Speaking. Complete the sentence.

13) Oinments are …..

14) Epidermic oinments….

15) Endodermic oinments…..

16) Diadermic oinments ….

17) White and yellow oinments ….

18) Mechanical incorporation…….

19) Certain medicinal substances……

Writing. Form the words with the help of suffix –ity and translate them.

Stable stability

Active, capable, pure, intensive, quantitative, relative, susceptible, compatible.

Speaking. Read and translate the following word-combinations and make up sentences with them.

Temperature changes, emulsion type, absorption bases, potassiumiodide, paper filter, sugar, particle, penicillin production, filtration paper, ointment base, water solution, penetration ointment, hand sieve, starch portion, alcohol content, solvent activity.

Writing. Fill in the necessary words from the text “Oinments”.

Vegetable, divided, petrolatum, absorption, penetration, temperature, wool.

7) Oinments of emulsion type belong to the group of …… base.

8) The substance obtained is stable to normal climatic …… changes.

9) Based on their penetration oinments have been ….. into three classes.

10) Epidermic oinments possess very slight power of ….. into the skin.

11) Most of endodermic oinments contain …….. oils, ……. fats, lanolin, and (or) combinations of these.

12) Oinments belonging to the group of hydrocarbon bases are prepared from …. with wax or other stiffening agents.

Writing. Make up your own sentences using the following word-combination.

Contain petrolatum, influence the effiiacy, apply to the skin, include oinments, prevent contamination, protect water sensitive drugs, to be packaged in glass jars, penetrate the skin, belong to the group of absorption base.

Speaking. Read the sentence and find which of them do not correspond to the content of the text “Oinments”. Give right variants.

1) Oinments are semi-liquid preparations for external application.

2) Based on their penetration oinments have been divided into four classes.

3) Hydrocarbon bases do not include oinments prepared from petrolatum with wax.

4) Absorption bases generally have a low index of compatibility towards the majority of medicaments.

5) White and yellow oinments are not stable to normal climatic temperature changes.

6) Endodermic oinments are those which do not possess the power of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin.

Speaking. Answer the following question.

1) What kind of preparation are oinments?

2) Are oinments used for internal or external application?

3) What consistency are the oinments of?

4) Do oinments soften of melt when applied to the body?

5) What classes have oinments been divided into?

6) What oinments possess the power of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin?

7) What melting point have most of endodermic oinments?

8) What substances do endodermic oinments contain?

9) What oinments belong to the group of absorption base?

10) What are oinments belonging to the group of hydrocarbon base prepared from?

Writing. Fill in the table.

Oinments

Preparation

Speaking. Make up a dialogue on the theme “Oinments”.

Writing. Write an annotation to the “Oinments”.

Work-out for practical study

Theme: «Filtration»

Pre-reading task. Speaking.

10) What do you know about filtration?

11) What types of filters do you know?

12) Did you have any filtration experiments at the laboratory?

List of new words

transparent precipitation

intervention ascertain

porous curdy

paper pulp flocculent

strainers crystalline

expose bulky

charcoal assume

Reading

Filtration

Filtration is the process of separating liquids from solids with the view of obtaining the liquids in a transparent condition.

The intervention of a porous substance, called the filter, is necessary in performing the process of filtration. The filter may be made of paper, paper pulp, sand, ground glass, charcoal, porous stone, etc.

The liquid which has passed through the filter is called the filtrate and it should be perfectly clear.

Paper filters are the most useful of all filters for the pharmacist, and they are employed in all the finer operations requiring filtration. The solid particles are much more completely separated by filtration through good paper filters than through strainers, owing to the pores of the paper being smaller and more numerous. The paper used for this purpose is specially prepared and is called filter paper.

The filter in the funnel should be moistened with the liquid to be filtered or with a liquid corresponding to the solvent employed. This promotes rapid filtration, and washes the filter besides. If the liquid to be filtered contains free acid or alkali, or a very fine precipitate, or is very dense or hot, a double filter should be used.

One of the most important uses of precipitation is in testing as it affords the most ready means of identifying chemical substances or of ascertaining their purity. A great many pharmacopoeial tests are based upon this process. The colour, quantity and character of the precipitate are all taken into account. The term “curdy”, “granular”, “flocculent”, “gelatinous”, “crystalline”, “bulky” and theirs, which are sufficiently distinctive, are used to define the particular form which the precipitate assumes.

If solutions containing albuminous matter are heated, a flocculent precipitate of coagulated albumin will be thrown down while if solutions of the silver salts are exposed to light, powdered precipitate will be thrown down.