Exercise 1. Read new words and word combinations
manual- ручной, выполняемый вручную
to take advantage of smth - воспользоваться ч.-л.
capability - способность; характеристика correctly- правильно
to eliminate - устранять; удалять; отменять
to respond- отвечать; реагировать ost-effective- экономичный
challenge- трудность; представлять трудность enquiry - вопрос
lodgings - сдаваемая комната
Exercise 2.The following terms you should learn.
accuracy- точность; четкость capacity of storage - объем памяти
to make errors - допускать ошибки travel - перемещение; путь; ход
error-prone - подверженный ошибкам access - доступ; иметь доступ
to remain vulnerable - оставаться уязвимым, чувствительным
instant response - мгновенный ответ (реакция) invalid - неверные
value - значение;оценивать communications networks - сети связи
objective – цель to retrieve - извлекать, восстанавливать (файл)
READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT
ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING
Computer-oriented data processing systems or just computer data processing systems are not designed to imitate manual systems. They should combine the capabilities of both humans and computers. Computer data processing systems can be designed to take advantage of four capabilities of computers.
1. Accuracy. Once data have been correctly entered into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further manipulation by humans is eliminated, and the possibility of error is reduced. Computers, when properly programmed, aren't able to make computational errors. Of course, computer systems remain vulnerable to the entry by humans of invalid data.
2. Ease of communications. Data, once entered, can be transmitted wherever needed by communications networks. These may be either earth or satellite-based systems. A travel reservations system is an example of a data communications network. Reservation clerks throughout the world may make an enquiry about transportation or lodgings and receive an almost instant response. Another example is an office communications system that provides executives with access to a corporate data base, from their personal microcomputer work stations.
3. Capacity of storage. Computers are able to store vast amounts of information, to organize it, and to retrieve it in ways that are far beyond the capabilities of humans. The amount of data that can be stored on devices such as magnetic discs is constantly increasing. All the while, the cost per character of data stored is decreasing.
4. Speed. The speed, at which computer data processing systems can respond, adds to their value. For example, the travel reservations system mentioned above is not useful if clients have to wait more than a few seconds for a response. The response required might be a fraction of a second.
Thus, an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems is to allow computers to do what they do best and to free humans from routine, error-prone tasks. The most cost-effective computer data processing system is the one that does the job effectively and at the least cost. By using computers in a cost-effective manner, we will be better able to respond to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial, information-dependent society.
Answer the following questions:
1. What capabilities should data-processing systems combine when designed? 2. What are the main advantages of computers? 3. What do you know of computers accuracy? 4. What is the function of communication networks? 5. Give examples of a data communication network. 6. What do you understand by capacity storage? 7. What other values of computer data processing systems do you know? 8. What is an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems? 9. What is the most effective computer data processing system? 10. What is the best way of responding to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial society?
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
Exercise 1.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
Система обработки информации компьютером; система ориентирования на обработку данных компьютером; сочетать возможности человека и машины; ограничивать управление; оставаться уязвимым; недопустимые данные; легкость осуществления связи; сеть передачи информации; системы, основанные на использовании спутников; объем памяти; корпоративная база данных; подверженный ошибкам; экономически оправданный.
Exercise 2.Translate the following words.
То eliminate: elimination; eliminable; eliminator; unlimited.
To respond: response; responsible; irresponsible; responsibility.
Accuracy: inaccuracy; accurate; inaccurate; accurately.
Correctly: correct; incorrect; to correct; correction; corrector.
Vulnerable: invulnerable; vulnerability; invulnerability.
Invalid: valid; invalidity; validity.
Access: accessible; inaccessible; accessibility; inaccessibility.
Exercise 3.Try to explain the following words using the known to you notions.
Inputting, character, database, data elements, controlling, outputting, memory, record, keyboard, storing.
Exercise 4.Fill the gaps choosing the necessary words.
1. Numbers and instructions forming the program are ______ in the memory.
(solved, stored, simulated)
2. The control unit serves for _____ orders.
(reading, interpreting, inputting)
3. The function of memory is to store _____ the original input data ____ the partial results. (not only…but also, either…or, no sooner…than)
4. The ______ includes the control and arithmetic-logical units.
(flip-flop, digital computer, central processor)
5. The simplest digital device is any device which ___ (can, could, must) count.
6. The speeds of computers and the flexibility ____ (building, built, to build) into them ___ (because of, according to, due to) the logical control make modern computers more powerful the mechanical calculators.
7. All the operations ___ (converted, are converted, was converted) into a sequence of simple logical operations.
8. Any digital calculation is usually ____ (breaking, broken, being broken) down into a sequence of elementary operations.
9. A computer is a device ___ (to accept, has accepted, accepts) a set of instructions and ___ (executes, executed, to execute) them in the appropriate sequence.
10. The flip-flop ____(is, was, has been) a storage cell with two inputs and two outputs.
GRAMMAR EXRCISES
Exercise 1.Преобразуйте предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы, в а) прошедшее время; б) будущее время.
1. Computers can replace people in dull routine work. 2. The program is a set of instructions that may also include data to be processed. 3. Computer-controlled robots must increase the productivity of industry. 4. They can help in making different decisions. 5. The pupils may work with computers at the lessons. 6. Electric pulses can move at the speed of light. 7. Storage devices must have capacities for the input, output data and programs and for intermediate results. 8. Business minicomputers can perform to 100 million operations per second. 9. In order to solve scientific problems researchers must deal with the language of science - mathematics. 10. Programmers must write application programs in a way that computers can understand.
Exercise 2.Translate the following sentences.
1. Computers are able to control power stations and docks. 2. Two entirely different things can be shown to have a likeness by mathematical equations. 3. At the beginning many people didn't believe that computers would be able to solve problems yet unsolved by man. 4. Instructions and data are to be fed through the input equipment to the memory. 5. The input also has to be converted the information into the pulse and non-pulse combinations understandable to the computer. 6. A computer is able to solve very complex numerical computations. 7. Sometimes a computer system breaks down, so things have to be done manually. 8. A multiuser OS needs to be used with most networks. 9. Data held in the immediate access memory can be accessed immediately. 10. Computer rooms have to be air-conditioned. 11. Peripheral devices may be input devices and output devices. 12. You need to consider what you should put into the system. 13. You must always consider all the options and then choose the best. 14. Optical character recognition software must be able to distinguish between an S and a 5. 15. Before the voice recognition system can be used you have to allow the computer to get use to your voice. 16. By saying “dictate to Word” you could let the computer know that it needs to load Word. 17. You can see that a real-time system must also be an on-line system. 18. To keep the keyboard working well, you should occasionally clean it.
Exercise 3.Подберите к глаголам в скобках соответствующие английские эквиваленты.
1.You (возможно) want to purchase an external modem so that you don’t (пришлось) to open up the system case and install it yourself. 2. You (можете) place the system unit on the floor, and your monitor and keyboard above on the desk. 3. You (должны) limit the amount of heat to which you subject the board and its components. 4. You (возможно) (потребуется) to open the system case and install a new card in one of your computer’s expansion slots. 5. If you think you’ll ever (нужно) to move your computer, you (следует) keep all boxes and packing material. 6. You (нужно) to make certain your speaker’s cables can reach the CPU. 7. You (можете) communicate with other computer users by sending them documents or messages. 8. Notebooks (могут) run on batteries. 9. The monitor (должен) have two cables. 10. Any of the drive types (могут) be external or internal. 11. When you purchase a complete system, it (должна) include a basic set of documentation. 12. You (следует) always use metal screws to install internal components.
Exercise 4.Определите подлежащее и сказуемое в данном предложении и переведите.
The main computer units communicate with each other by means of language.
Exercise 5.Translate the following sentences.
1. Система обработки данных освободила человека от выполнения сложных вычислений и других заданий, подверженных ошибкам.
2. Вся информация и данные могут быть сохранены в памяти компьютера и извлечены из нее при необходимости.
3. Введенные данные должны быть переданы сетью связи.
4. Вероятность ошибки сможет быть исключена при корректном вводе данных в систему обработки данных.
5. Системе обработки данных потребуется всего несколько секунд для ответа.
6. Все компьютерные системы становятся уязвимыми при вводе неверных данных.
7. Количество данных, которые необходимо сохранить на жестком диске, постоянно растет.
8. Как только данные корректно введены в компьютер, человеческое вмешательство ограничено.
Exercise 6.Read and translate the dialogue.
A: Hi, Robert. What’s up? Why are you so upset?
B: You know that my parents promised me to buy a new computer as a present for my birthday. And I wanted to have a notebook. But they say it is very expensive.
A: They are right. A notebook is always more expensive than a personal computer.
B: But it is more convenient. You can take it everywhere, it is smaller, lighter and …
A: Wait a moment, Robert. Of course, you are right. But listen to me. My brother works at a computer shop, he knows a lot about its different classes, types, almost everything. And he tells me that our so-called home personal computer is cheaper, more reliable and you can upgrade it whenever you want. And you will have a lot of problems if you want to choose or upgrade anything on your notebook.
B: I see. Could I ask your brother some questions? Maybe he helps me or my parents choose the appropriate computer.
A: Certainly. You can go to the shop or come to my place. My brother is able to give you a professional advice.
B: Thanks. I will come to you as soon as I tell my parents about this. I call you. Bye.
A: See you later.
Exercise 7.Work in pairs. Make your own dialogue.
1. You work at the computer shop and your group-mate as a client asks you for help to choose a new computer.
2. Your friend comes to your place and sees your computer. Tell him about it. He will buy his one very soon.
Exercise 8.Tell about the computer data processing (8 - 10 sentences).
LESSON VI