Substitute words (слова - заместители)
Exercise 1. Answer the questions using one or ones.
Example: Do you have a bag? (brown)
Yes, I have a brown one.
1. Does she have a cardigan? (grey). 2. Does your uncle have a watch? (gold). 3. Does Tom have trainers? (white). 4. Do your friends have a car? (blue). 5. Does John have a camera? (Japanese). 6. Does Mary have gloves? (leather). 7. Do you have a pen? (black). 8. Does your sister have any children? (small). 9. Does Ann have a dress? (pink). 10. Do you have a flat? (comfortable).
Exercise 2. Translate the sentences.
1. The right hand is usually stronger than the left one. 2. These tables are very small. We need bigger ones. 3. Our old laboratory equipment was much worse than the new one. 4. The new computers are more powerful than the old ones. 5. Scientists and engineers work out new processes and improve old ones to produce better kinds of materials. 6. The system to protect the town from floods is a unique one. 7. This is more important problem than that one. 8. Observations show that a hot object radiates more heat than a cold one. 9. These tasks are more complicated than the ones he has told about. 10. Heat passes from a hotter body to a colder one. 11. She doesn’t have a dictionary. She must buy one. 12. These cases are small, we need bigger ones. 13. I don’t like this camera. Give me another one. 14. This is a good translation, but that one is full of mistakes. 15. She bought a brown leather bag and two small ones for her daughters. 16. I brought them a French magazine and two English ones.
Exercise 3. What is the function of one in the sentences? Translate the sentences.
1. When speaking over the telephone, one takes the receiver and speaks into a transmitter. 2. We can advise you several procedures, but this is the most reliable one. 3. One of their aims is to define speed of the reaction. 4. I know only one solution of this problem. 5. The old methods of investigation are regarded as inadequate ones. 6. Reading the map one can see that water covers the most part of the Earth’s surface. 7. There are some flasks on the shelves. The one on the top shelf is with the acid. The black one is empty. 8. The newly developed technique has certain advantages over the old one. 9. There is only one way out from this situation. 10. Could you name any problems as fundamental ones? 11. One must think of another approach to solving the problem.
Exercise 4. Translate the sentences, paying attention to one.
1. The idea of automation is one of the most important ideas for modern industry. 2. He knew that no one could help him. 3. Our old laboratory equipment was much worse than the new one. 4. Due to radioactive elements one can measure the thickness of various materials. 5. One should always inspect the machine before he turns it on. 6. One cannot read such technical papers without a dictionary. 7. One must know that these rays produce a harmful effect on man. 8. The new power stations are much more powerful than the old ones. 9. One can easily regulate the speed of this machine. 10. This solid is denser than that one. 11. These are new measuring instruments; their accuracy is much higher than the old ones.
Exercise 5. Translate the sentences with that or those.
1. I saw my mistake and that of the other student. 2. Your translations are better than those of your friend. 3. The price of meat is higher than that of fish. 4. At our office there are few computers similar to those described in this magazine. 5. The production of coal increased by 57% and that of oil by 22%. 6. The weight of one case is 10 kg and that of the other is 15 kg. 7. During the third quarter of this year capital investments to construction were larger as compared with those of last year. 8. The property of conductors is different from that of insulators. 9. This region of Russia and that of Canada have similar climate. 10. The mixture is identical with that mentioned above. 11. The density of the liquid air is less than that of water. 12. The instruments in our laboratory are not so modern as those in yours. 13. The mistakes in your last test are not so numerous than those in the previous one.
Exercise 6. Translate the sentences, paying attention to that.
1. Chemistry is the science that deals with the structure of matter and its changes. 2. It should be noted that plastics are widely used in everyday life. 3. The speed of lighter molecules is greater than that of heavier ones. 4. Atomic energy can serve people but one should never forget that that energy can also destroy the world. 5. That research in the field of converting solar energy into electricity is very important today is quite evident. 6. It is heat that causes many chemical changes. 7. The mixture is identical with that mentioned above. 8. Energy that is produced by hydroelectric stations is used for industry. 9. The fact is that our era began with the discovery of the electric current. 10. The transmission of information by radio waves requires that some specific installations should be employed. 11. That this system has far-reaching possibilities is known to everybody.
Exercise 7. Translate the sentences, paying attention to it.
1. If the valve in the cylinder moves easily, it should be replaced immediately. 2. It is to be noted that ocean cables are one of the most dependable means of transmission yet designed. 3. It was in 1957 that the first man-made satellite was launched in our country. 4. It was found that a needle of a compass moved when it was put near a wire with a current. 5. It seems unlikely that this experiment will give good results. 6. It is a well-known fact that a solid expands when we heat it. 7. It is now possible for a scientist to find a book he needs very quickly with the help of computer system. 8. It can be said that everything that is being done in the development of a new progressive technology is the result of our scientists’ and engineers’ joint efforts. 9. It is very interesting to watch this device in action. It is quite a new device. It is used for measuring high pressure.
Exercise 8. Find the Russian equivalents to the following proverbs and quotations.
1. Better a little fire to warm us, than a great one to burn us. 2. The question of who or what the Me is, is not a simple one at all. (Mark Twain) 3. Talent is cheaper than table salt. What separates the talented individual the successful one is hard work. (Stephen King) 4. Love is like a precious plant. You can’t just accept it and leave it in the cupboard or just think it’s going to get on by itself. You’ve got to keep watering it. You’ve got to really look after it and nurture it. (John Lennon) 5. We don’t inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children. (David Brower)
INFINITIVE (ИНФИНИТИВ)
| Tenses | Active | Passive |
| Simple | to be V3/Ved | to be V3/Ved |
| Continuous | to be Ving | - |
| Perfect | to have V3/Ved | to have been V3/Ved |
| Perfect Continuous | to have been Ving | - |
Exercise 1. Use these verbs in all the forms of the Infinitive.
To discuss, to transmit, to break, to make, to read, to explain, to do, to cross, to call, to look after, to write, to conduct, to freeze, to grow, to evaporate, to sell, to drive, to design, to operate.
Exercise 2. Name the tense and the voice of the Infinitives in these sentences.
1. I like to read. 2. He seemed to be thinking. 3. She was happy to have received your letter. 4. It can be done. 5. He seemed to have been making these experiments for a long time. 6. They wanted to see his design. 7. You must pay for it. 8. We thought the mistake to have been found. 9. We thought him to be sleeping. 10. I remembered to have seen her somewhere. 11. The solution of the problem must be found. 12. We know him to be working in his room. 13. You must have read this story. 14. We know the test to have been made. 15. I cannot believe you.
Exercise 3. Translate the sentences with the Perfect Infinitive.
1. They were pleased to have found the way. 2. He is happy to have talked to her. 3. I was disappointed to have missed the meeting. 4. We were sorry not to have seen granny. 5. She hoped to have finished her job. 6. Tom was sorry to have disturbed us. 7. I am sorry not to have phoned you. 8. He must have forgotten about it. 9. I am sorry to have taken so much of your time. 10. He could have been killed.
Exercise 4. Use the Infinitives in the correct form.
1. I am glad (to find) you so happy today. 2. This was not meant (to use) by you. 3. He would have been glad (to meet) him when he was here. 4. They want (to come) next month. 5. I was glad (to have) such a good opportunity of seeing the collection. 6. I am glad (to introduce) to you. 7. The baby pretended (to sleep). 8. The woman pretended (to read) and (not to hear) the bell. 9. I hate (to bother) you, but the students are still waiting (to give) books for their work. 10. She hoped (to help) by her friends.
Exercise 5. Translate these sentences with the Infinitive. (attribute)
1. To see it was interesting. 2. To have found our mistake was useful. 3. To tell her the truth is not necessary. 4. It was important to do this task in time. 5. To live a healthy life in the country was good for them. 6. It was nice to be speaking English again. 7. To have met him was an event in my life. 8. To make the experiment is our today’s task. 9. To group these elements is not easy. 10. To go on with this discussion is to waste time.
Exercise 6. Translate these sentences with the Infinitive. (predicate)
1. What he wants is to be left alone. 2. You can do it. 3. He must have gone away. 4. They were to do the work last month. 5. The design can be completed next week. 6. They are to study English to read special literature. 7. Could you tell me the time? 8. The main thing was to get there in time. 9. She needn’t wait.
Exercise 7. Complete these sentences with the Infinitive.
1. Her job will be ___. 2. What they want is ___. 3. His hobby was ___. 4. The only thing to do will be ___. 5. Our dream was ___. 6. The first thing they must do tomorrow is ___. 7. Your only chance is ___. 8. My only wish is ___.
Exercise 8. Translate these sentences with the Infinitive. (object)
1. I don’t want to be seen in such a company. 2. They were pleased to see him. 3. We were astonished to have found her there. 4. He was afraid to be seen with Kate. 5. We are very sorry to have disturbed you. 6. She was glad to be talking to me. 7. She pretended to be reading. 8. He was surprised not to have been recognized. 9. Are you sorry to have missed this possibility? 10. Don’t forget to post the letters.
Exercise 9. Change the sentences using the Infinitive. Translate the sentences.
Example: The problem, which must be discussed at the meeting, requires careful consideration.
The problem to be discussed at the meeting requires careful consideration.
1. The problem, which must be discussed at the meeting, requires careful consideration. 2. He is the only student who can do it better than Nick. 3. Mrs. Spring will always find something she can complain about. 4. The building, which will be constructed in our district, will be one of the most beautiful ones in our town. 5. The teacher has a few more tests, which must be corrected. 6. The damage which may occur in this case must be prevented. 7. He was not a man who would miss an opportunity like that. 8. The meeting, which will be held tomorrow, will be devoted to this problem. 9. The machine parts, which are to be repaired, will be brought next week. 10. The report includes all the data, which must be discussed. 11. Her mother was the first who kissed her and wished her luck. 12. There were not many children in the neighbourhood who we could play with. 13. He is a man one can trust. 14. There is nothing that we might discuss now. 15. He was the first person who came to the cafe.
Exercise 10. Translate these sentences with the Infinitive. (attribute)
1. He is not a man to do the work well. 2. The text to read is very difficult. 3. In this town there are no monuments to speak of. 4. She had two children to look after. 5. This is the article to be translated into English. 6. There are more words to remember. 7. The problem to be discussed is very important. 8. The next thing to be done is to buy tickets. 9. This is the information to be used. 10. Here are some instructions to be followed. 11. I have one more thing to do.
Exercise 11. Translate the sentences.
1. You are the third to come here. 2. He was the second to cross the finish line. 3. Who was the last to speak to him? 4. You will be the next to answer. 5. She was the first to see the danger. 6. This student will be the last to answer at the exam. 7. He is always the second to answer the topic. 8. They were the last to come.
Exercise 12. Match the columns.
| A | B | C |
| 1. Graham Bell 2. James Chadwick 3. Samuel Morse 4. Thomson 5. Lomonosov 6. Newton 7. James Watt 8. Gotlif Daimler and Charles Benz 9. Rudolf Diesel 10. Maxwell 11. Pavlov/Marconi 12. Yablochkov | was/were the first to | a) produce a practical telegraph b) discover an electron c) invent the telephone d) to discover neutron e) find the electromagnetic field f) built their first petrol engine g) invent the steam engine h) discover the law of conservation of matter i) discover the laws of motion j) invent an internal combustion engine k) invent the electric candle l) invent the radio |
Was this information new for you? Give some more examples.
Exercise 13. Combine the sentences with the Infinitive of purpose. Example: I am going to England. I want to improve my English.
- I am going to England to improve my English.
1. I’d like to work in the afternoons. I can study in the mornings. 2. I’m enclosing my address in Moscow. You can contact me there if you like. 3. You’d better take a map. You won’t get lost. 4. He’ll give them his telephone number. They can phone him at work. 5. Take some sun cream. Then you won’t get sunburnt. 6. She is going to the post office. She wants to post a parcel. 7. Turn the sound down. I don’t want you to disturb the neighbours. 8. We are installing solar heating. We want to save energy. 9. They are organizing a competition. They want to get money for the local hospital. 10. She went to the supermarket. She wanted to buy something for the party.
Exercise 14. Translate the sentences with the Infinitive of purpose.
1. He went home to rest. 2. They ran to the river to help us. 3. We study the text to learn more about this phenomenon. 4. She has come here to speak to you. 5. He ran all the way to catch the train. 6. We brought the map to discuss the way of the expedition. 7. He stopped to smoke. 8. To understand this subject you must study well. 9. To understand the rule better I read it several times. 10. She was clever enough to admit it. 11. In order to explain this problem he used many experiments. 12. He went to Africa in order to work in a hospital. 13. They climbed onto the elephants’ backs in order to get a better view. 14. In order to control temperature changes during the experiment, researchers use electronic devices.
Exercise15. Match a place and an activity with the Infinitive of purpose. Match your sentence with the picture.
Example: I will go to Moscow to visit St Basil Cathedral. Picture 11.
| Moscow St Petersburg Kamchatka Volgograd Troitsko-Pecherskiy region Dymkovo Tula Veliky Oustyug Yasnay Polyana Siberia Samara | see Mamayev Kurgan see the Valley of Geysers watch Columns of Erosion take photos of Peterhof visit St Basil Cathedral meet Father Frost visit Leo Tolstoy estate buy toys drink tea from samovar fish in Baikal climb Zhiguli mountains |
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
1. 11
Exercise 16. Match the columns as in the example.
Example: We go to the stationer’s to buy pens and pencils.
| A | B | C |
| stationer’s theatre bookshop library hospital chemist’s art gallery stadium | buy borrow watch see admire visit | pens and pencils books medicine football matches operas and ballets paintings doctors |
Exercise 17. Translate the sentences with the Infinitive. (subject and adverbial modifier)
1. To read a book without a dictionary was really impossible. 2. To solve these problems you must know the theorem. 3. To divide something means to separate it into parts. 4. To learn the rule without understanding is useless. 5. To extend the main street of the city they had to destroy some old buildings. 6. To discuss details now means to lose time. 7. To complete the experiment they will stay in the laboratory. 8. To remember new words well you should write them down. 9. To add acids to water is very dangerous. 10. To group chemical elements, you must know their properties. 11. To master English is necessary for his future job. 12. To say ‘no’ to people is hard. 13. To get from here to the embankment you should take a bus. 14. To book the tickets was impossible.
Exercise 18. Translate the sentences with the Infinitive.
1. A method to be used is very effective. 2. To see molecules under a microscope is impossible. 3. I will be happy to see you again. 4. We wanted to know her daughter’s age. 5. Her son was the first to develop this idea. 6. His name is to be included in this book. 7. In order to stop his friend he ran out of the house. 8. She didn’t want to leave the place. 9. The material to be tested has interesting properties. 10. We study at the university to become qualified specialists. 11. To live is to create. 12. He has come here to ask us about his friend. 13. She is always the first to come to the institute. 14. In order to understand the importance of this event you should know all the facts.
Complex Object
Exercise 1. Change the sentences as in the example. Use Complex Object in your new sentences.
Example: They supposed that the students would obtain good results.
- They supposed the students to obtain good results.
1. They supposed that the students would obtain good results. 2. He never smokes indoors. His wife doesn’t like it. 3. They got off the train at a small station. The porter saw them. 4. I heard how somebody came into the room. 5. Children don’t eat ice cream before meal because mother has forbidden it. 6. Nobody had expected that she would marry so young. 7. The professor found that the article was very interesting. 8. The team will win the game. We are sure of it. 9. He is a truthful boy. They know it. 10. She ordered that the mail should be brought at once.
Exercise 2. Translate these pairs of sentences.
1. We sent a letter yesterday. We knew him to have sent the letter. 2. He was doing nothing. We found him to be doing nothing. 3. She thought the experiment to have been completed. She thought to complete the experiment. 4. I want to translate the text in the evening. I want you to translate the text. 5. They want to come as soon as possible. They want us to come as soon as possible. 6. Our teacher took part in the conference. Our teacher wanted his students to take part in the conference. 7. I want to discuss this problem with you. I want them to discuss the problem now. 8. He thinks to join us. He thinks Mary to join us.
Exercise 3. Translate the sentences.
1. No one doubted us to have done the job well. 2. The assistant watched the students conduct experiments. 3. This accident made me change my mind. 4. We’ve never heard him say so. 5. They didn’t expect me to be back soon. 6. Mother let the children play in the yard. 7. We heard the writer speak about his last book. 8. I expect the team to win the first prize. 9. They saw the plane fly over the field. 10. I like people to tell the truth. 11. No man could predict this success to come in a year. 12. We cannot expect the situation to change so quickly. 13. I know him to be a good engineer. 14. We saw several birds fly to the South.
Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into English with Complex Object.
1. Mать хотела, чтобы сын написал ей письмо. 2. Она ожидает, что мы получим хорошие результаты. 3. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы мы встретились сегодня. 4. Врач заставил пациента принять лекарство. 5. Преподаватель разрешает нам пользоваться словарями. 6. Мы не ожидали, что он вернется так рано. 7. Я видел, как он помог пожилой женщине перейти дорогу. 8. Мы не слышали, как вы стучали. 9. Он хочет, чтобы работа была сделана немедленно. 10. Дайте мне подумать. 11. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы они навестили нас.
Exercise 5. Insert to where necessary.
1. Charles was the first ___ get up. 2. You had better ___ go home. 3. You needn’t ___be frightened. 4. The teacher told him ___ stop writing. 5. She must ___ leave at once. 6. The policemen saw the thieves ___ run down the street. 7. He made me ___ resign from my job. 8. Don’t let him ___ take all the books. 9. She asked him ___ destroy her letters. 10. I’d love you ___ see my little son. 11. The teacher made me ___ repeat it all over again. 12. Will you help me ___ move this box? 13. She had better ___ make notes of it. 14. There is nothing ___ do but ___wait. 15. We heard the door ___ open. 16. I felt him ___ shiver with cold. 17. He was not able ___ explain anything. 18. You seem ___ know these places very well. 19. He was seen ___ make note of it.
Exercise 6. Use the verbs make, let, do in the gaps.
1. The teachers ___ the boys work hard so that they all ___ their homework. 2. I’ll ___ you have the book by next Monday. 3. ___ him go, otherwise he’ll stay here the whole evening. 4. This has nothing to ___ with me. 5. ___ give him the money, please. 6. I’ll ___ my best. 7. I always ___ them explain why they used this or that expression. 8. She ___ me wear her dress. 9. You must ___ them take medicine before each meal.
Exercise 7. Make up sentences.
| I You My friend The professor My mother … | want(s) would like expect(s) … | me students us them her … | to attend lectures. To help us. To tell me the truth. To invite us to the party. Not to miss lessons. To become an engineer. … |
Exercise 8. What should people do to keep fit?
Example: To keep fit you should go jogging.
Complex Subject
Exercise 1. Translate the sentences.
1. She is known to have been a dancer. 2. He was heard to mention your name. 3. His method is said to be very interesting. 4. The meeting was expected to open at 1o’clock. 5. The enemy was reported to have been beaten. 6. Oil and coal are known to be the main kinds of fuel. 7. The data was thought to be important. 8. Too much radiation is known to be dangerous. 9. She is supposed to have been taken to hospital. 10. They are reported to join our group in a week. 11. The device is assumed to be used in our experiment.
Exercise 2. Translate the sentences.
1. He seems to notice nothing unusual. 2. The painting proved to have been stolen. 3. He seemed to recognize me. 4. The house appeared to have been built in the 18th century. 5. The doctor happened to be there at that time. 6. The group appeared to be discussing the play. 7. The weather seems to become cooler. 8. This book seems to be very popular with the children. 9. They happened to have met that very day.
Exercise 3. Translate the sentences.
1. The man was not likely to make a mistake. 2. Things are sure to get better. 3. The story is unlikely to be remembered. 4. He is likely to get there in time. 5. Fred is certain to do this work. 6. They are unlikely to miss the train. 7. He is sure to have left the key under the doormat. 8. She is not likely to forget her promise. 9. John is sure to be working in the garage. 10. The poem is certain to have been written by this writer. 11. They are unlikely to have any objections to our proposal.
Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Кажется, вода кипит. 2. Ожидают, что они дадут нам ответ завтра. 3. Сообщили, что они закончили строительство дома в срок. 4. Вероятно, мы не придем сегодня. 5. Нас наверняка об этом спросят. 6. Оказывается, они уезжают в мае. 7. Видели, как она писала письмо. 8. Она непременно получит приз за свою картину. 9. Известно, что Лобачевский был крупным математиком своего времени. 10. Оказалось, что он прав.
Exercise 5. Translate the sentences with Complex Object and Complex Subject.
1. This medicine makes me feel better. 2. He heard his door open. 3. He is said to be a sailor in his youth. 4. Mother was sure that fresh air would make children sleep well. 5. We’d like it to be done as quickly as possible. 6. Kate seemed to expect an answer. 7. I want him to leave for Moscow tomorrow. 8. Water was considered by the ancients to be an element. 9. She didn’t seem to notice his unfriendly look. 10. Father let his son drive the car.
Exercise 6. Translate the sentences with the Infinitive in different functions.
1. We know his discoveries to have produced great changes. 2. He was the first to pass the exam. 3. Gravitation makes water run down the hill. 4. Here are the results to be tested in your laboratory. 5. She was expected to be back any minute. 6. He seemed to be thinking. 7. She wants to read this book. 8. These things are to be left at home. 9. To discuss details now means to lose time. 10. To discuss details you should know the subject well. 11. This plan is likely to be changed. 12. She watched the children cross the street. 13. Lomonosov is known to have started for Moscow on foot. 14. You may translate this text at home. 15. Ernest Rutherford was the first to discover proton. 16. He was not able to explain anything. 17. I let you take my books whenever you like. 18. He seems to know these places very well. 19. Don’t make us laugh. 20. Good bye, Fred. Glad to have been of service to you.
Exercise 7. Translate the sentences.
1. Scientific organizations will try to make a survey of natural resources. 2. It is important for research institutions to coordinate their work. 3. The apparatus to be assembled is very complicated. 4. To distinguish between cause and effect is sometimes difficult. 5. The new equipment is necessary to increase the output of our factory. 6. The air must be compressed to occupy a smaller volume. 7. Real water vapour and steam are known to be completely invisible. 8. All metals are known to consist of minute particles called molecules. 9. We expect the computer to work for at least several hours without a fault. 10. The activity of a radioactive sample may be estimated at any time. 11. The system should be designed to meet information requirements. 12. The system is expected to have wide application.
Exercise 8. Find the Russian equivalents to the following proverbs and quotations.
1. To accomplish great things, we must not only act, but also dream; not only plan, but also believe. (Anatole France) 2. We are here on Earth to do good to others. What the others are here for, I don’t know. (W. H. Auden) 3. The best way to predict the future is to invent it. (Alan Kay) 4. How I like to be liked, and what I do to be liked. (Ch. Lamb) 5. Laws were made to be broken. (Ch. North) 6. The last drop makes the cup run over. 7. It is impossible to enjoy idling thoroughly unless one has plenty of work to do. (Jerome K. Jerome) 8. Let bygones be bygones. 9. To make both ends meet.
THE PARTICIPLE (ПРИЧАСТИЕ)
| Tense | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| Present Participle (PI) | Ving | being V3/Ved |
| Past Participle (PII) | - | V3/Ved |
| Perfect Participle | having V3/Ved | having been V3/Ved |
Exercise 1. Use these verbs in all the forms of the Participle.
To convert, to detect, to transform, to determine, to obtain, to achieve, to test, to prove, to describe, to connect, to use.
Exercise 2. Translate thephrases with the Present Participle.
| · the dancing girl · the woman standing near the window · the heart beating fast · the traveling tourists · the man playing the piano · the picture being painted · the drawing boy · the student entering the classroom | · the clouds covering the sun · the mechanic repairing a car · the house being built · the boiling water · the equipment being tested · the dinner being cooked · the student entering the classroom · the barking dogs · |
Exercise 3. Translate these phrases with Participle I.
Спящая собака; бегущий ребенок; ученый, делающий доклад; кипящая вода; дорога, соединяющая два города; люди, ожидающие нас; танцующая девочка; деревья, растущие в нашем парке; выигрывающая команда; замерзающая река; студент, переводящий текст; женщина, покупающая платье; вода, отражающая звезды; строящаяся школа; задаваемые вопросы (сейчас); ключ, поворачиваемый в замке (сейчас).
Exercise 4. Translate the sentences with Participle I.
1. That bag belongs to the man standing by the front door. 2. Which is the way leading to the airport? 3. As you can see the stadium being reconstructed is very big. 4. The house being built in our street is a new school. 5. The men helping me are my friends. 6. The girl writing on the blackboard is our best student. 7. She took the pencil lying on the table. 8. The falling leaves made me think about the coming autumn. 9. The top manager will check the project being made by our group. 10. Here is the article giving full information about the economical situation in our region. 11. The bisector is a straight line dividing an angle into two equal parts. 12. The man waiting in the office called you the day before yesterday. 13. A floating body displaces some water. 14. The acceleration of a body is proportional to the force causing it. 15. The plant being builtin our district will produce radio sets.
Exercise 5. Translate the phrases with Participle II.
| · the broken cup · the repaired car · the painted box · the lost wallet | · the invited people · the decorated room · the text translated by me · the match won by our team | · the child attacked by the dog · the town surrounded by the fortress · the letter written by my friend · the car driven by electricity |
Exercise 6. Translate the phrases with Participle II.
Переведенный текст, прочитанная книга; потерянный ключ; сломанный карандаш; деревья, выращенные мной; покрашенная стена; стадион, построенный в прошлом году; картина, написанная художником; отправленное сообщение; машина, купленная моим другом; город, расположенный на берегу моря; забытый метод; выбранная тема; кипяченая вода; замерзшее озеро.
Exercise 7. Translate the sentences with Participle II.
1. The article published in this book was important. 2. The broken arm was examined by the doctor. 3. I need a book recommended by the teacher. 4. The filmdiscussedyesterdaywasinteresting. 5. Theperformed work showed good results. 6. The girl invited by my friend was charming. 7. The instruments used in the experiment are very reliable. 8. The lecture followed by afilm was visited by many students. 9. The information obtained is very valuable. 10. The first steam-powered cars were built in the 1700s. 11. The method used was very effective. 12. The particles attracted to the anode are anions. 13. Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing. 14. They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th century.15.The first television set produced in 1939 was a small nine-by-twelve inch box.
Exercise 8. Compare the word combinations with the Present and Past Participles. Give your own examples.
Boiling water – boiled water
Developing country – developed country
Reflecting surface – reflected surface
Exercise 9. Answer the questions with the Present and Past Participles.
1. Do we drink boiling or boiled water? 2. Does a student belong to training or trained people? 3. Who feels more nervous at the examination: examining or examined people? 4. What is more dangerous to cross a freezing or a frozen river? 5. Which are more beautiful: flowers growing in the field or flowers grown in the garden? 6. Does an archeologist study existing cultures or cultures existed thousands of years ago? 7. What does the chemist usually examine: the liquid filling the bottle, or the bottle filled with it?
Exercise 10. Choose the correct form of the Participle.
1. They live in a beautiful cottage (surrounding / surrounded) by trees. 2. The fence (surrounding / surrounded) our house is not very tall. 3. Mike is very sad. In other words, he is (depressing / depressed). 4.The news made Mike feel sad. The news was (depressing / depressed). 5. The result of the exam was (disappointing / disappointed). 6. I was greatly (disappointing / disappointed) by the result of the game. 7. I am (interesting / interested) in the exploration of space. 8. The exploration of space is(interesting / interested) to me. 9. I am (fascinating / fascinated) by the history of Egypt. 10. The history of Egypt is a (fascinating / fascinated) subject. 11. We could not see the sun (covering / covered) by the clouds. 12. The snow (covering / covered) the ground was clean and sparkled in the sun. 13. On the train I was reading an (exciting / excited) story). 14. We all were very (exciting / excited) when we saw the baby.
Exercise 11. Use the verb in the form of Participle I or Participle II.
1. The town (chose) for the next Olympics is situated near the sea. 2. I can see someone (come) towards us. 3. The demonstrators marched along the streets (wave) the banners. 4. The people (injure) in the accident are still in hospital. 5. My grandmother lives in a village (surround) by hills. 6. She didn’t pay any attention to the (ring) telephone. 7. The church (destroy) by a fire, was never rebuilt. 8. The tools (produce)by our plant are of (improve)quality. 9. Scientists (study) the phenomenon discovered new facts. 10. The book (write) by this scientist is very popular. 11. Не is a man (love) and (admire) by everybody.
Exercise 12. Translate the sentences with the Participle I.
1. When going to the beach, don’t forget to apply sunscreen. 2. While translating difficult texts we use a dictionary. 3. Knowing the language he could understand the conversation. 4. Many students get part-time jobs in December, delivering mail or selling gifts or greeting cards. 5. Studying the nature of light and color Newton carried out many experiments with a prism. 6. While makinghis experiment the lab assistant put down all the necessary data. 7. Knowing English perfectly he was able to read books without a dictionary. 8. Entering the hotel, he noticed the new receptionist. 9. Traveling around the Europe, he visited his old friend in Spain. 10. While making one of his experiments, a scientist was seriously injured as a result of the explosion. 11. While absorbing the energy of cosmic rays the upper atmosphere becomes radioactive. 12. Studying at university I made a lot of friends. 13. Studying various phenomena of Nature, Newton discovered the law of gravitation. 14. While making experiments in the laboratory of Cambridge University, Newton discovered the law of inertia.
Exercise 13. Change the sentences according to the model.
Example: I was walking along the street. I saw Mary and Tom.
Walking along the street I saw Mary and Tom.
1. Mary was swimming in the river when she lost her ring. 2. Tom was riding a bike when he fell down and hurt his leg. 3. Granny was making dinner when she broke a cup. 4. The boy was making fire when he burnt his finger. 5. My neighbor was painting the fence when he stained his T-shirt. 6. My friend was eating an apple when he chocked. 7. I was drawing a scheme when I broke the pencil. 8. They were traveling around Spain when they lost their passports.
Exercise 14. Translate the sentences.
1. Following my advice, you will win. 2. Climbing up the ladder, the boy fell down. 3. Watching an old movie, I fell asleep. 4. While crossing the street you should first look to the left and then to the right. 5. Being very ill, she could not go to the University. 6. It is a matter of common experience that water expands when freezing. 7. Phenomena occurring during solar flares are thoroughly investigated. 8. A graph is given showing the dependence of pressure on temperature. 9. A great number of experiments being conducted at present are based on Newton’s first law. 10. The plane flying with great speed leaves behind a stream of white smoke. 11. Any change in the motion of a body is in proportion to the force pressing on it. 12. The law defining the properties of inertia was formulated by Newton. 13. The professor delivering this report works at our Institute. 14. When falling the more massive bodies have more inertia to overcome. 15. An electric switch is a man-made control system, controlling the flow of electricity. 16. Being builtof colored stone and plastics, the cinema will look fine. 17. Copper is of great value, being a good conductor of electricity. 18. Being placed in the open air iron rusts and deteriorates. 19. One can use several modern devices while detecting and measuring radioactivity.
Exercise 15. Translate the sentences with the Participle II.
1. When heated ice melts. 2. Unless testedthe machine must not be put into operation. 3. When heatedthe polymer changed its properties completely. 4. When expressed in the terms of mass and force Newton’s three laws serve as a basis for the general study of motion. 5. When properly adjusted this instrument works well. 6. Unless ionized air is a very poor electric conductor. 7. When asked directly about the purpose of her visit she answered vaguely. 8. Unless properly treated the metal must not be applied for space technology. 9. When heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume. 10. The glass cube breaks into bits if heated or cooled rapidly. 11. When asked this question the student could not answer it at once. 12. Unless covered with paint the iron rusts. 13. Don’t give me any advice unless asked. 14. When frozen water expands. 15. Unless stopped by some external force, the body will keep moving due to inertia.
Exercise 16. Answer the following questions.
Example: What happens to the water when it is frozen? (expand)
When frozen water expands.
1. What happens to the water when it is heated to the boiling point? (boil) 2. What happens to the ice when it is heated? (melt) 3. What happens to the glass when it is hit with a hammer? (break) 4. What do you do when someone asks you for help? (do what I can) 5. What do you do when someone attacks you? (defend myself) 6. What happens to the skin when it is exposed to the sun for a long time? (burn) 7. What do people say when somebody introduces them? (Nice to meet you) 8. What happens to the log when somebody puts it into the fire? (burn)
Exercise 17. Translate the sentences.
1. The first object observed by Galileo through the telescope was the Moon. 2. Rockets launched with first space velocity become artificial satellites of the Earth. 3. The device invented showedgood performance. 4. I have not read the letters received yesterday. 5. When frozen the river permits people to walk on it. 6. Most of the labs equippedwith the latest apparatus are housedin the main building. 7. When cooled particles tend to slow down. 8. The engine tested requiredfurther improvement. 9. A substance is composed of tiny particles called molecules. 10. The described method is widely used in industry. 11. Payment for the delivered machines will be made in June. 12. The mouse stopped working when used with the new modem. 13. The medicine can have side effects when used with alcohol. 14. Most of Christmas customs are variations of traditions brought to America by European immigrants. 15. Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills.
Exercise 18. Translate the sentences with the Perfect Participle.
1. Having repairedthe engine, the mechanic showed it to the engineer. 2. Having finishedthe letter, he went to the post office. 3. Having been forbidden to go out, I stayed at home. 4. Having folded the letter she put it into the envelope. 5. Having been shown the wrong direction he lost his way. 6. Having finished the experiment the students left the laboratory. 7. Having washed the car, he took it into the garage. 8. Having made the measurements the scientist then processed the data. 9. Having lost the key, the boy couldn’t get into the house. 10. Having graduated from the University, he decided to go to the Far East. 11. Having been heated for several hours the substance began to melt. 12. Having finished work they switched off their computers. 13. Having graduated from Cambridge, Newton was left there to work as tutor. 14. Having been the result of twenty years’ thinking, the Principia took Newton only eighteen months to get it ready for publishing. 15. Having been published in 1687, the three laws of motion are still the basis for many scientific achievements.
Exercise 19. Translate the sentences with the Perfect Participle.
1. Написав письмо, она отправила его по e-mail. 2. Упаковав чемоданы, мы вызвали такси. 3. Подъехав к станции, поезд остановился. 4. Починив машину, он поехал за город. 5. Написав тесты, студенты сдали их преподавателю. 6. Прочитав письмо, он сжег его. 7. Сдав экзамены, мы поедем домой. 8. После того как ребенку дали игрушку, он перестал плакать. 9. Потеряв бумажник, он не мог купить новый диск. 10. После того как документы были подписаны, секретарь забрала их. 11. Выступив с докладом, я ответил на вопросы. 12. После того как фильм посмотрели, его обсудили. 13. Завершив эксперименты, они обсудили полученные данные. 14. Обсудив полученные данные, они использовали их в новой статье. 15. После того как лабораторию снабдили необходимым оборудованием, ученые смогли продолжить эксперимент.
Exercise 20. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the tenses and functions of the Participles.
1. a) A fish taken out of the water cannot live.
b) A person taking a sun-bath must be very careful.
c) Taking a dictionary, he began to translate the text.
2. a) Some of the questions put to the lecturer yesterday were very important.
b) The girl putting the book on the shelf is the new librarian.
c) While putting the cups on the table she broke one of them.
3. a) A word spoken in time may have very important results.
b) The students speaking good English must help their classmates.
c) While speaking to Nick some days ago I forgot to ask him about his
sister.
4. a) A line seen through this crystal looks double.
b) A teacher seeing a mistake always corrects it.
c) Seeing a lecturer students entered the classroom.
5. a) The article written by this scientist is very interesting.
b) The girl writing on the blackboard is our best student.
c) While writing the dictation he made some mistakes.
6. a) He took part at the conference organized at our University.
b) The professor organizing the seminar was a prominent scientist.
c) While organizing a conference don’t forget to send invitations.
Exercise 21. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the tenses and functions of the Participles.
1. While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the Earth. 2. An article discussing the new system of education appeared in all newspapers. 3. Plasma is a gas made upofcharged particles. 4. The components known as caffeine, morphine, nicotine belong to alkaloids. 5. Having mixed these two substances we then put the mixture into a clean test-tube. 6. It is a common observation that bodies expand when heated. 7. Many students delivering mail or selling greeting cards are nevertheless making good progress in their studies. 8. Having translated the text, the student began to do the exercises.
The books being sold here are not expensive. 9. Atomic energy is the foundation of all processes occurring in our universe. 10. The test being carried out is of great significance. 11. The atom contains a number of electrons revolving around the nucleus. 12. Observing in 1761 the rare phenomenon of passage of the planet Venus over the visible disk of the Sun, Lomonosov discovered that Venus had an atmosphere. 13. Matter composed of any chemical combination of elements is called a compound.
14. Natural rubber is a thermoplastic material that becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled. 15. Transportation provides access to natural resources and promotes trade, allowing a nation to accumulate wealth and power. 16. While teaching mathematics Konstantin Tsiolkovsky continued his self-education studying astronomy, biology, and chemistry. 17. Having invented the lightning conductor, Benjamin Franklin continued working on the problem of atmosphere electricity. 18. Having been writtenlong ago, the manuscript was impossible to read. 19. The equipment tested requires further improvement. 20. The article published in a small magazine remained unknown for a long time.
Exercise 22. Translate the sentences with the Absolute Participle Construction at the beginning of the sentences.
1. The problem being easy, the students solved it at once. 2. The lecture being over, they went home. 3. The weather being cold, he put on his overcoat. 4. This material being a dielectric, no current can flow through it. 5. Weather permitting, the astronomer will proceed with his observations. 6. The sky having cleared, the astronomer proceeded with his observations. 7. The signal given, the rocket starts immediately. 8. Brakes having become more efficient, cars achieved greater reliability. 9. The young physicist having discovered Newton’s error, other scientists confirmed it. 10. The energy sources of the world decreasing, the scientists must find new sources of energy.
Exercise 23. Translate the sentences with the Absolute Participle Construction at the end of the sentences.
1. Rockets move in a straight line in outer space, there being no air friction there. 2. The sodium atom has eleven electrons, the eleventh one occupying a position outside of the second shell. 3. We continued our work, with our laboratory assistants helping us. 4. The electron is about as large as a nucleus, its diameter being very small. 5. Acids react with oxides of all the metals, a salt and water being formed. 6. Engineers use computers widely, the latter assisting in making calculations at a great speed. 7. The article deals with microwaves, particular attention being paid to radio location. 8. Cars were very small, the engine being placed under the seat.
Exercise 24. Translate the sentences with the Absolute Participle Construction.
1. My colleague being away, I had to take the decision myself. 2. Natural gas is composed chiefly of methane, a compound of carbon and hydrogen having the formula CH4. 3. The electricity is carried exclusively by the electrons, the atomic nuclei remaining stationary. 4. There being many people in the conference hall, we could not enter it. 5. Radioactivity having been discovered, scientists made great progress in atomic physics. 6. Hydrogen consists of discrete particles, called molecules, each made up of 2 hydrogen atoms. 7. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods. 8. Water being denser than air, rays are refracted towards the perpendicular. 9. Other liquids being too light, a barometer uses mercury. 10. The radioactive sulphur may be added to sulphite and then removed, the resulting sulphite containing little or no radioactive sulphur. 11. The Moon is mainly responsible for the tides on the Earth, with the Sun also assisting simply by its direct attraction of the water. 12. The electric field between the plates being altered, particles of different velocity may be selected for study. 13. There being no atmosphere, the lunar surface is exposed to direct sunlight. 14. The atmosphere always contains some moisture, the amount varying not only from day to day, but from hour to hour. 15. The atom is a sort of miniature solar system, with the electrons orbiting about the nucleus as the planet orbit around the Sun. 16. The conductivity depends on the number of ions present, the substance being more ionized in dilute solution. 17. Early in the 19th century Dalton advanced his atomic theory, the emphasis on the weights of the atoms being his great contribution to the science of the period.
Exercise 25. Translate the sentences.
1. The work done provided us with new data. 2. Having stated the laws of gravity Newton was able to explain the structure of the Universe. 3. The temperature being decreased, the resistivity of the semiconductor decreases. 4. The research having been done, everybody was interested in its results. 5. Always follow the instructions very carefully when fitting seat belts in your car. 6. The experiments conducted provided very good results. 7. Coal was the most widely used fuel before the middle of this century. 8. The current being switched on, the machine automatically starts operating. 9. New technologies reduce the number of workers needed. 10. Above the cylinder was a tank containing cold water. 11. While passing through the conductor, resistance results in the production of heat. 12. A simple component having failed, the whole cable system was repaired. 13. Having made a number of tests, the researcher got some useful results. 14. When being rubbed, some substances produce charges. 15. The measures discussed are to be used for determining the faults in the conducting wires. 16. Being a semiconductor, germanium is widely used in transistors. 17. The data obtained formed the basis for further activity. 18. When insulated the wire may be used as a conductor. 19. Having been given the wrong address I could not find his house. 20. Though discovered, Newton’s mistake had no influence on his theory. 21. The engine tested showed that it needed no further improvement. 22. A defect undetected caused an accident. 23. The distance having been measured, the computer adjusts the car’s speed.
Exercise 26. Complete these descriptions of famous landmarks by adding –ed or –ing. Match the description with the landmark from column B and the picture.
| 1. A half-human, half-lion ancient Egyptian statue symbolis___ strength and wisdom. 2. A 650-year-old Italian bell tower lean___ to one side. 3. An awe-inspir___ Indian tomb with jewel-encrust___ walls situated at the end of a beautiful garden. 4. An impos___ grey figure with outstretch___ arms dominat___ the Rio skyline. 5. An unusually-shap___ white building, with a strange-look___, point___ roof overlook___ Sydney harbour. | a) Statue of Christ the Redeemer b) The Sphinx c) Opera House d) Taj Mahal e) Tower of Pisa |
1 2 3
1. 5
Exercise 27. Match the first and the second half of each headline.
| 1. Father attacks books 2. Lawyer defends politician 3. Photographer films woman 4. Police blow up car 5. Swimmer frees dolphin 6. Thieves steal picture 7. Teachers find more pupils 8. Ambulance crew helps boy | a) written by his son b) parked outside embassy c) bitten by dog d) sleeping in class e) accused of taking money f) accused of shoplifting g) painted by Rembrandt h) caught in net |
Exercise 28. Complete the stories by adding information in the boxes. Use either the Present Participle or the Past Participle.
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b)
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c)
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Exercise 29. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the forms and functions of the Participles.
1. An external force applied to a body sets it in motion. 2. Any applied force sets the body in motion. 3. The given examples proved the validity of the new theory. 4. The validity of the new theory is proved by the examples given below. 5. For every action exerted on a body there is an equal and opposite reaction. 6. It is known that an external unbalanced force sets a body in motion. 7. The flying plane leaves behind a stream of white smoke. 8. The plane flying with great speed leaves behind a stream of white smoke. 9. Any change in the motion of a body is in proportion to the force pressing on it and takes place in the direction of a straight line in which the pressing body acts. 10. The law defining the properties of inertia was formulated by Newton. 11. The professor delivering this report works at our Institute. 12. The method suggested by him was of great practical importance. 13. A great number of experiments being conducted at present are based on Newton’s first law. 14. The second law of mechanics states that a body being pressed by a force moves in the direction in which the pressing force acts.
Exercise 30. Find the Russian equivalents to the following proverbs and quotations.
1. A person without a smiling face must not open a shop. 2. Rats desert a sinking ship. 3. Let sleeping dog lie. 4. A living dog is better than a dead lion. 5. Never fish in troubled water. 6. Once bitten, twice shy. 7. One scabbed sheep will mar a whole flock. 8. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 9. Forbidden fruit is sweetest. 10. A burnt child dreads the fire. 11. When one door of happiness closes, another opens; but often we look so long at the closed door that we do not see the one which has been opened for us. (Helen Keller) 12. A land flowing with milk and honey. 13. A penny saved is a penny