Exercise 14. Supply the future perfect or the future continuous.
1) They …… (complete) the new bridge by the end of the year. 2) When I get home my dog …… (sit) at the door waiting for me. 3) She …… (leave) for work before the children get home from school. 4) They …… (finish) work on the great dam by the end of this decade. 5) I’ll still be here next summer but Tom …… (leave). 6) When Alex arrives, Jim …… (go) to bed. 7) Before the end of his holiday he …… (spend) all his money. 8) I …… (wait) for you when you come out.
UNIT 4
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Exercise 1. Read the situation and make up a sentence with the present perfect continuous.
Example: Tom is out of breath. (he/run) …… He has been running.
1) Ann is very tired (she / work / hard) …………all day long. 2) The castle is very old. (it / stand / on that hill / for 900 years) ………… 3) Janet is hot and tired. (she / play / tennis) ………… for two hours. 4) Mike has just come from the beach. He is very red (he / lie/ in the sun) …… all morning. 5) You see a little boy. His eyes are red and watery. (he / cry) …… .
Exercise 2. Answer the following questions yourself, then ask your classmates:
1) How long have you been studying English? 2) How long have you been living here? 3) How long have you been studying at the University? 4) How long have you been reading the book?
Exercise 3. Use the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous.
1) Look! Somebody … (break) the window. 2) I wonder if John (forget) my number. I … (expect) him to call for the past two hours. 3) You look very upset What … (happen)? 4) You … (not / finish) that book yet? You … (read) it since Monday. 5) The meat must be nearly ready. I … (cook) it for nearly an hour. 6) What you ... (do) for the last two hours? - I ... (sit) here working at this problem.
THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Exercise 4. Make up sentences using the verbs in brackets:
1) When I came to see Ann she (to learn the new words) for two hours. 2) When I went out it (to rain) for several hours. 3) When he entered the hall his boss (to make a report) for half an hour already. 4) She (to study English) for three months when we met at the Foreign Language Centre.
THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Exercise 5. Supply the Future Perfect Continuous tense.
1) By the end of this week I ... (wait) seventeen weeks for my phone to be repaired. 2) Do you realize that on August 15, we … (live) in this house for fifty years? 3) We ... (fly) non-stop for fourteen hours before we get to Calcutta. 4) By this time next week I ... (work) on this book for a year. 5) By Monday I ... (stay) here for two weeks. 6) By breakfast time he ... (sleep) for ten hours.
UNIT 5
REVISION OF TENSES
Exercise 1. Choose the right tenses.
The Little Girl and the Wolf.
One afternoon a big wolf … (to wait) in a dark forest for a little girl to come along carrying a basket of food to her grandmother. He (to wait) for an hour and a half and was about to loose his patience. Finally a little girl did come along and she … (to carry) a basket of food. ‘(to carry) that basket to your grandmother?’ asked the wolf. The little girl said yes, she was. So the wolf … (to ask) her where her mother (to live) and the little girl … (to tell) him and he ... (disappear) into the wood.
When the little girl ... (to open) the door of her grandmother’s house she … (to understand) that something (to happen). There (to be) somebody in bed with a nightcap and nightgown on. She … (to approach) no nearer than twenty-five feet from the bed when she ... (to see) that it was not her grandmother but the wolf, for even in a nightcap a wolf (not to look) in the least like anybody’s grandmother. So the little girl ... (to take) an automatic pistol out of her basket and … (to shoot) the wolf dead.
Moral: It is not so easy to fool little girls nowadays as it used to be.
Exercise 2. Translate into English:
1) Мы всегда обсуждаем наши проблемы с родителями. 2) Мы только что продали последний экземпляр этой книги. 3) Как называется журнал, который вы читаете? 4) Завтра в 10 часов утра мы будем писать сочинение. 5) Пока мама разливала чай, я просматривал утренние газеты. 6) Когда мы приедем домой, они еще будут готовить обед. 7) Вы бывали в США? 8) Я никогда прежде не видела этого фильма. 9) Эти люди смотрят на нас. Вы их знаете? 10) Когда я добрался до станции, уже темнело. 11) Я сообщу вам о результате, когда закончу работу. 12) Я не видел вас целую вечность. Что вы делали последнее время? 13) Я пытаюсь объяснить тебе наш план целый час, а ты меня не слушаешь. 14) Его брат преподает в школе с 1965 года. 15) Он проработал на этом заводе около пяти лет, когда началась война. 16) Он закончил читать доклад, когда я вошел в зал.
UNIT 6
MODAL VERBS
Exercise 1. Complete the sentence using can or be able to.
George has travelled a lot. He …… speak four languages.
I haven’t …… sleep very well recently.
I can’t understand Martin. I’ve never .….. understand him.
I used to …… stand on my head but I can’t do it now.
Ask Ann about your problem. She should …… help you.
You …... see the sea from our bedroom.
You haven’t …… speak English well yet.
Tom .….. drive but he hasn’t got a car.
Spring is coming: you .….. see snowdrops in all the gardens.
I …… smell something burning. What do you think it is?
We need some more oil. - O.K. I …… let you have some this week.
We can use ...... if we are deciding now what to do in the future.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with could or was / were able to.
When Tom was 16, he .….. run 100 metres in 11 seconds.
The fire spread through the building quickly but everyone ...... escape.
My grandfather …… speak five languages.
He …... play tennis very well when he was younger.
They didn’t want to come with us at first but in the end we ...… persuade them.
The boy fell into the river but fortunately we …… rescue him.
It was difficult but they ..…. find our house.
…… you read when you were four?
He ...... already walk when he was ten months old.
He ...... repair the car but it took him a long time.
Through my study window I …… see mountains.
I ……speak French really well when I lived in Paris.
Exercise 3. Comment on the meaning of could.
1. Could you call me tonight?
2. We could hear nothing but the wind and the noise of the roaring sea.
3. She couldn’t have misunderstood you.
4. He couldn’t understand the story, as he didn’t know many of the new words.
5. I think you can try to make him change his behaviour.
6. Could you switch on the light, please? It has become dark in the room.
7. He could read and write at the age of five.
8. Could this story be true?
9. Could you start cooking supper now, please?
10. Could I speak to Jane, if she is there?
11. He opened his eyes, but to his horror he could see nothing.
12. Could I have a look at your newspaper?
Exercise 4. Replace can (could) by its substitute be able to in the correct tense, adding the words in brackets.
1. I can give you a book for a couple of days (after I have read it myself).
2. I couldn’t understand the rule (before the teacher explained it to me).
3. You can earn your living (when you learn some trade).
4. She told me she could swim (since she was a child).
5. I think I can speak English quite well (in a few months).
6. He can play the piano (for many years).
7. My mother could make her own clothes (when she was a girl of fifteen).
8. She can’t speak French well (not yet).
9. I don’t believe computers can think better than we do (in a few years).
10. We can travel a lot (one day).
Exercise 5. Change the following sentences into polite requests, using can or could. Comment on the difference.
Switch on the light!
Take my bicycle to the repair-shop!
Tell me the right time!
Pass me the salt!
Book two seats for the Saturday concert!
Fetch me a piece of chalk!
Show us the way to the nearest post-office!
Do some shopping for me!
Tell me when it’s time to go!
Help me for a few minutes!
Exercise 6. To ask for permission to do something you can say:
Can I have...? / Could I have... ? / May I have... ?
Match the questions on the left with the replies to them on the right.
| 1. May I borrow the car tonight? | Sure, I’d like one too. |
| 2. Can I play your guitar? | Yes, I like Beethoven too. |
| 3. Could I have a lift to the station? | All right. Be careful. |
| 4. May I have another drink, please? | I’m afraid not. It’s got only 5 strings. |
| 5. Can I put this record on? | O.K. Get in. I’m going that way. |
| 6. Could I use the washing machine? | Sure. Scotch, isn’t it? |
| 7. Can I make a cup of tea? | I suppose so, but I’m a bit cold. |
| 8. Can I borrow your umbrella? | Sorry, I’m afraid not. It’s broken. |
| 9. Could I use the phone, please? | I suppose so, but it isn’t raining. |
| 10. May I open the window, please? | Of course, if it isn’t an international call. |
Exercise 7. Change each of the following sentences so as to introduce the word may.
Example: It is possible that he will return later.
He may return later.
It is possible that Jane will be at the meeting tonight.
Perhaps Helen will call you later.
It is possible that Alice is ill.
Possibly the weather will gel warmer tomorrow.
It is possible that she will feel better tomorrow.
Perhaps it will not rain this afternoon.
Perhaps they will enjoy the TV show tonight
Perhaps our hockey team will lose.
It is possible that he will change his mind.
Perhaps this person is an artist.
Exercise 8. Rewrite the following sentences using can, could, may, might.
1. It is possible that he is Italian.
2. Do you know how to play the piano?
3. You are not allowed to speak during the exam.
4. It is not possible that they are still on holiday.
5. You are not allowed to smoke on the plane.
6. It is possible that it will be a nice day tomorrow.
7. He didn’t know how to spell ‘conscious’.
8. Am I allowed to leave the room?
9. I know that isn’t Janet - she is in America.
10. Perhaps the game won’t finish before ten.
Exercise 9. Complete the sentences choosing the right word in brackets.
1. You (must, have to) come and have a game of tennis with my son. You will be impressed.
2. The buses were full and we (must, had to) take a taxi.
3. I understand. You (mustn’t, don’t have to) translate.
4. You (must, have to) look both ways before crossing the road.
5. We’ll book a room for you. You (mustn’t, don’t have to) look for a hotel.
6. We’re going by an early flight, so I (must, have to) get up not later than six o’clock tomorrow morning.
7. You (mustn’t, don’t have to) drive so fast, there’s a speed limit here.
8. You (mustn’t, don’t have to) drive so fast, we’ve still got a lot of time.
9. There has been no rain for a week but the forecast says the weather is going to be changeable, so I (must, have to) carry my umbrella all the time.
10. ‘I’m sorry I (must, have to) put off our appointment again. I’ve still got a temperature.’ ‘That’s all right. You (must, have to) stay at home till you fell well enough to go out. Get well!’
Exercise 10. Complete these sentences with needn’t, using the following verbs:
come get tough ring think
worry write phone take try
You ....…..... - my haircut’s not as funny as all that.
You .......….. up yet, because there’s no school today.
He .......….. everything down. Just the name and phone number will do.
She .......….. and see me if she doesn’t want to; I don’t mind.
You ......…... about me. I’m fine.
You ............ I care about you, because I don’t.
Tell him he .......….. the bell; he can just walk straight in.
I’d like to see her today, but it ............ very long.
Just come when you like, any time. You ............ first.
You ........…. to explain. I’m not interested.
Exercise 11. Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t or needn’t.
1. ‘Do you want me to wait for you?’ ‘No, it’s okay. You …… wait.’
2. Tom gave me a letter to post. I …… forget to post it.
3. You ..…. come if you don’t want to but I hope you will.
4. ‘What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?’ ‘Well, it …… be big – that’s not important. But it ...… have a nice garden – that’s essential.
5. We have enough food at home so we …… go shopping today.
6. This book is very valuable. You .… look after it very carefully and you ..... lose it.
7. You ...… send a telex. I’ll call them.
8. We’ve still got a lot of time. We …... hurry.
9. At the zoo: Visitors …... feed the animals.
10. Passengers …… lean out of the windows.
11. I’m tired. I ..…. go to bed early.
12. You ......... disturb your sister while she’s is working.
Exercise 12. Read about the situation and write sentences with ought to / ought not to. Some of the sentences are past, and some are present.
Example: Andrew is very upset. You shouted angrily at him.
You ought not to have shouted angrily at him.
Beatrice is in hospital. Her son hasn’t been to see her. He .......…..
I live in York. You went there last week but you didn’t visit me. You .………..
The kids used Chris’s new CD player without his permission. They ....……..
The apple trees have lots of ripe fruit on them but no one can be bothered to pick it so it will be wasted. Someone ...…….
Darren is five. He’s playing with a box of matches. He …………
You’ve bought a new microwave oven. You thought the manufacturers provided it with an instruction leaflet, but you can’t find it. There ………….
We called at our friend’s house but she was out. We hadn’t phoned her before we left home. We …….........
Exercise 13.
A. Put the words in the following sentences in the correct order.
l) have how we to do many write compositions?
2) with you help needn’t the shopping.
3) needn’t you gone much to so have trouble.
4) to just I’ve got pass.
5) to you often have do weekend study at the?
6) are how words write we to many supposed?
7) mustn’t ink use you.
8) draft to we need do write a?
9) fill do have to up I?
10) you what it supposed do think is be to?
B. Now match each of the sentences above to an appropriate response below. Write the number of the sentence in the gap.
a. Between 120 and 180.
b. I know, but I’d like to.
c. What am I supposed to write with then?
d. Don’t worry. I’m sure you will.
e. The letter from Part 1 and another question from Part 2.
f. Yes, I’m afraid I do
g. It was a pleasure.
h. No, we have enough petrol.
i. No, but you should always plan your work before you start to write.
j. I have no idea. Maybe the sun.
Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the meaning of be + infinitive.
1.What am I to do?
2. Ann was to arrive on Saturday.
3. What were we to prepare for today?
4. What is to be done?
5. They reached the hotel where they were to put up for a few days.
6. He is a strange person, but that does not mean that he is to be laughed at.
7. Everybody is to judge for himself.
8. What we are to talk about next, I can’t imagine.
9. If we are to guide our guests about the town we must hurry.
10. I’m sorry, I was to have called you but I forgot.
11. We are to get a wage rise.
12. You are not to make hour-long phone calls.
Exercise 15. Fill in the blanks with be to or have to (in it’s correct form).
Hurry up! The bus ...... arrive at two o’clock. If you are late, you ....... walk home.
We …... take exams in four subjects in spring.
After his father’s death Robert ….... support his family.
It was a sunny place where they …..... live.
The train .…... have arrived by 7 o’clock. But it hasn’t come yet.
The book.…... be published at the end of the last year.
If you want to pass the exams successfully you .….. work hard.
When you have a computer, you won’t …..... waste so much time.
I felt nervous because I ......... leave home for the first time.
A soldier .......... obey orders.
I think we ........... pay in advance.
You ........... go through Carlisle on the way to Glasgow.
Exercise 16. Translate into English using be to or have to.
1. Вчера он позвонил мне, и мы должны были встретиться у театра в 6.30 вечера.
2. Мы должны были отложить собрание, т.к. докладчик заболел.
3. Вам пришлось остаться в городе прошлым летом?
4. Президент должен завтра сделать заявление.
5. Эти документы должны быть подписаны директором.
6. Вы очень хорошо говорите по-английски. Вам приходилось много работать над языком в институте?
7. Мне пришлось посоветовать ему пойти к врачу. Я не мог помочь ему.
8. Экспедиция должна отправиться через неделю.
9. Это прямая линия, вам не надо пересаживаться.
10. Товар должен быть упакован в крепкие ящики.
11. Нам пришлось изменить свои планы на лето.
12. Премьер-министр должен посетить Шотландию в сентябре.
Exercise 17. Read and translate.
1. I think you should see a lawyer.
2. You should consult a doctor.
3. He should be very careful with this equipment.
4. You ought to visit them more often.
5. You shouldn’t agree!
6. You shouldn’t have agreed!
7. She should have been an actress.
8. You ought to have told me all about it an hour ago.
9. You ought to have compared your chances before taking a decision.
10. I think you should have a preliminary exchange of opinions.
11. Visitors are reminded that they should keep their bags with them.
12. I think men should wear jackets and ties in restaurants.
Exercise 18. Say what should have been done.
Model: Jane was ill, but didn’t stay at home.
Jane should have stayed at home.
1. He didn’t leave a message.
2. We didn’t congratulate him.
3. The company didn’t finance the construction.
4. We didn’t see the cathedral.
5. They didn’t replace the defective part in the machine.
6. They didn’t introduce the changes gradually.
7. They didn’t improve the design.
8. The tickets haven’t been exchanged.
9. The seats haven’t been booked.
10. He wasn’t nice to her.
11. She didn’t put garlic in the soup.
12. He didn’t take a map.
Exercise 19. Translate into English.
Вам надо бы проконсультироваться с кем-нибудь еще.
Вам надо бы поискать другую работу.
Вам не следует так поздно ложиться спать.
Нам не надо бы тратить так много времени попусту.
Вам не следует бросать спорт.
Вам надо бы подать заявление до 30 июня.
Вам давно надо было со мной поговорить.
Нам надо было ему позвонить и поздравить его.
Ему не надо было колебаться.
Билеты надо было заказать заблаговременно.
Ничего не надо было менять.
Вам не надо было приглашать его.
Exercise 20.Choose the best form.
1. We ....... win, but I don’t think there’s much chance. (may, might)
2. That ....... be her daughter – they’re nearly the same age. (can’t, mustn’t)
3. You absolutely ..... go and see Liz. (should, must)
4. I think you .......... try to relax more. (should, must)
5. You ............ pass a special exam to be a teacher. (must, have to)
6. In this country boys ......... do military service. (must not, don’t have to)
7. When I was 18 we ...... two years in the army (had to do, must have done)
8. She ..... very quietly – I didn’t hear her go. (had to leave, must have left)
9. You ....... get in without a ticket – not a chance. (may not. can’t)
10. At what age .......... you get a driving license? (can, may)
UNIT 7
THE COMPLEX SENTENCE
Subject, predicative, object and attributive clauses.
We often joint sentences by putting who or which (relative pronouns) in place of he, she, it or they. We use who for people and which for things.
I’ve got a friend. He collects stamps. – I’ve got a friend who collects stamps.
There’s a problem. It worries me. – There’s the problem which worries me.
Exercise 1. Join the sentences with who or which.
| Beginnings | Ends |
| Do you know a shop? | He lives next door. |
| I know somebody. | He stole my car. |
| I want some plates. | She deals with exports. |
| I was at school with the man. | It isn’t working. |
| I’d like to speak to the person. | It needs to be eaten. |
| She’s got friendly with a boy. | It sells good coffee. |
| The police haven’t found the man. | They last for years. |
| There’s some cheese in the fridge. | She could mend that chair. |
| We’ve got some light bulbs. | They can go in the microwave. |
| This is the switch. | He is driving that taxi. |
We often use that instead of which and instead of who in an informal style.