Особые случаи образования множественного числа
Единственное число Множественное число
A man - мужчина, человек men - мужчины, люди
A woman - женщина women - женщины
A tooth - зуб teeth - зубы
A foot - ступня feet - ступни
A child - ребенок children - дети
A goose - гусь geese гуси
A mouse - мышь mice мыши
A sheep - овца sheep овцы
A deer - олень deer -олени
An ox - бык oxen
Формы числа существительных латинского и греческого происхождения
| Единственное число analysis [ə'næləsis] анализ basis [beisis] основа crisis [kraisis] кризис datum [deitəm] данная величина phenomenon [fi'nבminən] явление index [indeks] указатель formula [fב:mjulə] формула nucleus ['nju:kliəs] ядро | Множественное число analyses [ə'næləsiz] анализы . bases [beisi:z] основы crises [kraisi:z] кризисы data [deitə] данные величины phenomena [fi'nבminə] явления indexes [indeksiz] индексы indices [indisi:z] указатели formulae ['fב:mju:li:] формулы nuclei ['nju:kliai] ядра |
Существительные, имеющие одну форму ед. и мн. числа
| series [siəri:z] серия, ряд means средство, способ species ['spi:∫i:z] вид /биол/ | series серии, ряды means средства, способы species виды /биол/ |
Только в единственном числе употребляются существительные:
деньги - money знания – knowledge, новости - news
успех - success, волосы – hair, каникулы - vacation
совет – advice, информация, сообщение – information
progress
фрукты /разные виды/--fruits: fruit
существительные, оканчивающиеся на ics - physics, mathematics
PRONOUNS
PERSONAL Common Case Objective Case  | POSSESSIVE Absolute form | REFLEXIVE |
| I ME YOU YOU HE HIM SHE HER свой IT IT WE US THEY THEM | MY MINE YOUR YOURS HIS HIS HER HERS ITS ITS OUR OURS THEIR THEIRS | MYSELF YOURSELF HIMSELF HERSELF ITSELF OURSELVES THEMSELVES |
НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
И ИХ ПРОИЗВОДНЫЕ
+ some1) какой-то, 2) немного, 3) несколько
some of – некоторые из, кто-то из
-,? Any-«--«-
+ Any любой
Any ofлюбой из
| body (one) | thing | where | |
| + some | Somebody (smb) Someone Кто-то | Something (smth) Что-то | Somewhere Куда-то, где-то |
| - ? any | Anybody, anyone Кто-то, любой | Anything Что-то | Anywhere Куда-то, где-то |
| no | Nobody, no one Никто, ни один | Nothing Ничего | Nowhere Нигде, никуда |
| every | Everybody, everyone Все, каждый | Everything Всё | Everywhere Везде |
| DEGREES OF COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS | ||
| POSITIVE DEGREE | COMPARATIVE DEGREE | SUPERLATIVE DEGREE |
| big | bigger | the biggest |
| pretty | prettier | the prettiest |
| early | earlier | the earliest |
| difficult | more difficult | the most difficult |
| EXCEPTIONS | ||
| good(well) | better | the best |
| bad (badly) | worse | the worst |
| many (much) | more | the most |
| little | less | the least |
| far | Farther (расстояние) | the farthest |
| Further (время) | the furthest |
| Much more difficult | - гораздо труднее |
| Less interesting | – менее интересная |
| As…as | – такой …как |
| Not so…as | – не такой как |
| Than | -- чем |
| Be different from | – отличаться от… |
| Be similar to | – похожий на |
| To smell, test, sound, look, feel + adjective (but look, feel + well) | |
| The (сравнительная степень)…the (сравнительная степень) | - чем тем |
| Twice as much as | – в 2 раза больше |
| Most of | – большинство |
| As… as possible | – как можно |
ВРЕМЕНА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ГЛАГОЛА
| SIMPLE | CONTINUOUS | PERFECT | PERFECT CONTINUOUS | |
| P r e s e n t | I, we, you, they +V Do? He, she, it + Vs Does? always, usually, often, every day. | am is + V-ing are now, at the moment, while | has + V-part.II have already, just, never, ever, still, yet, this week, for, since, recently, lately | has + been + V-ing have for, since |
| P a s t | V-ed Did? V-2nd form Yesterday, ago, last week, in 1900, when? | Was + V-ing Were at 5 o'clock yesterday | had + V-part.II | had been V-ing |
| F u t u re | Will + V Will? tomorrow | will be V-ing at 6 o'clock tomorrow | will have + V-part.II by 5 o'clock | will have been V-ing |
PASSIVE VOICE
General form: to be + Part II
| INDEFINITE | CONTINUOUS | PERFECT | |
| P R E S E N T | am - are + V(Past Participle) is I am paid stipend regularly | am are + being + V (Past Part) is The plant is being built. | has + been + V (Past Part) have The patient has been thoroughly examined. . |
| P A S T | was + V(Past Participle) were He was invited to the reception | was +being V (Past Part) were The wagon was being pulled by two horses | had + been + V ( Past Part ) The documents had been signed by 3 p.m. |
| F U T U R E | shall + be + V(Past Part) will The patient will be injected pain-killer. | shall have + been + V (Past Part) will |
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН