Анатомия и физиология: пищеварительная и нервная система

Продолжительность изучения темы –12ч.

Базовый уровень.

Цель: развитие навыков перевода, аннотирования и реферирования текстов по специальности.

Задачи:

1. самостоятельно тренировать навыки перевода текстов повседневного и общенаучного характера со словарём;

2. самостоятельно тренировать навыки аннотирования и реферирования текстов по специальности, используя приёмы смысловой компрессии.

The Alimentary Tract

The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8,5 meters in length. It expands from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine. The liver with gallbladder and pancreas are the large glands of the alimentary tract.

The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste. The soft and hard palates and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity.

From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach.

The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It measured about 21 – 25 cm (centimeters) in lengh, 8 – 9 cm in its greatest diameter. It has a capacity of from 2,14 to 4,28 l (liters).

The small intestine is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6,5 m long. It is located in the middle portion of the abdominal cavity. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

The large intestine is about 1,5 m long. It is divided into caecum, colon and rectum.

The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm.

The gallbladder is a hollow sac (мешок) lying on the lower surface of the liver. The pancreas is a long thin gland lying behind the stomach.

Лист ответа (предъявляется студенту во время контроля)

Вставьте подходящие по смыслу слова из текста:

The alimentary tract expands from _______ to __________.

The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by _________.

The _______ and _________ are also in the oral cavity.

_____________ is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal.

__________________ is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6,5 m long.

_______________ is about 1,5 m long.

____________ is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

____________is divided into caecum, colon and rectum.

_________is the largest gland in the human body.

_________ is a hollow sac (мешок) lying on the lower surface of the liver.

___________ is a long thin gland lying behind the stomach.

Переведите предложения на русский язык:

From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach.

Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste.

The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8,5 meters in length.

The stomach is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm.

The small intestine is located in the middle portion of the abdominal cavity.

The liver is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm.

The Nervous System

The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body’s electrical wiring.

Structurally, the nervous system has two components: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, ganglia (clusters of neurons) and nerves that connect to one another and to the central nervous system.

Functionally, the nervous system has two main subdivisions: the somatic, or voluntary, component; and the autonomic, or involuntary, component. The autonomic nervous system regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing, that work without conscious effort. The somatic system consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with muscles and sensory receptors in the skin.

Our brain is the most complicated mechanism in the human body. The weight of the human brain is from 1 to 2 kg (kilograms). It has a volume of about 3.21 l (liters) and consists of about 12 billion (миллиард) cells.

The brain is the centre of a wide system of communication. A constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through the spinal cord. The stimuli come to the brain from our eyes, ears, and other sense organs for pain, temperature, smell and other feelings. When all the received stimuli have been summarized and analyzed the brain sends orders though the nerve fibers in the spinal cord to different parts of the human body. It is due to these orders that one eats, moves, hears, sees and does many other things.

Лист ответа (предъявляется студенту во время контроля)

Вставьте подходящие по смыслу слова из текста:

The nervous system is a complex collection of _______ and neurons.

The structure of the nervous system is made of _____________ system and _________ system.

______________system consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

___________ system consists of sensory neurons, ganglia and nerves that connect to the central nervous system.

Functionally, the nervous system has two main subdivisions: ________ component; and _____________ component.

__________ is the centre of a wide system of communication.

A constant flow of ________ comes into the brain through the _________.

Переведите предложения на русский язык:

The autonomic nervous system regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing, that work without conscious effort.

The somatic system consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with muscles and sensory receptors in the skin.

The stimuli come to the brain from our eyes, ears, and other sense organs for pain, temperature, smell and other feelings.

The central nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, ganglia and nerves that connect to one another and to the central nervous system.

Средний уровень.

Цель:формирование у студентов умения осуществлять информационно-коммуникативную деятельность по работе с иноязычными источниками в виде обобщения результатов работы в формате беседы с преподавателем в рамках изученных тем.

Задачи:

1. формирование умений самостоятельной работы с иноязычной литературой, использования различных поисковых систем в Интернете;

2. формирование умений отбора, обработки, смысловой компрессии и передачи релевантной информации в сжатом виде в заданном формате;

3. формирование умений вести беседу с преподавателем в рамках заданной темы, используя соответствующую терминологию и грамматические конструкции.

The Human Digestion Process

Digestion is the process of changing food into a form that the body can absorb and use as energy. Digesting food is a two-part process that's half mechanical, half chemical.

Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth as teeth tear and grind food into small bits and pieces to swallow. The muscular walls of esophagus, stomach, and intestines continue mechanical digestion, pushing the food along, churning and breaking it into smaller particles.

Chemical digestion occurs at every point in the digestive system, beginning when a human being sees or smells food. These sensory events set off nerve impulses from eyes and nose that trigger the release of enzymes and other substances that will eventually break down food to release the nutrients inside. The body then burns these nutrients for energy or uses them to build new tissues and body parts.

The stomach secretes acid and powerful enzymes that continue the process of breaking down the food. When it leaves the stomach, food is the consistency of a liquid or paste. From there the food moves to the small intestine.

The small intestine continues the process of breaking down food by using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Bile is a compound that aids in the digestion of fat and eliminates waste products from the blood. Peristalsis (contractions) is also at work in this organ, moving food through and mixing it up with digestive secretions. The duodenum is largely responsible for continuing the process of breaking down food, with the jejunum and ileum being mainly responsible for the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

Pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine. These enzymes break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates from the food we eat.

Liver has to make and secrete bile, and to cleanse and purify the blood coming from the small intestine containing the nutrients just absorbed.

The gallbladder stores bile. Bile is made in the liver then travels to the gallbladder through a channel called the cystic duct. During a meal, the gallbladder contracts, sending bile to the small intestine.

Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover liquid has passed through the small intestine, what is left of the food you ate is handed over to the large intestine, or colon. Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by means of peristalsis (contractions), first in a liquid state and ultimately in solid form as the water is removed from the stool. It normally takes about 36 hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is mostly food debris and bacteria. When the descending colon becomes full of stool, or feces, it empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination.

Примерные вопросы:

What is the process of digestion in general?

What type of digestion do you know?

Where does mechanical digestion take place?

When does chemical digestion begin?

Where are the organs of taste located?

What are the principal parts of the alimentary tract?

What is the role of the mouth (pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas) in the process of digestion?

The Nervous System

The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. The nervous system includes both the Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system. The Central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord and The Peripheral nervous system is made up of the Somatic and the Autonomic nervous systems.

The brain lies within the skull and is shaped like a mushroom. The brain weighs approximately 1.3 to 1.4 kg. It has nerve cells called the neurons and supporting cells called the glia. There are two types of matter in the brain: grey matter and white matter. Grey matter receives and stores impulses. White matter in the brain carries impulses to and from grey matter. The brain consists of four principal parts: the brain stem, the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon.

The brain stem is also known as the Medulla oblongata. It is located between the pons and the spinal cord and is only about one inch long.

The cerebrum forms the bulk of the brain and is supported on the brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres. Each hemisphere controls the activities of the side of the body opposite that hemisphere. The hemispheres are further divided into four lobes: frontal lobe, temporal lobes, parietal lobe, occipital lobe.

The cerebellum is located behind and below the cerebrum.

The diencephalon is also known as the fore brain stem. It includes the thalamus and hypothalamus. The thalamus is where sensory and other impulses go and coalesce. The hypothalamus is a smaller part of the diencephalon.

The spinal cord is along tube. The spinal cord is composed of a series of 31 segments. Both motor and sensory nerves are located in the spinal cord. It lies within the vertebral column, the collection of bones (back bone).

The meninges are three layers or membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord. The outermost layer is the dura mater. The middle layer is the arachnoid, and the innermost layer is the pia mater. The meninges offer protection to the brain and the spinal cord by acting as a barrier against bacteria and other microorganisms.

The Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) circulates around the brain and spinal cord. It protects and nourishes the brain and spinal cord.

The neuron is the basic unit in the nervous system. It is a specialized conductor cell that receives and transmits electrochemical nerve impulses. A typical neuron has a cell body and long arms that conduct impulses from one body part to another body part.

The somatic nervous system consists of peripheral nerve fibers that pick up sensory information or sensations from the peripheral or distant organs (those away from the brain like limbs) and carry them to the central nervous system.

These also consist of motor nerve fibers that come out of the brain and take the messages for movement and necessary action to the skeletal muscles. For example, on touching a hot object the sensory nerves carry information about the heat to the brain, which in turn, via the motor nerves, tells the muscles of the hand to withdraw it immediately.

Autonomic Nervous System has three parts: the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, the enteric nervous system This nervous system controls the nerves of the inner organs of the body on which humans have no conscious control. This includes the heartbeat, digestion, breathing (except conscious breathing) etc. The nerves of the autonomic nervous system enervate the smooth involuntary muscles of the (internal organs) and glands and cause them to function and secrete their enzymes etc.

The enteric nervous system is a complex network of nerve fibers that innervate the organs within the abdomen like the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, gall bladder etc. It contains nearly 100 million nerves.

Примерные вопросы:

What is the nervous system?

What parts does the nervous system consist of?

What parts is the central nervous system made up?

What parts is the peripheral nervous system made up?

What is the neuron?

Where is the brain located?

What is its weight?

What four principal parts does the brain consist of?

There are two types of matter in the brain. What are they? What are they responsible for?

What meninges do you know?

What protects and nourishes the brain and spinal cord?

What is the function of the somatic nervous system (the autonomic and the enteric nervous systems)?

Продвинутый уровень.

Задачи:

3. ознакомление с лексическо-грамматическими, стилистическими и орфографическими нормами вербального представления презентации PowerPoint;

4. Ознакомление с формальными требованиями данного жанра (графическим оформлением).

Методические рекомендации по выполнению внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы по подготовке презентаций PowerPoint.

I. При выполнении заданий при подготовке презентаций на предложенные темы студенту предлагается ознакомиться с рядом информационных англоязычных сайтов, на которых дается пошаговое описание процесса составления презентаций PowerPoint, а также предлагаются образцы и шаблоны презентаций.

Ссылки для получения информации:

1. http://www.speakingaboutpresenting.com/design/powerpoint-design-recommen;

2. http://www.wikihow.com/Create-a-PowerPoint-Presentation;

3. http://www.healthsci.utas.edu.au/trsu/pdf/powerpoint.pdf;

4. www.authorstream.com;

5. www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZUwFwooMrY;

6. www.iasted.org/.../presentations-tips.ppt;

7. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/powerpoint.htm;

8. http://www.baycongroup.com/powerpoint2007/02_powerpoint.htm

II. Работая над презентацией по теме 2 «Анатомия и физиология пищеварения» студенту необходимо осветить такие вопросы, как строение пищеварительного тракта, основные органы, их размеры, расположение и функции, описать процесс пищеварения.

Работая над презентацией по теме 2 «Анатомия и физиология нервной системы» студенту необходимо осветить такие вопросы, как структура нервной системы, основные органы, их размеры, расположение и функции.

Этапы создания презентации:

Шаг 1. Четко сформулировать цель презентации: вы хотите свою аудиторию мотивировать, убедить, проинформировать о чем-либо;

Шаг 2. Каков будет продолжительность презентации;

Шаг 3. Отобрать всю содержательную часть для презентации и выстроить логическую цепочку представления;

Шаг 4. Определить ключевые моменты в содержании текста, выделить их;

Шаг 5. Определить виды визуализации (картинки) для отображения их на слайдах в соответствии с логикой, целью и спецификой материала;

Шаг 6. Подобрать дизайн и форматировать слайды (количество картинок и текста, их расположение, цвет и размер);

Шаг 7. Проверить визуальное восприятие презентации.

Рекомендуемые Интернет-сайты для поиска информации по теме:

Пищеварительная система:

http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Anatomy/your-digestive-system/Pages/anatomy.aspx

http://www.iffgd.org/site/gi-disorders/digestive-system