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Unit I

Electricity

Vocabulary Study

Word List

Nouns and noun phrases

1. anode 2. amplifier 3. cathode 4. charge electrical charge 5. circuit 6. current alternating current direct current 7. diode 8. electrode 9. electron 10. enclosure metal enclosure 11. filament 12. flow 13. grid 14. invention 15. outside   16. oxide baring oxide strontium oxide thorium oxide 17. plate 18. power 19. rectifier 20. supply 21. tube electron tube triode tube 22. valve 23. voltage

анод усилитель катод заряд, заряжение электрический заряд цепь, схема ток переменный ток постоянный ток диод электрод электрон огораживание, ограждение, ограда металлический баллон нить накала, нить течение, поток, струя сетка изобретение наружная сторона, внешняя поверхность окись окись бария окись стронция окись тория пластина, полоса энергия выпрямитель питание, снабжение, поставка, подвод (электронная) лампа, (электронный) прибор; трубка, труба триод электронная лампа напряжение, вольтаж

Adjectives

1. substantial

вещественный, реальный, значительный, заметный

Verbs

1. act 2. apply 3. cause 4. coat 5. conduct 6. control   7. emit 8. evacuate evacuated atmosphere 9. heat 10. increase 11. insulate 12. place 13. seal 14. state 15. utilize

действовать применять, прилагать вызывать покрывать проводить регулировать, контролировать, управлять испускать, излучать очищать выкаченный воздух нагревать, накалять увеличивать, расти изолировать класть, положить, помещать опечатывать, пломбировать заявлять, сказать, утверждать использовать, утилизировать

I. Read and translate the following words. Arrange them into the groups: a) with one stress or stress on the first syllable; b) with the stress on the second syllable; c) with two or more stresses.

Utilize, increase, insulate, filament, invention, electron, current, cathode, amplifier, diode, grid, oxide, plate, rectifier, substantial, apply, control, evacuate, emit, supply.

II. Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right.

1) electrode 2) anode 3) charge 4) current 5) cathode 6) circuit 7) filament 8) apply 9) conduct 10) emit

a. Flow of electricity through something or along a wire or cable. b. Amount of electricity put into an accumulator, contained in a substance, etc. c. Positively charged electrode (from which current enters). d. Negative electrode in the form of filament which, when hot, releases negative electrons which are attracted towards the anode. e. Closed path for an electrical current. f. Solid conductor by which an electric current enters or leaves a vacuum tube. g. Slender thread, e.g. of wire in an electric light bulb. h. Make practical use of (research, a discovery). i. Allow electric current to pass along or through. j. Give or send out.

III. Choose:

a) a noun

1. a) invent; b) invention; c) inventive.

2. a) plateless; b) plateful; c) plate.

3. a) application; b) apply; c)applicable.

4. a) control; b) controllable; c) controller.

b) a verb

1. a) utilization; b) utilize; c) utilizable.

c) an adjective

1. a) cause; b) causal; c) causeless.

d) an adverb

1. a) increase; b) increasingly; c) increased.

IV. Define the meaning of the “x” words.

1) Enclose: enclosure = x: огораживание.

2) Oxide: oxidation = окислять: x.

3) Conduct: conductivity = x: проводимость.

4) Emit: emission = излучать: x.

5) Evacuate: evacuation = x: очищение.

6) Insulate: insulation = x: изоляция.

V. Make adjectives from the following nouns by adding the suffixes: -al, -able, -ous, -ic, -ive.

Substantiation, act, state, utilization, charge, circuit, electron, invention.

VI. Arrange the words with similar meaning of the two groups in pairs.

To amplify, enclosure, flow, to supply, tube, power, substantial, to act, to apply, to cause, to coat, to control, to emit, to place, to state.

To confirm, to strengthen, current, to provide, energy, real, to do, to use, to regulate, to put, to radiate, fencing, valve, to occasion, to cover.

VII. Match the words with their opposites, like the example:

unknown well-known

a) outside b) anode c) to rectify d) substantial e) to act f) to coat g) to evacuate h) to heat i) to increase j) flow k)

1) unreal 2) to rest 3) cathode 4) inside 5) to distort 6) to uncover 7) to pollute 8) to cool 9) to decrease 10) stagnation

VIII. Match the verbs from ’’a’’ with the nouns from ’’b’’.

a) emit heat utilize insulate increase conduct control place cause amplify

b) electrons cathode filament heater current circuits electrical charge tube changes voltage

IX. Complete the sentences with the given words.

Invention, diode, is insulated, emits, alternating, direct, detector, enclosure.

1. The simplest of electron tubes is the …, which has two electrodes.

2. Modern electronic industry was born with the … of the electron tube.

3. The heated cathode … the electrons.

4. The heater … from the metal tube.

5. Diode tubes are often used to change … current to … current.

6. The diode tube can be used as a ….

7. An electron tube consists of a glass or metal ….

X. Translate into English.

1. Диод состоит из катода и анода.

2. Нагреватель обычно изолируется от металлической трубки.

3. Диод позволяет току течь только в одном направлении.

4. Диоды могут использоваться в качестве выпрямителей, чтобы превратить переменный ток в постоянный.

5. Диоды часто используются в радио и телевизорах.

6. Триод состоит из трех элементов: катода, анода и сетки.

7. Триод может использоваться как усилитель.

A. Text Study

I. Look at the title. What do you think this reading will be about?

Text A

THE ELECTRON TUBE

It may be stated that the modern electronic industry was born with the invention of the electron tube. An electron tube, also called a vacuum valve, consists of a glass or metal enclosure in which electrodes are placed and sealed in either a gaseous or an evacuated atmosphere.

The simplest of electron tubes is the diode, which has two operating electrodes. One of these is the heated cathode, which emits the electrons, and the other is the plate or anode. The cathode may be directly heated or indirectly heated. The tube with the directly heated cathode utilizes the heated filament for the cathode; in this case the filament is coated with a special material, which greatly increases the number of electrons emitted. If the tube has an indirectly heated cathode, the cathode consists of a metal tube in the center of which is a filament or heater. The heater is insulated from the metal tube.

The outside of the cathode tube is covered with an electron-emitting material such as baring oxide, strontium oxide or thorium oxide.

The principal advantage of the diode tube is that it permits the flow of current in one direction only, that is, from the heated cathode to the anode. Alternating current applied to the cathode, the tube will conduct only during one half of each cycle, the cathode being negative and anode or plate being positive. For this reason diode tubes are often used as rectifiers to change alternating current to direct current. Diode tubes are used in the power-supply circuits of such electronic devices as radio and television. Another use of the diode tube is a detector (в качестве детектора).

The triode tube was discovered by adding a third element to the diode tube. The electron flowing from the cathode to the plate could be effectively controlled by changing the electrical charge on the grid placed between them. The effect of the grid in a triode makes it possible for the tube to act as an amplifier, small changes in voltage on the grid causing very substantial changes in the current flow from the cathode to the plate.

II. Read the text again carefully and answer the questions.

1. What was born with the invention of the electron tube?

2. What does an electron tube consist of?

3. What is the simplest of electron tubes?

4. What are the operating electrodes of the diode?

5. What is the difference between the tube with the directly and indirectly heated cathode?

6. What is covered with an electron-emitting material?

7. What is the principal advantage of the diode?

8. Why are diode tubes often used as rectifiers?

9. What does the triode tube consist of?

10. What does the grid make it possible to do in a triode?

III. Which of the vocabulary units used in paragraphs 1-2 could be regarded as international words?

IV. Read the translation of the first paragraph. Compare it with the original and say if everything is right.

Утверждают, что современная электронная промышленность началась с изобретения электронной лампы. Электронная лампа также называется вакуумной лампой. Она состоит из стеклянного или металлического баллона, в который помещаются электроды и запечатываются либо в газообразной, либо в вакуумной атмосфере.

V. Find the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations in paragraph 2.

Диод, два действующих электрода, нагретый катод, испускать электроны, анод, нагретая нить накаливания, в этом случае, покрывать особым веществом, изолировать.

VI. Find the passage about the advantage of the diode and its use and translate it into Russian.

VII. Choose a passage and read it aloud (1-2 minutes).

VIII. Find complex grammar structures in the text and divide them into simple ones.

IX. Find out the subject-matter and the means of its secondary expression.

e.g. She likes to read books. They are interesting.

X. Find key words, phrases and the topic sentences which express the general meaning of each paragraph best of all.

XI. Using the information obtained from the paragraphs make a plan of the text.

XII. Speak about the electron tube using key words, phrases, the topic sentences and the plan of the text.

B. Text Study

I. Look at the title of the text. Make your predictions about the content of it. Read the text and answer the question.

When can people get an electric shock?

Text B

ELECTRIC SHOCK AND SAFETY ELECTRIC SYSTEM

The strength of current depends on both the voltage and the resistance in a circuit. A current of 50 ma is dangerous for a man; it may result in an electric shock. One gets an electric shock in case one touches live conductors when the power is on. And a current of 100 ma and higher is lethal. Thus, before working on a circuit, deenergize it and work on it with the power off.

Earthing system serves to protect attending personnel from electric shocks when voltage арреаrs on parts that are normally dead. The risk of an electric shock decreases with decreasing voltage. In wet and hot atmosphere the risk of electric shock increases. Safe voltage for circuits used in dry atmosphere is under 36 V. When the power is on contacts live conductors are dangerous for life. When a live conductor is touched with both hands the resistance of the conductor is from 10,000 to 50,000 ohms. When a live conductor is touched with one hand the resistance is much higher. The higher is the body resistance, the smaller is the current that flows through the body. Take it into consideration and work with one hand if the power is on! Or work on the circuit with the power off!

Thus measures are taken to protect attending personnel from contacts with live parts of installations under voltage.

The danger of electric shock disappears provided the metal parts of installations under voltage are connected with ground by means of safety earthing. Connecting to ground is made by means of measuring devices. The faulty parts should be detected, eliminated, and replaced by new ones.

II. Read the text and define whether the following statements are true or false.

1. A current of 60ma isn’t dangerous for a man.

2. When the power is on it’s possible to get an electric shock.

3. It’s impossible to protect people from electric shocks by means of earhting system.

4. The risk of electric shock decreases in wet and hot atmosphere.

5. The risk of electric shock is much higher when a live conductor is touched with one hand.

III. Expand the sentences.

1. The strength of current depends on both ….

2. One gets an electric shock in case ….

3. Safe voltage for circuits used in dry atmosphere is ….

4. When the power is on contacts live conductors are ….

5. The resistance of the conductor is from 10,000 to 50,000 ohms when ….

6. The higher is the body resistance, the smaller ….

7. The danger of electric shock disappears provided ….

IV. Now decide which of the following statements express important ideas or supporting details for this reading.

1. a) A current may be dangerous for a man, it may result in an electric shock.

b) One gets an electric shock in case one touches live conductors when the power is on.

c) A current of 100ma and higher is lethal.

2. a) When a live conductor is touched with both hands the resistance of the conductor is from 10,000 to 50,000 ohms.

b) When a live conductor is touched with one hand the resistance is much higher.

c) The higher is the body resistance, the smaller is the current that flows through the body.

3. a) Earthing system serves to protect personnel from electric shocks.

b) Connecting to ground is made by means of measuring devices.

c) The faulty parts should be detected, eliminated, and replaced by new ones.

d) Safety measures should be taken to protect people from electric current.

V. Find the words – carriers of the primary and the secondary information in paragraph 1.

VI. Define the function of commas in paragraph 2.

VII. Find out the means of connection between clauses, parts of the sentence and sentences.

VIII. Arrange the sentences in the logical order according to the text.

1. Earthing system serves to protect attending personnel from electric shocks.

2.The strength of current depends on the voltage and resistance in a circuit.

3. Сurrent may result in electric shock.

4. It is necessary to work with one hand if the power is on or work with the power off.

IX. Give the main points of the text in 4-5 sentences.

C. Text Study

I. Translate the text into Russian.

Text C

INSULATORS

Insulating materials have a very low conductivity. They offer extremely high resistance to the flow of current. Insulators are used in electric devices to isolate conductors. Thus they should have a high dielectric strength and a high resistivity. Their mechanical properties are also important for practical use.

Insulators are divided into gaseous, liquid and solid. They are also divided into groups according to their heat resistance.

The main gaseous insulator is air. At 20°C the dielectric strength of air is extremely low; it is lower than the strength of most liquid and solid dielectrics.

Liquid insulators are mineral oils, synthetic liquids, resins, and others. Of them mineral oils are used in oil transformers, cables and capacitors. In transformers, oil is used to insulate current conducting parts. Thus, it should have a high dielectric strength (10 to 20 mV/m). As to resins, at low temperatures they are amorphous. When heated, they become first plastic, then liquid. Resins are the most important components of many plastics. (Commonly used in electrical engineering are synthetic (polymeric) resins — polyethylene). Plastics are used as wire and cable insulation. Solid insulators are paper, cloth, plastics, and porcelain. Of them plastics are widely used in electrical engineering as insulating and structural materials. As to porcelain, it is highly resistant to mechanical factors and heat. Due to this property it is used to produce low- and high-voltage insulators.

Grammar Study

Времена группы Simple

Если нужно сообщить о действии или состоянии в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем, не указывая на характер протекания действия, то употребляют Present, Past, Future Simple в зависимости от времени действия. Для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм используются вспомогательные глаголы do (does) – Present Simple, did – Past Simple, shall / will – Future Simple.

Eсли сказуемое выражено глаголом to be, to have или модальными глаголами (can, may, must и др.), то отрицательная и вопросительная формы образуются ими самостоятельно, без помощи вспомогательных глаголов.

Спряжение глаголов группы Simple

	Present Simple	Past Simple	Future Simple
		2	3
Утверди-тельная	I ask, make He (she) asks, makes We (you, they) ask, make	I asked, made He (she) asked, made We (you, they) asked, made	I (we) shall ask, make He (she) will ask, make You (they) will ask, make
		2	3
Вопроси-тельная	Do you ask? make? Does she ask? make?	Did you (they, we, he) ask? make?	Shall we ask? make? Will he (you, they) ask? make?
Отрица-тельная	I do not (don’t) ask, make He (she) does not (doesn’t) ask, make	I (he, she, they) did not (didn’t) ask, make	I (we) shall not (shan’t) ask, make He (she, you, they) will not (won’t) ask, make

Глагол to be

(to be – was / were – been)

Синтаксическая функция и значение	Пример и перевод
1. Смысловой глагол со значением «быть», «находиться» (когда за ним следует существительное с предлогом или наречие)	The new device is in the laboratory. Новый прибор находится в лаборатории.
2. Глагол-связка (в сочетании с предикативом) со значением «быть», «являться», «состоять», «заключаться»	My father is a designer. Мой отец – конструктор. Our aim is to obtain reliable results. Наша цель состоит в том, чтобы получить надежные результаты.
3. Вспомогательный глагол для образования форм: a) Continuous, Perfect Continuous   b) страдательного залога	She was listeningto the radio in the kitchen. – Она слушала радио на кухне. It has been raining since 9 o’clook a.m. – Дождь идет с 9 часов утра. The telephone was invented by A.Bell. Телефон был изобретен А.Беллом.
4. Модальный глагол со значением «должен», когда он стоит перед инфинитивом смыслового глагола с частицей “to”	The lecture is to begin at 10 o’clock. Лекция должна начаться в 10 часов.

I.Choose the correct phrase underlined in each sentence.

1. What time go you/do you go to bed on Saturdays ?

2. Why are you waiting/do you waiting outside the door?

3. Don’t ask Tim. He doesn’t know/not knows the answer.

4. I having/I’m having my lunch at the moment.

5. When you leave/do you leave the house ?

6. I don’t understand. What is happening/is happen?

7. Excuse me, does you know/do you know the time?

8. This is a great party. I’m having/Am I having a lovely time.

9. We can’t use the lift because it don’t works/doesn’t work.

10.What you are doing/are you doing here?

II. Read the answers and then complete the questions.

1. Where ..does Sue…….live………………….?

Sue? She lives at the end of Axwell Road.

2. Do ……………………………………………….?

Jim? No, I don’t know him.

3. What………………………………………...?

At the moment? I'm doing my homework.

4. Are………………………………………………...?

Here? No, I'm sitting over there.

5. Do………………………………………………….?

Here? No, we change trains at the next station.

6. Why……………………………………………………?

I'm wearing two pullovers because I feel cold!

7. Is…………………………………………………………?

David? No, he's not staying with Tom.

8. When………………………………………………….?

Kate? She comes home at 6.30.

III. Rewrite each sentence so that the verb underlined is a negative contraction.

1. Naomi and Bill are watching television.

Naomi and Bill aren’t watching television.

2. Pater likes chocolate cake.

……………………………………………………

3. Carol drives a little red sports car.

……………………………………………………

4. I'm using this pencil at the moment.

……………………………………………………

5. The children are having lunch in the kitchen.

……………………………………………………

6. The sun sets in the east.

……………………………………………………

7. I get up early on Saturday.

……………………………………………………

8. Kate is writing a novel.

……………………………………………………

9. Sue lives in London.

……………………………………………………

10. We’re waiting for you.

……………………………………………………

IV. Choose the correct sentence in each context.

a) You want to invite a friend to your party on Friday. You say:

1. I have a party on Friday. Do you want to come?

2. I'm having a party on Friday. Do you want to come?

b) You find a wallet on your desk and ask the people nearby:

1. Who does this wallet belong to?

2. Who is this wallet belonging to?

c) A friend invites you to a snack bar at lunch time. You say:

1.Thanks, but I always go home.

2. Thanks, but I'm always going home.

d) A friend opens the door and says: What are you doing? You reply:
1. I work as a secretary.

2. I'm repairing the computer.

e) A friend asks: Do you like lemon tea? You reply:

1. I prefer tea with milk.

2. I'm preferring tea with milk.

f) You haven't decided yet about buying a new bike. You say:

1. I think about it.

2. I'm thinking about it.

g) A friend asks you if you have finished the book she lent you. You say:

1. Sorry, I still read it.

2. Sorry, I'm still reading it.

h) It is a hot day, but a friend has a heavy coat on. You ask:

1. Why are you wearing a heavy coat?

2. Why do you wear a heavy coat?

V. Choose the correct word or phrase underlined in each sentence.

1. That can't be right!(I don't believe / I’m not believing it!

2. Carol can't swim today. She has/is having a cold.

3. See you in the morning. I leave/I'm leaving now.

4. What do you do/are you doing? If you drop it, it will explode!

5. Stop doing that, Billy! You are /You are being very silly.

6. I drive/I'm driving! You can sit in the back with Martin.

7. What do we eat/are we eating this evening? I'm really hungry!
8. You're a great cook! This cake tastes/is tasting wonderful.

9. Where do you go/are you going? I haven't finished speaking to you!

10. Chemistry is hard. I am not understanding/I don't understand it.

VI. Put each verb given into present simple or present continuous.

1. Ugh, don't show me that picture! I (hate) .../……hate……. spiders!

2. Who (you, go with)................ to the match on Saturday?

3. In the winter, what (you, wear)…………………..?

4. I can't stand horror films. I (think)………….they're really silly!

5. Diana (not, usually, sit)............. …………next to Ellen.

6. Why (you, look at)................ me like that? Have I done something

wrong?

7. Excuse me, but (this bus, stop)........ outside the Post Office?

8. I(not take).................... the bus to school today. My mother (give) …

…………. me a lift.

9. Don't worry about the cat. It (only eat)………….once a day.

10. I can't work out the answer, (you, know) what it is?

11. What's the matter? Why (you, stare) at me like that?

12. Excuse me, but (you, speak) … English? I'm looking for a hotel.

13. Helen (stay) ................. with her brother while her house is being repaired.

14. You should go on a diet. (you, put) ………………….on weight.

15. (they, speak) ………………. French or German? I can’t tell the difference.

VII. Choose the correct sentence, 1 or 2, in each mini-dialogue.

a) A: Can you come dancing tomorrow night?
B: 1) Sorry, I'll play basketball.

2) Sorry, I’m playing basketball.

b) A: What are your plans for the summer?
B: 1) I'll spend a month in the mountains.

2) I'm going to spend a month in the mountains.

c) A: What do you think about the weather?
B: 1) It'll probably rain tomorrow.

2) It's raining tomorrow.

d) A: What about tomorrow at about 5.30.?
B: 1) OK, I'll see you then.

2) OK, I'm seeing you then.

e) A: Mary is buying a dog next week.

B: 1) Really? What is she going to call it? 2) Really ? What is she calling it ?

f) A: It would be nice to see you next week.

B: 1) Are you doing anything on Wednesday ?

2) Will you do anything on Wednesday?

VIII. Put the verb given into a form of will, going to or present continuous. More than one answer may be possible.

1. Have you heard the news? Harry (join) …us.

2. Sorry to keep you waiting. I (not be)......... ……….long.

3. According to the weather forecast, it (snow) tomorrow.

4. I'm sorry I can't meet you tonight. I (go out) with my parents.

5. Careful! You (knock)................ that jug off the table!

6. In fifty years' time, most people (probably ride) ….bicycles to work.

7. Our teacher (give)............... us a test tomorrow.

8. I (go)..................... to Manchester at the end of next week.

9. Look out! You (hit). …_{....................} that tree!

10. I think our team (probably win)………………………………. .

IX. Analyze the functions of the verb to be. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. The results of the experiment are of great importance for our further work.

2. There are no chemical plants in our town.

3. The substance that we are speaking about is water.

4. We are to translate technical literature in the second year.

5. Technical progress is impossible without high quality materials.

6. Electronics is being used more and more throughout the industry.

7. The electron is a particle.

8. Our task is to finish the test by 7 o’clock.

9. Smoking is dangerous.

10. This scientific discovery was the result of six years research.

11. Our aim is to accomplish this task as soon as possible.

12. Their house is in the middle of the village.

Unit II

Computers

Vocabulary Study

Word List

Nouns and noun phrases

1. application 2. approach 3. circuitry   4. computation 5. condition 6. creation 7. determination 8. efficiency 9. employment 10. engineering sciences 11. field 12. information flow 13. objective 14. possibility 15. reliability 16. sequence 17. transmission 18. variety 19. view

применение подход, приближение электрические схемы, компоновка электрической схемы вычисление условие создание определение, решение эффективность применение, использование технические науки   отрасль поток информации цель возможность надежность, прочность последовательность передача разнообразие намерение