V. Найдите неправильные утверждения и исправьте их

1. In solid conductive metal a large population of electrons is mobile.

2. The electromagnetic energy travels at a quite low speed.

3. The velocity factor is affected by the nature of the insulating medium

surrounding the conductor.

4. The electron carries both positive and negative charge.

5. Electric charge moves from the positive side of the power source to the

negative.

VI. Объясните, почему

1. The current is said to flow from the positive end of the wire to its negative end.

2. In solid conductive metal free electrons move about randomly.

3. The electron current is in the direction opposite to that of electric current in wires.

4. The unit of electric current is Ampere.

5. A typical metal wire for electrical conduction is the stranded copper wire.

VII. Задайте своим одногруппникам следующие вопросы

1. if there are two types of electricity;

2. if electromagnetic waves propagate at very high speed;

3. if the low drift velocity of charge carries is analogous to wind;

4. if the membrane lets the positive sodium ions pass;

5. if other forms of electric current include the flow of electrons through resistors.

VIII. Разделите текст на логические части и дайте заглавие каждой части. Объясните свой выбор

IX. Прокомментируйте ту часть текста, которая показалась вам наиболее интересной

Homereading

Прочитайте заголовок текста. Скажите, о чем может идти речь в тексте. Прочитайте текст

The Nature of Charge Flow

Once it has been established that the average drift speed of an electron is very, very slow, the question soon arises: Why does the light in a room or in a flashlight light immediately after the switched is turned on? Wouldn't there be a noticeable time delay before a charge carrier moves from the switch to the light bulb filament? The answer is NO! and the explanation of why reveals a significant amount about the nature of charge flow in a circuit.

Charge carriers in the wires of electric circuits are electrons. These electrons are simply supplied by the atoms of copper (or whatever material the wire is made of) within the metal wire. Once the switch is turned to on, the circuit is closed and there is an electric potential difference is established across the two ends of the external circuit. The electric field signal travels at nearly the speed of light to all mobile electrons within the circuit, ordering them to begin marching. As the signal is received, the electrons begin moving along a zigzag path in their usual direction. Thus, the flipping of the switch causes an immediate response throughout every part of the circuit, setting charge carriers everywhere in motion in the same net direction. While the actual motion of charge carriers occurs with a slow speed, the signal which informs them to start moving travels at a fraction of the speed of light.

The electrons which light the bulb in a flashlight do not have to first travel from the switch through 10 cm of wire to the filament. Rather, the electrons which light the bulb immediately after the switch is turned to on are the electrons which are present in the filament itself. As the switch is flipped, all mobile electrons everywhere begin marching; and it is the mobile electrons present in the filament whose motion are immediately responsible for the lighting of its bulb. As those electrons leave the filament, new electrons enter and become the ones which are responsible for lighting the bulb. The electrons are moving together much like the water in the pipes of a home move. When a faucet is turned on, it is the water in the faucet which emerges from the spigot. One does not have to wait a noticeable time for water from the entry point to your home to travel through the pipes to the spigot. The pipes are already filled with water and water everywhere within the water circuit is set in motion at the same time.

The picture of charge flow being developed here is a picture in which charge carriers are like soldiers marching along together, everywhere at the same rate. Their marching begins immediately in response to the establishment of an electric potential across the two ends of the circuit. There is no place in the electrical circuit where charge carriers become consumed or used up. While the energy possessed by the charge may be used up (or a better way of putting this is to say that the electric energy is transformed to other forms of energy), the charge carriers themselves do not disintegrate, disappear or otherwise become removed from the circuit. And there is no place in the circuit where charge carriers begin to pile up or accumulate. The rate at which charge enters the external circuit on one end is the same as the rate at which charge exits the external circuit on the other end. Current - the rate of charge flow - is everywhere the same. Charge flow is like the movement of soldiers marching in step together, everywhere at the same rate.

Lesson 2

How magnetism makes current