: To be + V3 (Past Participle)

Present Simple	Iamsurprised by this message.
Past Simple	Iwassurprised by this message.
Future Simple	Iwill besurprised by this message.
Present Perfect	The letter has beenwritten by a woman. The letter has been written by a woman.
Present Continuous	These students are being examined now.
Past Continuous	Hewas being examinedthis time yesterday.
Present Perfect	We have been shown this film twice.
Past Perfect	had been
Future Perfect	I/he shall/will have been
Глаголы sell, wash, wear, bake, readупотребляются в активном залоге, хотя и с пассивным значением:These novels sell well. The cloth wears well.

Если в предложении два возможных субъекта, предмет или лицо, то подлежащим в пассивном залоге становится лицо:I was given a prize.

Пассивный залог может употребляться с модальными глаголами, предложение строится по следующей схеме:

Modal verb + be + Past Participle

	must/can/should be/may/might + Participle II
Active Voice	Passive Voice
I can do it. He should do it. They must do it. He has to do it. You may do it. They might do it.	It can be done by me. It should be done by him. It must be done by them. It has to be done by her. It may be done by Ann. It might be done by them.

Practice:

1. Измените залог в предложениях, следуя модели:

Model: Somebody broke that window yesterday — That window was broken yesterday.

1. Sarah invited Jane to her party. 2. Someone has written a book about the first American president. 3. Police arrests people every day. 4. Someone stole my car last night. 5. We will paint a house tomorrow.

2. Работайте с партнером. Составьте собственные диалоги из данных слов, следуя модели:

Model: — Do you want me to feed Rover?

— No. Don’t worry about it. He’s already been fed.

— Do you want me to ______________________?

— No. Don’t worry about it. _________________.

Make the bed, do the dishes, take the garbage out, wake the children up, carve the chicken.

3. Составьте из данных слов вопросы в пассивном залоге:

Model: Question: The new road / still / build?

… Is the new road still being built? ...

Answer: Yes, they haven’t finished it yet.

Question: Where / the first car / manufacture?

… .