Give English equivalents

1) предлагаемые решения; 2) включать (в); 3) делать выводы; 4) широко используются; 5) возможность ошибки; 6) пользовательский интерфейс; 7) совершенствовать.

Find the answers to the questions.

1. How can you define an expert system?

2. Do expert systems deal with uncertainty?

3. What does the knowledge base contain?

4. The rules are often composed of if-then statements, aren’t they?

5. Can expert systems refine their own knowledge base?

Text C:Neural Networks

Neural networking is a branch of artificial intelligence that allows computers to recognize and act on patterns or trends. A neural network is a computer system that can simulate for functioning of a human brain. The systems use parallel processors in an architecture that is based on the human brain structure. In a neural net thousands of computer processing units are connected in multiple ways, just as the neurons in a brain are connected. Neural nets aren't programmed – they are trained. The net learns by trial and error like humans do.

In addition, neural network software can be used to simulate a neural network using standard computers. Neural networks can process many pieces of data at once and learn to recognize patterns. The systems then program themselves to solve related problems on their own. Some of the specific features on neural networks include the following: the ability to retrieve information, fast modification of stored data, the ability to discover relationships and trends in large databases, the ability to solve complex problems for which all the information is not present.

Neural networks excel at pattern recognition. For example, neural network computers can be used to read bank check codes despite poor-quality printing. Neural networks are also used to identify threats in the sky and to detect submarines underwater by reading the pattern of radar waves. The power companies use neural networks to find electricity usage patterns so that they can analyze rate structures and forecast demand. Neural nets work particularly well when it comes to analyzing detailed trends – tasks that require precise analysis. This technology can also be employed to track individual users and their on-line preferences so that users at e-commerce sites don't have to input the same information each time they log-on – their data will be factored in each time they access a Web site.

Link the beginning and the end of the sentence.

1. Neural networking allows a computer	a) the ability to solve complex problems for which all the information is not present.
2. A neural network is designed to work	b) submarines underwater by reading the pattern of radar waves.
3. One of the specific features of neural network is	c) individual user's preferences.
4. Neural networks can detect	d) to recognize patterns and trends.
5. This technology is used to track	e) like the human brain.

Find the words with the similar meaning in the text.

a) to be founded; b) to give; c) to contain; d) to link; e) to need; f) to make use; g) priority

Complete the sentences using a noun or a verb from the box.

a) pattern; b) trial; c) to be trained; d) to be connected; e) to simulate; d) to process

1. Neural network is a branch of AI that allows computers to recognize … .

2. Neural net can … the functioning of a human brain.

3. In a neural net computer processing units … in multiple ways.

4. Neural nets are not programmed – they … .

5. The net learns by … .

6. Neural nets can … information.

Find the terms to the given definitions.

1) computer circuitry that mimics the structure of the human brain;	a) data
2) operations performed on data to transform it in some way;	b) neural net
3) unorganized material that can be entered into a computer;	c) processor
5) 4) opening a computer file in order to get or add information;	d) processing
6) 5) a part of a computer that controls all the other parts of the systems;	e) access

Answer the questions.

1. What is the neural networking?

2. What is the main function of neural networks?

3. Do you know what structure a neural network resembles?

4. Can you speak about the specific features of neural networking?

5. What spheres of our life are neural networks used?

Text D: Robotics

A robot is a computer that outputs motion instead of information. Robotics involves developing mechanical or computer devices than can paint cars, make precision welds, and perform other tasks that require a high degree of precision or are tedious or hazardous for human.

In general, robotic systems can do precise tasks accurately and consistently. Contemporary robotics combines high-precision machine capabilities with sophisticated controlling software and sensors. The controlling software in robots is what is most important in terms of AI. The brain in a advanced industrial robot today works at about ten million instructions per second. To achieve human intelligence, the robot brain must achieve 100 trillion operations per second. These sensors enable the robot to change its motion based on outside stimuli. The sensors can detect light, sound, touch and heat.

Robots have many applications in industry. Manufactures use robots to assemble and paint products. The robots do repetitive tasks without getting bored and careless. Robots are expensive, they work 24 hours per day, do not go on strike, do not show up to work with a hangover and do not require health insurance and pensions. The robots have enabled firms to manufacture quality products and reduce labor costs while shortening delivery time to customers. For this reasons, companies likes robots very much. As robots grow more capable, the opportunity for unskilled and semiskilled employment are sure to decline.

Although robots are essential components of today's automated manufacturing systems, future robots will find applications outside the factory in banks, restaurants, homes and hazardous working environments such as nuclear stations. A robot must not only execute tasks programmed by the user but also be able to interact with its environment through its sensors and actuators, sense and avoid unforeseen obstacles, and perform its duties much the same way humans.