Word-Meaning in Syntagmatics and Paradigmatics
§ 40. Polysemy and Context..................................................................................... 47
§ 41. Lexical Context....................................................................... -................ 48
§ 42. Grammatical Context................................................................................. 49
§ 43. Extra-Linguistic Context (Context of Situation)........................................ 50
§ 44. Common Contextual Associations. Thematic Groups..................................... 50
Meaning Relations in Paradigmatics and Semantic Classification of Words
§ 45. Conceptual (or Semantic) Fields............................................................... 51
§ 46. Hyponymic (Hierarchical) Structures and Lexico-semantic Groups 53
§ 47. Semantic Equivalence and Synonymy ...................................................... 55
§ 48. Criteria of Synonymity.............................................................................. 57
§ 49. Patterns of Synonymic Sets in Modern English.............................................. 58
§ 50. Semantic Contrasts and Antonymy .......................................................... 59
§ 51. Semantic Similarity of Morphemes and Word-Families.................................. 61
§ 52. Summary and Conclusions ............................................................................. 62
III. WORD-GROUPS AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
Some Basic Features of Word-Groups
§ 1.Lexical Valency (Collocability).......................................................................... 64
§ 2. Grammatical Valency ,....................................................................................... 66
Structure of Word-Groups
§ 3.Distribution as a Criterion of Classification....................................................... 67
Meaning of Word-Groups
§ 4.Lexical Meaning................................................................................................ 68
§ 5. Structural Meaning............................................................................................ 69
§ 6. Interrelation of Lexical and Structural Meaning in Word-Groups 69
Interdependence of Structure and Meaning in Word-Groups
§ 7. Syntactic Structure (Formula) and Pattern of Word-Groups ... 70
§ 8. Polysemantic and Monosemantic Patterns ......................................................... 71
§ 9. Motivation in Word-Groups............................................................................... 71
§ 10, Summaryand Conclusions.............................................................................. 72
Phraseological Units
§11. Free Word-Groups, Versus Set-Phrases. Phraseological Units, Idioms,
Word-Equivalents............................................................................................ 74
§ 12. Criteria of Stability and Lack of Motivation (Idiomaticity) ... 74
§ 13. Classification..................................................................................................... 75
§ 14. Some Debatable Points...................................................................................... 76
§ 15. Criterion of Function.......................................................................................... 79
§ 16. Phraseological Units and Idioms Proper............................................................ 80
§ 17. Some Debatable Points............................................................................. 81
§ 18. Criterion of Context........................................................................................... 82
§ 19. Some Debatable Points...................................................................................... 83
§ 20. Phraseology as a Subsystem of Language......................................................... 84
§ 21. Some Problems of the Diachronic Approach..................................................... 86
§ 22. Summary and Conclusions................................................................................ 88
IV. WORD-STRUCTURE
§ 1. Segmentation of Words into Morphemes ............................................................ 89
§ 2. Principles of Morphemic Analysis. Types of Word Segmentability 89
§ 3. Classification of Morphemes............................................................................... 92
§ 4. Procedure of Morphemic Analysis ..................................................................... 94
§ 5. Morphemic Types of Words ............................................................................... 95
§ 6. Derivative Structure ............................................................................................ 95
§ 7. Derivative Relations............................................................................................. 96
§ 8. Derivational Bases........................................................................... . . 97
§ 9. Derivational Affixes........................................................................................... 100
§ 10. Semi-Affixes.................................................................................................... 102
§ 11. Derivational Patterns.................................... ,.................................................. 103
§ 12. Derivational Types of Words........................................................................... 104
§ 13. Historical Changeability of Word-Structure .................................................... 105
§ 14. Summary and Conclusions............................................................................... 106
V. WORD-FORMATION
Various Ways of Forming Words
§ 1.Various Types and Ways of Forming Words..................................................... 108
§ 2. Word-Formation. Definition» Basic Peculiarities .............................................. 109
§ 3. Word-Formation as the Subject of Study . ........................................................ 111
§ 4. Productivity of Word-Formation Means ........................................................... 112
§ 5. Summary and Conclusions................................................................................. 114
Affixation
§ 6. Definition. Degree of Derivation. Prefixal and Suffixal Derivatives 114
§ 7. Prefixation. Some Debatable Problems ............................................................. 115
§ 8. Classification of Prefixes......................................................... ..... 117
§ 9. Suffixation. Peculiarities of Some Suffixes................................................ 119
§ 10. Main Principles of Classification ..................................................................... 120
§ 11. Polysemy and Homonymy .............................................................................. 121
§ 12. Synonymy........................................................................................................ 122
§ 13. Productivity...................................................................................................... 123
§ 14. Origin of derivational affixes............................................................................ 125
§ 15. Summary and Conclusions................................................................ . 126
Conversion
§ 16. Definition.................................................................................................. 127
§ 17. Synchronic Approach....................................................................................... 130
§ 18. Typical Semantic Relations.............................................................................. 131
§ 19. Basic Criteria of Semantic Derivation.............................................................. 133
§ 20. Diachronic Approach of Conversion. Origin............................................ 136
§ 21. Productivity. Traditional and Occasional Conversion. ...... 138
§ 22. Conversion and Sound-(Stress-) Interchange.................................................. 139
§ 23. Summary and Conclusions . . . ................................................................ 140
Word-Composition
§ 24. Compounding........................................................................................... 140
§ 25. Structure.................................................................................................... 141
§ 26. Meaning........................................................................................................... 143
§ 27. Structural Meaning of the Pattern.................................................................... 144
§ 28. The Meaning of Compounds. Motivation ....................................................... 145
§ 29. Classification................................................................................................... 146
§ 30. Relations between the ICs of Compounds....................................................... 146
§ 31. Different Parts of Speech ................................................................................ 147
§ 32. Means of Composition.............................................................................. 148
§ 33. Types of Bases................................................................................................ 149
§ 34. Correlation between Compounds and Free Phrases ........................................ 151
§ 35. Correlation Types of Compounds ................................................................... 154
§ 36. Sources of Compounds................................................................................... 158
§ 37. Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................... 158
VI. ETYMOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ENGLISH WORD-STOCK
§ 1.Some Basic Assumptions.................................................................................. 160
Words of Native Origin
§ 2. Semantic Characteristics and Collocability........................................................ 162
§ 3. Derivational Potential.................................................................................. 162
§ 4. Summary and Conclusions................................................................................ 164
Borrowings
§ 5. Causes and Ways of Borrowing........................................................................ 164
§ 6. Criteria of Borrowings................................... . ■........................................... 165
§ 7. Assimilation of Borrowings........................................................................ 166
§ 8. Phonetic, Grammatical and Lexical Assimilation of Borrowings 167
§ 9. Degree of Assimilation and Factors Determining It........................................... 170
§ 10. Summary and Conclusions.............................................................................. 170
Interrelation between Native and Borrowed Elements
§ 11. The Role of Native and Borrowed Elements................................................... 171
§ 12. Influence of Borrowings................................................................................. 172
§ 13. Summary and Conclusions....................................................................... 175
VII. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF VOCABULARY UNITS AND REPLENISHMENT OF MODERN ENGLISH WORD-STOCK
Interdependence of Various Aspects of the Word
§ 1. Notional and Form Words ......................................................................... 176
§ 2. Frequency, Polysemy and Structure ................................................................. 177
§ 3. Frequency and Stylistic Reference.............................................................. 178
§ 4. Frequency, Polysemy and Etymology........................................................ 179
§ 5. Frequency and Semantic Structure .................................................................... 180